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Abstrak :
To reduce the level of CO2 content in air, effort on converting CO2 to useful products is required. One of the alternatives includes CO2 fixation to produce biomass using Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg is applied for production of food supplement. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg is also easy to handle due to its superior adaptation. Currently, Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg has been analyzed by some experts for its cellular composition, its ability to produce high quality biomass and the content of essential nutrition. A series of experiments was conducted by culturing Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg using Beneck medium in bubbling column photobioreactor. The main variation in this experiment was photoperiodicity, where growth of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg was examined during photoperiodicity condition. The difference between CO2 gas concentration of inlet and outlet of the reactor during operational period, was compared to the same experiment under continuous illumination. Under photoperiodicity of 8 and 9 h/d, the culture cell densities (N) were approximately 40 % higher than under continuous illumination. Final biomass density of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg at 9 h/d illumination was 1.43 g/dm3, around 46% higher than under continuous illumination. Specific carbon dioxide transfer rate (qCO2) in photoperiodicity was 50-80% higher than under continuous illumination. These experiments showed that photoperiodicity affects the growth of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg The specific growth rate (µ) by photoperiodicity was higher than that by continuous ilumination while the growth period was two times longer. Based on the experiments, it can be concluded that photoperiodicity might save light energy consumption. The prediction of kinetic model under continuous illumination as well as under photoperiodicity illumination showed that Haldane model became the fitted kinetic model.

Abstrak :
Hard water causes the CaCO3 scale formation on the pipe walls and heat exchanger equipments in industrial or domestic water processes. A great number of experimental researches on the prevention of the CaCO3 precipitation process by magnetic field have been carried out. In this research, Na2CO3 and CaCl2 solutions was magnetized in the circulated flow condition (dynamic fluid system). The velocity of fluid and the circulation time was modified to examine its influences to the magnetization process. CaCO3 content was measured by titration method of EDTA complexometry. Conductivity test was conducted to find out hydrate ion bonding. The results showed that magnetization increased the CaCO3 formation and the optimum process reaches for 10 minutes circulation on 0.554 m/s of flow rate. Magnetic field decreases the conductivities of Na2CO3 and CaCl2 solution, hence reduced the ion hydrate bonding. These results showed that magnetization on Na2CO3 and CaCl2 ionic solution was effective in controlling the CaCO3 formation by increasing CaCO3 precipitation.

Abstrak :
Teknologi Bioremediasi merupakan teknologi yang belakangan ini digunakan sebagai cara alternatif penanggulangan limbah hidrokarbon . Metode ini menggunakan mikroorganisme bakteri pemecah minyak seperti Pseudomonas aeruginosa untuk mendegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon sehingga dapat memulihkan lingkungan, tanah dan air yang tercemar. Penelitian pengujian ketahanan dan bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian Tim Bioremediasi yang dilakukan di Departemen Teknik Gas dan Petrokimia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan limbah buatan, yang merupakan campuran isooktan dalam air dan bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa dalam kultur medium Nutrien Broth (NB) dengan menggunakan teknik pengguncangan. Proses tersebut berlangsung pada kondisi temperatur 35"C, kecepatan shaker 30 rpm dan tekanan 1 aim dengan variasi konsentrasi substrat iso-oktana yang digunakan pada rentang 800 -10000 ppm volum. Secara umum hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi kontaminan, semakin berkurang jumlah massa sel akhir yang dihasilkan, sedang laju pertumbuhan spesifik sel Pseudomonas aeruginosa relalif sama. Pertumbuhan terbaik sel dicapai (rentang kontaminan 800 ppm - 10000 ppm) pada konsentrasi 800 ppm dengan jumlah massa sel akhir sebesar 0,007079 gr/dm . Model pendekatan secara empiris terhadap laju pertumbuhan sel pada penelitian ini mengikuti persamaan lerusalimsky.

