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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui frekuensi dan letak ramifikasi saluran akar yang ditemukan pada gigi molar. Penelitian ini menggunakan 56 gigi molar satu dan molar dua yang telah dicabut. Gigi-gigi ini terdiri dari 14 gigi molar satu rahang atas, 3 gigi molar dua rahang atas, 21 gigi molar satu rahang bawah dan 18 gigi molar dua rahang bawah.Metode : gigi direndam dalam larutan saline sampai saat percobaan. Dilakukan pembukaan akses dan preparasi dengan k-file sampai no. 15 kemudian saluran akar diirigasi dengan larutan NaOCl 2,5%. Setelah dikeringkan, gigi didekalsifikasi. Agar gigi terlihat bening gigi direndam dalam metil salisilat. Untuk mengidentifikasi ramifikasi, tinta cina diinjeksikan ke dalam sistem saluran akar. Masingmasing gigi diperiksa jumlah, tipe dan letak ramifikasi di bawah stereomikroskop.Hasil : Dari 56 gigi molar satu dan molar dua, 60,7% memiliki ramifikasi (46,4% saluran lateral; 10,7% apical ramifications dan 10,7% isthmus saluran akar). Sebanyak 50% ramifikasi terletak di 1/3 apikal dan 19,6% terletak di 1/3 tengah.Kesimpulan: Frekuensi ramifikasi saluran akar pada gigi molar satu dan molar dua cukup tinggi dan paling banyak terletak pada daerah 1/3 apikal."

"Latar Belakang: Perforasi merupakan suatu kesalahan yang dapat menyebabkan dampak luas pada perawatan endodontik. Hal ini bisa terjadi saat melakukan akses ke kamar pulpa dan akan melibatkan jaringan periodonsium. Oleh sebab itu perforasi harus segera ditutup untuk meminimalkan terjadinya kontaminasi baik yang terjadi selama perawatan maupun setelah perawatan. Untuk diperlukan bahan yang mempunyai biokompatibilitas baik dan waktu setting yang pendek serta mempunyai kemampuan penutupan yang baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis perbedaan kebocoran mikro antara MTA dengan Biodentine sebagai bahan penutup perforasi akses. Metode: Kebocoran mikro dinilai dengan melihat penetrasi zat metilen biru antara bahan restorasi dengan dinding perforasi saluran akar menggunakan mikroskop stereo. Analisis data dengan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov. Hasil: Berdasarkan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov menunjukkan hasil tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna kebocoran mikro antara Biodentine dan MTA Kesimpulan: Biodentine dan MTA tidak ada perbedaan dalam hal kebocoran mikro yang digunakan sebagai bahan penutup perforasi akses.

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Background: Perforation is one of the most common problem can cause wide effect in endodontic treantment. It happened when operator tried to make an access to the pulp chamber. Contamination to the root canal from the perforation site can decreased the healing abbility, that is why perforation had to be treated as soon as it happened. The aim of this present study was to evaluate microleakage on MTA and Biodentine as material for treat access perforation.

Methods: Microleakage was evaluated by assassed metilen blue penetration between restoration material and perforation site using stereo microscope. The data was analyzed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov.

Results: Based on data analyzing there is no differences between two materials.

