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Abstrak :
PREFACE The Jakarta Workshop on Environmental Health 1998 is the second meeting of the UNESCO UNITWIN Programme and UNESCO UNISPAR Programme on Environment in Asia. The first meeting was hosted by Bunkyo University in Tokyo from 10 to 12 April 1997. This second meeting is hosted by the Centre for Research of Human Resources and the Environment (CRHRE) from 16 to 17 February 1998. This proceedings reported the implementation of the Workshop Programme from 16 - 17 February 1998. The Organizing Committee (OC) did its utmost towards the realization of both the UNESCO UNITWIN Programme Director and Co-Directors' meeting as well as the UNESCO UNISPAR Programme member Universities meeting. The former was attended by Bunkyo University, Griffith University, Prince of Songkla University and the University of Indonesia. The latter was attended by representatives of Prince of Songkla University, Suranaree University of Technology, the University of Indonesia, the University of the Philippines and Griffith University was present as observer, whilst Dr Y Aoshima of UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology in Southeast Asia chaired the meeting. Apologies came from Nankai University, China due to Chinese New Year Holidays, Vietnam National University due to Professor Nguyen Van Davis tight schedule and Kong Hee University, Korea due to inability of Professor Chungwon Chone to leave his post. Further apologies came from UNEP, both Dr Wimala Ponniah and Dr Mahesh Pradhan of NETTLAP in view of prior commitments; the same is true with Professor Wang Yi Bing. The Director of CRHRE, Professor Retno Soetaryono SH; MSi, due to ill health and on the advice of her Family Physician prevented her participation in the event. The OC extends its earnest appreciation to UNESCO UNITWIN Programme partner universities and UNESCO UNISPAR partner universities who participated in the workshop, hence fostered closer relations with each other. Finally, our thanks are due to UNESCO for the assistance and advice as well as TOYOTA Motor Corporation for sponsoring both this workshop and the UNESCO UNISPAR Programme. The third workshop will be held in either Brisbane, Australia or Hatyay, Thailand in 1999. The decision will be cast in July oe August this year. It is hoped that this proceedings will be of interest and informative as well.

Abstrak :
Malocclusion is a clinical symptom, in which the teeth of maxilla and mandible are not located at the proper location. If malocclusion left untreated, it can lead to complications in the digestive system, headache, and periodontal disease disorders. Malocclusion problems involving abnormalities of teeth, bones, and muscles around the jaw are obligation of orthodontic specialists to treat them. The treat-ments can be varying based on the type of malocclusion, including tooth extraction and tooth braces. To know certain degree of malocclusion experienced by the patient, an assessment method called Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index is usually used by the specialist. To help the works of orthodontic specialists in Indonesia, a new automated calculation system based on 2D image of tooth model for PAR Index is being developed. In this paper, the calculation system for over-jet, open-bite, and teeth segmentation is developed. The result of the developed system is then compared with manual assess-ment done by orthodontic specialist, in order to verify the accuracy of the system.

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Maloklusi adalah gejala klinis dimana gigi pada rahang atas dan rahang bawah tidak terletak pada posisi yang semestinya. Apabila tidak dirawat, maloklusi dapat mengakibatkan komplikasi pada sis-tem pencernaan, sakit kepala, dan gangguan penyakit periodontal. Masalah maloklusi yang melibat-kan kelainan gigi, tulang, dan otot sekitar rahang merupakan kewajiban dokter gigi spesialis ortodonti untuk merawatnya. Perawatan yang dilakukan melingkupi tindakan pencabutan gigi dan perawatan tanpa pencabutan gigi yang biasa dilakukan menggunakan kawat gigi. Untuk mengetahui dengan pasti kasus maloklusi yang dialami oleh pasien, digunakanlah sebuah metode penilaian bernama in-deks PAR (Peer Assessment Rating). Untuk membantu meringankan tugas dokter spesialis ortodonti yang jumlahnya masih terbatas di Indonesia (402 dokter spesialis ortodonti se-Indonesia pada tahun 2010 menurut data dari Asosiasi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi (AFDOGI)), maka dikembangkanlah sistem penghitungan indeks PAR otomatis menggunakan metode computer vision pada citra model gigi 2D. Pada penelitian ini, dikembangkan metode untuk menghitung 2 (dua) buah komponen peni-laian indeks PAR, yaitu Jarak Gigit dan Gigitan Terbuka. Selain itu, dikembangkan pula segmentasi gigi untuk model gigi terbuka yang akan digunakan untuk menghitung 6 (enam) buah komponen penilaian lainnya. Hasil penghitungan menggunakan metode computer vision akan dibandingkan de-ngan penghitungan secara manual oleh dokter spesialis ortodonti untuk mengevaluasi tingkat akurasi perhitungan secara otomatis.

Abstrak :
The PAR (Peer Assessment Rating) Index is used by orthodontists around the world to calculate the severeness of a malocclusion. A malocclusion is a dental disease where the teeth are not properly aligned. In Indonesia, the number of malocclusion is relatively high. The occurrence of orthodontics who can treat malocclusion is also low in Indonesia. In 2013, a research is done to create the tele-health monitoring system to provide better treatment of malocclusion in Indonesia. The research is further improved by using different Adaptive Multiple Thresholding methods to segmentate the ima-ge. The result will be used to calculate the Centerline component of the PAR Index. The result is a system that could calculate the PAR Index automatically and is compared to the results using manual method.

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Indeks PAR (Peer Assessment Rating) adalah suatu tolak ukur yang digunakan oleh dokter gigi spesialis orthodonti untuk menghitung tingkat keparahan maloklusi. Maloklusi adalah suatu penyakit gigi yang menyebabkan gigi tidak tersusun secara rata. Jumlah kasus maloklusi di Indonesia relatif tinggi. Jumlah dokter gigi spesialis orthodonti yang menangani kasus maloklusi adalah rendah di In-donesia. Pada tahun 2013, sebuah riset dilakukan untuk membuat sebuah telehealth monitoring sys-tem untuk mempermudah penanganan maloklusi di Indonesia. Riset ini kemudian dikembangkan lebih lanjut dengan teknik segmentasi Adaptive Multiple Thresholding untuk mensegmentasi citra. Hasil dari segmentasi citra akan dilakukan perhitungan Centerline dari indeks PAR. Hasil akhir ada-lah sistem yang dapat melakukan perhitungan secara otomatis dan hasil dari perhitungan tersebut ak-an dibandingkan dengan perhitungan manual yang dilaukan oleh dokter gigi spesialis orthodonti.