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Bioremediation is an alternative way to overcome hydrocarbon waste to restore contaminated water and soil environment. Microorganism such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa had been used to degrade hydrocarbons compounds. This research is a part of a bioremediation research which was conducted in Gas and Petrochemical Engineering Department. This research was conducted in a nutrient broth (NB) culture medium with shaking technique. The experiment was carried out at 35"C, rotation of 30 rpm and 1 aim pressure with iso-octane concentration variation in the range of 800 - 10000 ppm volume. The results show that the higher contaminant concentration, the less cell mass production while the specific growth rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were at the relative same rate. The highest cell growth rate was obtained at 800 ppm with the number of final cell was 7.08 10 gr/L. The empiric model of specific growth rate of this research is lerusalimsky.

Abstrak :
Magnetisasi air sadah yang bertujuan menurunkan kesadahan air merupakan proses fisik guna mencegah terbentuknya kerak (CaCO3) pada sistem perpipaan. Campuran larutan Na2CO3 dan CaCl2 digunakan sebagai model air sadah sintetik guna mengamati pengaruh medan magnet terhadap pembentukan partikel CaCO3 dalam air sadah. Variabel proses meliputi waktu magnetisasi, kuat medan, dan konsentrasi larutan, sementara parameter yang akan diamati adalah jumlah deposit CaCO3, jumlah presipitasi total CaCO3, dan morfologi deposit CaCO3. Perbandingan parameter pengamatan dilakukan terhadap sampel yang dimagnetisasi dan sampel non-magnetisasi. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan laju pembentukan deposit dan presipitasi total CaCO3 pada sampel yang dimagnetisasi dibanding sampel non-magnetisasi. Peningkatan konsentrasi sampel larutan juga meningkatkan persentase kenaikan deposit yang terbentuk dengan adanya pengaruh medan magnet. Hasil foto mikroskop menunjukkan jumlah partikel CaCO3 yang terbentuk pada sampel yang dimagnetisasi lebih banyak dan ukuran partikelnya lebih kecil dan disertai adanya pembentukan agregat. Hasil uji XRD menunjukkan hanya kristal kalsit yang dominan. Namun demikian, terlihat adanya penurunan intensitas puncak kalsit yang cukup signifikan pada sampel yang dimagnetisasi yang menunjukkan adanya penurunan jumlah kristal kalsit dan peningkatan jumlah amorf pada deposit CaCO3 yang terbentuk. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses magnetisasi air sadah mendorong terjadinya penurunan ion Ca2+ dalam larutan akibat adanya peningkatan proses presipitasi total CaCO3.

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Magnetic Field Effects on CaCO3 Precipitation Process in Hard Water. Magnetic treatment is applied as physical water treatment for scale prevention especially CaCO3, from hard water in piping equipment by reducing its hardness. Na2CO3 and CaCl2 solution sample was used in to investigate the magnetic fields influence on the formation of particle of CaCO3. By changing the strength of magnetic fields, exposure time and concentration of samples solution, this study presents quantitative results of total scale deposit, total precipitated CaCO3 and morphology of the deposit. This research was run by comparing magnetically and non-magnetically treated samples. The results showed an increase of deposits formation rate and total number of precipitated CaCO3 of magnetically treated samples. The increase of concentration solution sample will also raised the deposit under magnetic field. Microscope images showed a greater number but smaller size of CaCO3 deposits form in magnetically treated samples, and aggregation during the processes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that magnetically samples were dominated by calcite. But, there was a significant decrease of calcite?s peak intensities from magnetized samples that indicated the decrease of the amount of calcite and an increase of total amorphous of deposits. This result showed that magnetization of hard water leaded to the decreasing of ion Ca2+ due to the increasing of total CaCO3 precipitation process.