Conclusion: MTA and Biodentine had no significant differences on microleakage as a treatment material for access perforation."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: E.faecalis merupakan bakteri saluran akar yang dapat bermigrasi ke jaringan periodonsium pada lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni.Jumlahnya berperan terhadap keparahan penyakit karena sifat virulensinya. Tujuan: Menganalisis tipe strain dan jumlah E.faecalis di saluran akar dan poketlesi endo-perio kombinasi murni, lesi endo primer, dan lesi perio primer. Metode:16 sampel dari 3 kelompok, analisis strain dengan sequencing dan kuantifikasidengan Real Time PCR. Hasil: Terdapat persamaan strain E.faecali,s jumlahterbesar terdapat pada poket lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni. Tidak berbedabermakna antara saluran akar dan poket pada lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni.Kesimpulan; terdapat strain yang sama dan jumlah E.faecalis sebanding antarasaluran akar dan poket lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni.ABSTRACT Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part inthe severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze thestrain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of truecombined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontallesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzedby sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There weresimilarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets oftrue combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences betweenroot canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: Therewere similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canaland pocket true combined endo-perio lesions. ;Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part inthe severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze thestrain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of truecombined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontallesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzedby sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There weresimilarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets oftrue combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences betweenroot canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: Therewere similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canaland pocket true combined endo-perio lesions. ;Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part inthe severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze thestrain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of truecombined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontallesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzedby sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There weresimilarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets oftrue combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences betweenroot canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: Therewere similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canaland pocket true combined endo-perio lesions. ;Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part inthe severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze thestrain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of truecombined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontallesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzedby sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There weresimilarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets oftrue combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences betweenroot canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: Therewere similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canaland pocket true combined endo-perio lesions. "

"Jus jeruk memiliki pH di bawah pH kritis email dan semakin mudah dikonsumsi dengan adanya bentuk kemasan. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman dan jenis jus terhadap kekerasan email. Metode: 60 gigi premolar direndam di dalam jus jeruk segar dan kemasan (masing - masing n=30) selama 30 dan 60 menit. Hasil: Hasil analisis Repeated ANOVA, Friedman, Mann-Whitney dan Independent T-test, menunjukan terjadinya penurunan kekerasan email yang bermakna (p<0,05) di setiap waktu pengukuran, serta gigi yang direndam jus jeruk kemasan penurunan kekerasan emailnya lebih besar (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Penurunan kekerasan email dipengaruhi pH dan kandungan asam sitrat jus jeruk serta lama perendaman.

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Orange juice has pH below enamel critical pH and is getting easier to be consumed since commercial one is provided.

Objective: to know effects of immersion time and juice types to enamel hardness.

Method: 60 premolars were immersed in fresh orange juice and commercial one (each n=30) for 30 and 60 minutes.

Result: Repeated ANOVA, Friedman, Mann-Whitney and Independent T-test results showed that enamel hardness decrease occured (p<0,05) in every measurement time and commercial juice immersion had significantly greater enamel hardness decrease (p<0,05).

Conclusion: enamel hardness decrease was affected by juice pH, juice citric acid concentration, and immersion time."

"Konsumsi jus jeruk terus meningkat dengan kehadiran jus jeruk dalam kemasan. Belum banyak penelitian yang dilakukan mengenai efek jus ini dibanding jus jeruk segar terhadap gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan penurunan pH plak setelah konsumsi jus jeruk kemasan dan jus jeruk segar. Metode: Subjek diberikan 3 perlakuan: mengonsumsi jus jeruk kemasan, jus jeruk segar, jus lemon segar. Nilai pH plak kemudian diukur setelah 1-30 menit. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna penurunan nilai pH plak 1-10 menit setelah konsumsi jus jeruk kemasan, jus jeruk segar, jus lemon segar Kesimpulan: Penurunan pH plak setelah konsumsi jus jeruk kemasan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan jus jeruk segar.

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Orange juice consumption has been increased with the presence of commercially orange juice. There had been little study about the effect of this juice compared to fresh fruit juice on human teeth.

Objective: To know the difference of pH dental plaque reduction, after consumption of commercially orange juice and fresh orange juice.

Methods: Subjects were given three treatments: consuming commercially orange juice, fresh orange juice, and fresh lemon juice. pH dental plaque was measured after 1-30 minutes

Results: The difference of pH dental plaque reduction is statistically significant after 1-10 minutes consuming commercially orange juice, fresh orange juice, fresh lemon juice.

