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Abstrak :
Diarrhea contributes to about 17.5% of under-five children's death in the world and about 15.2% in developing countries. These figures were much lower compared to previous years, which show a reduction in death due to diarrhea among under-five children since 1990. In Indonesia, child deaths due to diarrhea among under-five children decreased from 15.3% in 1995 to 13.2% in 2001.

Up to 70% of diarrhea in childhood was due to pathogen transmitted through food. Although this route of transmission already well recognized, the role of food hygiene in the development of diarrhea, especially in under-five children who live in urban poor areas, is sometimes overlooked.

This study is aimed to assess the contribution of nutritional status and food hygiene practice to the occurrence of diarrhea among children aged 12 - 59 months who live in selected urban poor area in Jatinegara sub district, East Jakarta. A cross sectional study was conducted in 274 randomly selected children aged 12-59 months using interview on food hygiene practices and observation on housing and environmental condition in one day of the period of recording the child?s stool. Seven days record on frequency and consistency of the child?s stool was done to obtain the stool of diarrhea children. Diarrhea prevalence was calculated based on percentage of children who diagnosed as diarrhea during the seven days record. At the end of recording period all the children were measured their weight and height to obtain their nutritional status data.

All collected feces were analyzed using serology test for the presence of EPFC and ELISA for Rotavims. None ofthe feces showed the presence of EPEC and Rotavirus. There was a significant association between poor food hygiene, wasting and diarrhea among children aged 12 - 59 months, particularly in age 12 - 24 months (p-value < 0.05, X2 test).

Diarrhea prevalence was higher in wasted children who had poor food hygiene practices (29.4%) compare to those with good food hygiene practices (7.7%). After stratification for age, wasted children aged 12 - 24 months with poor food hygiene practices had higher diarrhea prevalence (55.6%) compare to those who aged more than 24 months with the same food hygiene practices.

Abstrak :
Pneumonia is a crucial public health problem in developing countries, including Vietnam. Pneumonia claims the lives of nearly four million under-five children every year in which 99 percent of those deaths are in developing countries. Almost all pneumonia deaths are at the age of less than one as a result of severe illness, late hospital admission, and bacterial resistance. In Vietnam, pneumonia is the second highest cause of under-tive deaths after diarrheal disease. Yearly, each child experiences 1.45 pneumonia episodes and most of them are less than three years of age.

Among factors influencing the occurrence of pneumonia are undernutrition, improper breastfeeding, air pollution, and poor environmental sanitation, undernutrition is a major cause of pneumonia and is a contributing factor in the duration and severity of this disease. Pneumonia often combines with Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM), vitamin A deficiency, anemia and other micronutrient deficiencies.

The consequence of pneumonia might have been found as an increased risk of poor nutritional status. Some follow-up studies have documented that respiratory infections made linear growth more diflicult than weight gain. There is still some debate about whether ALRI can lead to poor vitamin A status in community-based and hospital-based studies and the results remain uncertain. Acute lower respiratory infection was found associated with lower serum retinol in two cross-sectional clinic studies. By contrast, a cross-sectional study failed to show this association. In addition, a cross-sectional study showed that meninéitis and pneumonia were more common in the presence of anemia in hospitalized infants in Papua New Guinea. However, hematological changes during infection are even less confirmed.