Abstrak :
Magnetic field effect on CaCO3 precipitation is the key parameter in evaluating the effectiveness of Anti-scale Magnetic Treatment (AMT). The purpose of this study was to investigate magnetic fields influence on CaCO3 precipitation in high and low super-saturated CaCO3 solution by varied pH CaCO3 solution using circulation flow fluid system. The observation results in the high super saturated solution (pH 8.5) showed the increase of precipited CaCO3 in magnetized solutions compared to those in non-magnetic solution during circulation process. In the low super-saturated CaCO3 solution (pH 6.4) it was found that magnetic treatment increased CaCO3 precipitation after circulation process. In high super-saturated solution, magnetic field strengthens ion interactions, which reduce precipitation during circulation process. However, in low super-saturated CaCO3 solution, magnetic field weakens hydrate ion interaction which indicated by decreasing of the conductivity of solution. It increases the precipitation of CaCO3 after the circulation of magnetization process has completed.

Abstrak :
Mikroalga Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg memiliki potensi dalam memfiksasi CO2 dan dilihat dari kandungan protein dan zat esensiil lainnya dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan makanan tambahan. Perlakuan pencahayaan siklus harian pada kultivasi Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg menunjukkan hasil akhir produksi biomassa dan laju fiksasi CO2 yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan perlakuan pencahayaan sinambung, dengan perbandingan hasil produksi biomassa sebesar 79,0% serta nilai CTR (carbon dioxide transferred rate) sebesar 54,0% dan nilai qCO2 (microbial carbon dioxide fixation ability) sebesar 50,0% sebagai parameter yang menunjukkan kemampuan fiksasi CO2 -nya. Kedua perlakuan tersebut dilakukan dalam 1,0 L kolom gelembung mengandung 600 mL medium Beneck yang dihembuskan udara yang mengandung CO2 sebesar 10.0% dengan kecepatan superfisial hembusan udara sebesar 3,60 m/h pada temperatur 29,0oC dan tekanan operasi 1.0 atm. Sebagai tambahan, energi pembentukkan biomassa (EX) juga menunjukkan nilai 70,0% lebih besar dibandingkan perlakuan pencahayaan sinambung.

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Green Algae Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg green have a potencies such as their ability in CO2 fixation and it?s protein and essensial contents observation for supplement food purpose. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg?s cultivation results using daily cycle illumination showed that the final biomass production and CO2 fixation rate are lower if compared to continuous illumination treatment. The comparisons between these two treatments are 54.0% for CTR (carbon dioxide transferred rate) value and 50.0% for q CO2 (microbial carbon dioxide fixation ability) value as parameter that shown it?s CO2 fixation ability and 79.0% for biomass production. Both of treatments was done in 1.0 L bubble column fotobioreactor content 600 mL Beneck medium that was sparged by 3.6 m/h superficial velocity of air consisting of 10.0% CO2 as carbon source at 29.0°C and 1.0 atm. Additionally, the consumption energy for biomass formation (EX) in daily cycle illumination, was 70.0% larger than con tinuous illumination treatment.

Abstrak :
Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg cultivation using three bubble column photo bioreactors arranged in series with a volume of 200 mL for 130 hours shows an increase of biomass production of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg up to 1.20 times and a decrease of the ability of CO2 fixation compared to single reactor at a periodic sun illumination cycle. The operation conditions on cultivation are as following: T, 29.0oC; P,1 atm.; UG, 2.40 m/h; CO2, 10%; Benneck medium; and illumination source by Phillip Halogen Lamp 20W /12V/ 50Hz. Other research parameters such as microbial carbon dioxide transferred rate (qco2), CO2 transferred rate (CTR), energy consumption for cellular formation (Ex), and cultural bicarbonate species concentration [HCO3] also give better results on series of reactor.

Abstrak :
Triglyceride hydrolysis using lipase has been proposed as a novel method to produce raw materials in food and cosmetic industries such as diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acid. In order to design a reactor for utilizing this reaction on industrial scale, constructing a kinetic model is important. Since the substrates are oil and water, the hydrolysis takes place at oil-water interface. Furthermore, the triglyceride has three ester bonds, so that the hydrolysis stepwise proceeds. Thus, the reaction mechanism is very complicated. The difference between the interfacial and bulk concentrations of the enzyme, substrates and products, and the interfacial enzymatic reaction mechanism should be considered in the model.