Conclusion: The reduction of pH dental plaque was greater after consumption of commercially orange juice than after fresh orange juice."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mampu membentuk biofilm dan banyak ditemukan pada kasus kelainan periapeks.Tujuan : Melihat daya antibakteri campuran triantibiotik dibandingkan denganklorheksidin 2% terhadap E. faecalis dalam biofilm. Metode : Menilai kekeruhanlarutan E. faecalis dalam biofilm pasca pemaparan bahan uji, dengan ELISAreader. Hasil : Terdapat daya antibakteri campuran triantibiotik terhadap biofilmbakteri E. faecalis tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dengan klorheksidin2% (p>0.05). Kesimpulan : Daya antibakteri campuran triantibiotik terhadapbiofilm E. faecalis sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2%. ABSTRACT Background : Enterococcus faecalis has the ability to form biofilm and is oftenfound in cases of periapical lesions. Aim: To analyze the effectivity of triantibioticmixture compared to 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of E. faecalis. Method :Score the turbidity of E. faecalis in biofilm after immersion in antibacterialagent, with ELISA reader. Result : Triantibiotic mixture has antibacterialeffectivity against E. faecalis biofilm but has no significant difference compared to2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of triantibioticmixture against E. faecalis biofilm is equal to2% chlorhexidine. ;Background : Enterococcus faecalis has the ability to form biofilm and is oftenfound in cases of periapical lesions. Aim: To analyze the effectivity of triantibioticmixture compared to 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of E. faecalis. Method :Score the turbidity of E. faecalis in biofilm after immersion in antibacterialagent, with ELISA reader. Result : Triantibiotic mixture has antibacterialeffectivity against E. faecalis biofilm but has no significant difference compared to2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of triantibioticmixture against E. faecalis biofilm is equal to2% chlorhexidine. ;Background : Enterococcus faecalis has the ability to form biofilm and is oftenfound in cases of periapical lesions. Aim: To analyze the effectivity of triantibioticmixture compared to 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of E. faecalis. Method :Score the turbidity of E. faecalis in biofilm after immersion in antibacterialagent, with ELISA reader. Result : Triantibiotic mixture has antibacterialeffectivity against E. faecalis biofilm but has no significant difference compared to2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of triantibioticmixture against E. faecalis biofilm is equal to2% chlorhexidine. ;Background : Enterococcus faecalis has the ability to form biofilm and is oftenfound in cases of periapical lesions. Aim: To analyze the effectivity of triantibioticmixture compared to 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of E. faecalis. Method :Score the turbidity of E. faecalis in biofilm after immersion in antibacterialagent, with ELISA reader. Result : Triantibiotic mixture has antibacterialeffectivity against E. faecalis biofilm but has no significant difference compared to2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of triantibioticmixture against E. faecalis biofilm is equal to2% chlorhexidine. "

"Latar Belakang: Affected dentin merupakan lapisan yang masih dapat terjadi remineralisasi karena masih terdapat ikatan silang kolagen dan prosesus odontoblastik yang masih vital yang merupakan syarat terjadinya remineralisasi. Terdapat dua metode remineralisasi, yaitu metode konvensional dan guided tissue remineralization GTR . Pada metode konvensional hanya dapat terjadi remineralisasi secara ekstrafibrillar. Sedangkan pada metode GTR memiliki keunggulan yaitu dapat terjadi remineralisasi secara ekstrafibrillar dan intrafibrillar. Beberapa penelitian melaporkan bahwa mineralisasi intrafibrillar dapat meningkatkan properti mekanis dari dentin.Pada metode GTR dibutuhkan peran protein non kolagen, yaitu DMP 1. Namun karena proses karies, maka sebagian DMP 1 mengalami kerusakan sehingga dibutuhkan material analog protein non-kolagen, salah satunya adalah Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Amorphous Calcium Phosphate CMC/ACP . Tujuan: Mengevaluasi terjadinya remineralisasi intrafibrillar pada permukaan demineralized dentin setelah aplikasi material analog protein non-kolagen CMC/ACP. Metode: Empat kelompok dilakukan demineralisasi buatan, dalam satu gigi terdapat dua kavitas, salah satu kavitas diaplikasikan material CMC/ACP, sedangkan kavitas lainnya tidak diaplikasikan CMC/ACP. Sampel diperiksa pada hari ke-7 dan ke-14 dengan Transmission Electron Microscope TEM . Hasil: Terlihat peningkatan kadar kalsium dan fosfat setelah aplikasi CMC/ACP pada hari ke-7 dan ke-14.Kesimpulan: CMC/ACP memiliki potensi untuk meremineralisasi demineralized dentin.

