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"Sintesis Tris(4-Metoksifenil)Fenilsilan Menggunakan Fenilsilan dan 4-Iodida Anisol dengan Katalis Senyawa Kompleks Paladium. Sintesis tris(4-metoksifenil)fenilsilan melalui reaksi kopling antara fenilsilan dan 4-iodida anisol menggunakan senyawa paladium tersier tributilfosfin sebagai katalis telah dilakukan berdasarkan penentuan senyawa basa, pelarut, dan waktu reaksi kopling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa tris(4-metoksifenil)fenilsilan dapat disintesis menghasilkan persentase produk maksimum pada penggunaan senyawa 1,4-diazabisiko[2,2,2]oktan (DABCO) sebagai basa, tetrahidrofuran sebagai pelarut, dan waktu reaksi kopling selama 5 hari. Persentase tertinggi produk senyawa tris(4-metoksifenil)fenilsilan adalah 35%.

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The synthesis of tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylsilan through the coupling reaction of phenylsilane and 4-iodoanisole using palladium tertiary tributylphosphine as a catalyst was carried out through the determination of the base, solvent, and reaction time. The results showed that tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylsilane can be synthesized to form maximum yield using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO) as a base, tetrahydrofuran as a solvent, and a 5-day reaction time. The highest yield of tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylsilane was 35%."

"Thermal decomposition of fish bones to obtain calcium oxide (CaO) was conducted at various temperatures of 400, 500, 800, 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The calcium oxide was then characterized using X-ray diffractometer, FTIR spectrophotometer, and SEM analysis. The calcium oxide obtained from the decomposition at 1000 °C was then used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Diffraction pattern of the calcium oxide produced from decomposition at 1000 °C showed a pattern similar to that of the calcium oxide produced by the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCDPS). The diffractions of 2q values at 1000 °C were 32.2, 37.3, 53.8, 64.1, and 67.3 deg.

The FTIR spectrum of calcium oxide decomposed at 1000 °C has a specific vibration at wave-length 362 cm-1, which is similar to the specific vibration of Ca-O. SEM analysis of the calcium oxide indicated that the calcium oxide's morphology shows a smaller size and a more homogeneous structure, compared to those of fish bones. The use of calcium oxide as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil resulted in iod number of 15.23 g/100 g KOH, density of 0.88 g/cm3, viscosity of 6.00 cSt, and fatty acid value of 0.56 mg/KOH. These characteristic values meet the National Standard of Indonesia (SNI) for biodiesel."

"Adipic acid production through catalytic conversion of cyclohexanol-cyclohexanone using polyoxometalate H5[a-BW12O40] and H4[a-SiW12O40] as catalysts was carried out systematically. Polyoxometalates H5[a-BW12O40] and H4[a-SiW12O40] were synthesized using an inorganic synthesis method and were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Adipic acid was formed from conversion of cyclohexanol-cyclohexanone and was characterized by using melting point measurement, identification of functional group using FTIR spectrophotometer, analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 1H and 13C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectrophotometer. This research investigated the influence of reaction time and temperature on conversion. The results showed that adipic acid was formed successfully with a yield of 68% by using H5[a-BW12O40] as catalyst at the melting point of 150-152 °C after optimization. In contrast, using H4[a-SiW12O40] as catalyst, formation of adipic acid was only 3.7%. Investigation of time and temperature showed 9 h as the optimum reaction time and 90 °C as the optimum temperature for conversion of up to 68% adipic acid. Identification using FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR showed that the adipic acid from conversion of cyclohexanol-cyclohexanone was in agreement with the standard adipic acid data in the literatures. GC-MS analysis indicated that several by-products were formed in conversion of cyclohexanol-cyclohexanone using H5[a-BW12O40] and H4[a-SiW12O40] as catalysts.

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Produksi Asam Adipat dari Campuran Sikloheksanol-Sikloheksanon menggunakan Katalis Senyawa Polioksometalat. Produksi asam adipat melalui reaksi konversi katalitik sikloheksanol-sikloheksanon menggunakan senyawa polioksometalat H5[a-BW12O40] dan H4[a-SiW12O40] sebagai katalis telah dilakukan secara sistematis. Polioksometalat H5[a-BW12O40] dan H4[a-SiW12O40] disintesis menggunakan metoda sintesis anorganik dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan spektroskopi FTIR. Asam adipat yang terbentuk dari hasil konversi sikloheksanol-sikloheksanon dikarakterisasi melalui penentuan titik leleh, analisis gugus fungsional menggunakan spektrofotometer FTIR, analisis GC-MS dan analisis menggunakan spektrometer 1H dan 13C NMR. Pengaruh waktu reaksi dan temperatur reaksi pada proses konversi dipelajari pada penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asam adipat berhasil terbentuk dengan rendemen sebesar 68% menggunakan H5[a-BW12O40] sebagai katalis dengan titik leleh sebesar 150-152 °C hasil optimasi. Pada sisi lain, pembentukan asam adipat hanya menghasilkan rendemen 3,7% menggunakan katalis H4[a-SiW12O40]. Pengamatan lebih lanjut melalui optimasi terhadap proses konversi sikloheksanol-sikloheksanon menjadi asam adipat menghasilkan waktu optimum reaksi 9 jam dan temperatur reaksi 90 °C menghasilkan asam adipat dengan rendemen sebesar 68%. Identifikasi menggunakan FTIR, 1H dan 13C NMR menunjukkan bahwa asam adipat hasil konversi dari sikloheksanol-sikloheksanon sesuai dengan asam adipat standar dari kepustakaan. Analisis menggunakan GC-MS mengindikasikan pembentukan beberapa produk samping hasil konversi sikloheksanol-sikloheksanon menggunakan katalis H5[a-BW12O40] dan H4[a-SiW12O40]."