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Background Affected dentin is a layer which can be remineralized due to the presence of cross linked collagen and a living odontoblastic process a key to remineralization. There are two methods of remineralization convensional and guided tissue remineralization GTR . In conventional methods, only extrafibrillar remineralization occurs. GTR resulting intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar remineralization. Intrafibrillar remineralization improves physical properties of dentin. GTR is a method of collagen dentin remineralization using non collagen protein, Dentin Matrix Protein 1 DMP 1 . DMP 1 is damaged due to caries process. Carboxymethyl Chitosan Amorphous Calcium Phosphate CMC ACP has similar function with DMP 1. Aim To evaluate intrafibrillar remineralization on demineralized dentin after application non collagen protein analog CMC ACP. Method Four groups performed artificial demineralization two of which applied CMC ACP material. Whereas, the other group was not applied CMC ACP. Evaluation of intrafibrillar remineralization with Transmission electron Microscope TEM . Result After 7 days and 14 days CMC ACP application, intrafibrillar remineralization was observed in the gap zone. Conclusion CMC ACP has a potential for intrafibrillar remineralization on demineralized dentin."

"Latar Belakang: Karies gigi merupakan penyakit yang dialami oleh masyarakat Indonesia, disebabkan oleh proses demineralisasi jaringan keras gigi. Saliva adalah faktor perlindungan alami terhadap karies yang dapat distimulasi oleh pengunyahan permen karet yang mengandung xylitol.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pengunyahan permen karet yang mengandung xylitol terhadap laju aliran saliva.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan metode cross-over. Total subyek 30 anak diberikan 3 macam perlakuan (pengunyahan parafin, 2 buah dan 4 buah permen karet yang mengandung xylitol) selama 5 menit. Pemeriksaan menggunakan gelas ukur salivary test kit GC.Hasil penelitian: Uji statistik ANOVA 1 arah menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p < 0,05) antara semua kelompok.Kesimpulan: Terjadi peningkatan laju aliran saliva dengan pengunyahan permen karet yang mengandung xylitol dan peningkatan terjadi seiring dengan penambahan jumlah permen karet yang mengandung xylitol.

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Background: Dental caries is a common oral disease to the Indonesians, which is caused by demineralization of tooth?s hard tissues. Saliva is a natural protective agent against caries that can be stimulated by chewing xylitol chewing gum.Objective: To identify the effect of chewing xylitol chewing gum on salivary flow rate.Method: Cross-over method. Thirty children having decayed and filled tooth ≥ 3 teeth are given 3 kinds of treatment (chewing paraffin, chewing 2 pieces, and chewing 4 pieces of xylitol chewing gum) on a 5-minute basis. Salivary flow rates are evaluated using GC salivary test kit metric cups.Result: Statistical evalution of one-way ANOVA shows significant differences (p<0,05) between all groups.Conclusion: There is an increase of salivary flow rate after chewing xylitol chewing gum, and the increase is proportional to the amount of the chewing gum."

"Latar Belakang : Karies adalah penyakit gigi yang sering terjadi di Indonesia. Saliva berperan dalam terjadinya karies. Saat ini xylitol dapat mencegah karies dan belum ada penelitian yang melihat pengaruh xylitol terhadap pH saliva.Tujuan: mengetahui pengaruh mengunyah permen karet yang mengandung xylitol terhadap perubahan nilai pH saliva. Metode: 30 anak berusia 10-12 tahun diberikan tiga perlakuan: mengunyah parafin, 2 permen karet xylitol, dan 4 permen karet xylitol selama 5 menit. Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik dengan p<0,05.Hasil: Kelompok sebelum dan sesudah parafin, 2 xylitol, serta 4 xylitol didapat masing-masing nilai p=0,000; kelompok sesudah parafin dengan sesudah 2 xylitol (p=0,472); kelompok sesudah parafin dengan sesudah 4 xylitol (p=0,000).Kesimpulan: Peningkatan pH saliva terjadi seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah permen karet xylitol.

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Background: Dental caries is one of the common dental health problem in Indonesia. Saliva has a role in caries process. Recently, xylitol usage can prevent dental caries and no research has studied the effect on salivary pH.Objective: Identify the effect of xylitol xhewing gum on salivary pH.Method: 30 subjects aged between 10-12 years will get three kinds of treatment (cross-over method): chewing paraffin, 2 pieces of xylitol chewing gum, and 4 pieces of xylitol chewing gum on a 5 minute basis. The research data will be evaluated with statistic analysis (p<0,05).Result: Before and after parafin, 2 xylitol, and 4 xylitol p=0,000; between parafin and 2 xylitol p=0,472; between parafin and 4 xylitol p=0,000.Conclusion: The increase of salivary pH is proportional to the amount of the gum chewed."

"Latar Belakang: Karies gigi merupakan penyakit yang sangat umum terjadi di Indonesia. Faktor - faktor yang menyebabkan karies gigi antara lain peningkatan retensi dan akumulasi plak, asam organic pada gigi, penggunaan flour, frekuensi diet asam dan karbohidrat, serta factor pelindung dari pelikel dan saliva. Salah satu cara untuk mencegah terjadinya karies gigi adalah dengan penggunaan xylitol sebagai pemanis pengganti gula karena tidak bisa difermentasi oleh bakteri.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh mengunyah sejumlah permen karet xylitol terhadap kapasitas buffer saliva. Metode: Menggunakan cross-over, melibatkan 30 anak berusia 10-12 tahun yang memiliki gigi karies atau ditambal ≥ 3. Setiap subyek diberikan tiga perlakuan, yaitu: pengunyahan parafin, pengunyahan 2 buah permen karet xylitol, dan pengunyahan 4 buah permen karet xylitol. Pemeriksaan kapasitas buffer saliva menggunakan Salivary Check merek GC. Data hasil penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan pengukuran statistic Kruskall- Wallis dan U Mann - Whitney.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermaknaan nilai kapasitas buffer setelah pengunyahan antara parafin, 2 buah xylitol, dan 4 buah xylitol (p<0,05). Simpulan: Terjadi peningkatan kapasitas dapar saliva setelah mengkonsumsi permen karet yang mengandung xylitol dan peningkatan ini terjadi seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah permen karet yang mengandung xylitol.

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Background: Dental caries is a very common disease in Indonesia. Factors that cause dental caries are increased retention and accumulation of plaque, increased production of organic acids at tooth interface, usage of fluoride, frequency carbohydrate and dietary acids, and the protective factors of pellicle and saliva. One of ways to prevent dental caries is by using xylitol as alternative sweeteners because bacteria can?t fementized it.Objectives: To identify the effect of chewing gum that contains xylitol on salivary buffer capacity. Method: Using cross-over method, involving 30 subject aged between 10-12 years who have carious and restored teeth ≥ 3. Every subject will get three kinds of treatment for 5 minutes: chewing paraffin, chewing 2 xylitol chewing gum, and chewing 4 xylitol chewing gum. Salivary buffer capacity is checked with Salivary Test kit from GC. The research data was analized with Kruskall-Wallis and U Mann Whitney.Result : There were reasonable level of significance of salivary buffer capacity after chewing paraffin, 2 pieces of xylitol, and 4 pieces of xylitol (p<0,05).Conclusion: Salivary buffer capacity increased after consuming chewing gum that contains xylitol and the increasing along with the chewing gum amount."