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"ABSTRAKBackground research : Air pollution due to road traffic is a serious health hazard and thus the collector toll who are continuously exposed to pollutant, may be at an increased risk. Types of main pollutants in the outdoor air pollution will significantly influence lung function. This study determined the factors that affect spirometry lung function, chest x-ray, and respiratory symptoms of collector toll working in the area of Jagorawi toll in East Jakarta. Methods: This study is a cross sectional study was conducted among collector toll of Jagorawi toll in East Jakarta in the period of December 2012 with total sampling method. This study has assessed respiratory clinical symptoms using questionnaires of Pneumobile Project Indonesia, examined spirometry, and chest x-ray. Results: A total of 129 subjects were included in this study. Most of them are men (71,3%), aged 40 to 49 years (48,8%), were over weight (46,5%), active smokers (55%), most of them have worked 15 to 19 years, did not use masker properly (65,9%), and had abnormal chest x-ray (3,9%). Results of spirometry examination showed mild restriction in 12 subjects (9,3%), mild obstruction in 2 subjects (1,6%). There are significant association between age and period of working with spirometry abnormalities (p<0,05), but no significant association found between nutritional status, smoking history, chest x-ray, using of masker, place of working with spirometry of collector toll (p>0,05). There is significant association between respiratory clinical symptoms with mild lung restriction (p<0,05). There are significant association between age and smoking history with respiratory clinical symptoms (p<0,05). There is significant association between period of working with chest x-ray abnormalities. Conclusion: This study showed that there are significant association between age and period of working with spirometry abnormalities (p<0,05), but no significant association found between nutritional status, smoking history, chest x-ray abnormalities, using of masker, place of working with spirometry abnormalities of collector toll (p>0,05).

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ABSTRACTLatar belakang penelitian: Petugas gerbang tol merupakan profesi yang mempunyai risiko sangat besar untuk terpajan zat-zat polutan yang berasal dari asap kendaraan bermotor yang akan memberikan efek berupa penurunan fungsi paru dan keluhan respirasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran spirometri, foto toraks dan keluhan respirasi pada petugas gerbang tol Jagorawi di Jakarta Timur. Metode penelitian : Penelitian ini dilakukan di wilayah Tol Jagorawi di Jakarta Timur bulan Desember 2012 dengan desain uji potong lintang. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling melalui kuesioner, pemeriksaan spirometri, foto toraks PA. Hasil : Seratus dua puluh Sembilan subjek diikutkan dalam penelitian ini, laki-laki (71,3%) terbanyak usia 40-49 tahun yaitu 63 orang (48,8%), berat badan lebih 60 orang (46.5%) , perokok aktif 71 orang (55%) dengan IB ringan 41 orang (31,8%), bekerja selama 15-19 tahun sebanyak 46 orang (30,7%). Prevalens kelainan spirometri sebanyak 14 orang (10,9%) yaitu restriksi ringan 12 orang (9,3%) dan obstruksi ringan didapatkan pada 2 orang (1,6 %). Penggunaan APD masker buruk (65,9%), kelainan foto toraks (3,9%), keluhan respirasi (10,1%). Secara statistik terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia, masa kerja dengan kelainan obstruksi. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia, masa kerja dengan kelainan restriksi. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara keluhan respirasi dan indeks brinkman dengan kelainan restriksi. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara masa kerja dengan kelainan foto toraks. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kebiasaan merokok dan usia dengan keluhan respirasi. Kesimpulan : Penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia, masa kerja dengan kelainan obstruksi. Hubungan bermakna antara usia, masa kerja dengan kelainan restriksi. Hubungan bermakna antara keluhan respirasi dan indeks brinkman dengan kelainan restriksi. Hubungan bermakna antara masa kerja dengan kelainan foto toraks. Hubungan bermakna antara kebiasaan merokok dan usia dengan keluhan respirasi."

"Tujuan penelitian potong lintang ini adalah menggambarkan tingkat keterkontrolan asma, kualitas hidup, dan kepatuhan pengobatan serta melihat hubungan antara keterkontrolan asma dengan kualitas hidup dan kepatuhan pengobatan. Sebanyak 132 pasien asma poli rawat jalan RSUP Persahabatan menyatakan kesediaan dan mengikuti penelitian ini dengan lengkap. Data diambil melalui wawancara dan pengamatan cara pakai obat. Sebesar 64 pasien (48,5%) menderita asma yang tidak terkontrol dan 68 pasien (51,5%) termasuk dalam asma yang terkontrol. Gambaran kualitas hidup menunjukkan nilai rerata domain gejala sebesar 4,83 (±1,49), domain keterbatasan aktivitas sebesar 5,99 (±0,86), domain fungsi emosi sebesar 5,13 (±1,63), dan domain pajanan lingkungan sebesar 3,89 (±1,88). Gambaran kepatuhan pengobatan pada penelitian ini sebesar 45,5% pasien minum obat sesuai anjuran dokter, 38,6% pasien rutin kontrol ke petugas kesehatan, dan 45,5% menggunakan obat inhalasi dengan benar. Domain pajanan lingkungan berdampak lebih besar terhadap gangguan kualitas hidup dibandingkan dengan domain lainnya. Terdapat hubungan antara keterkontrolan asma dengan kualitas hidup (r=0,307, p<0,05) dan hubungan antara keterkontrolan asma dengan kepatuhan pengobatan (penggunaan dosis obat, rutin kontrol, dan penggunaan obat inhalasi) (p<0.05).

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The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the level of asthma control, quality of life, medication compliance, and assess correlation between the level of asthma control, quality of life, and compliance with treatment. A hundred and thirty two patients with asthma in outpatient ward of RSUP Persahabatan hospital have provided consent and completed study. Data collection were conducted from interviews and observation how to use the drug. Sixty four patients (48.5%) had uncontrolled asthma and 68 patients (51.5 %) included in the controlled asthma. The mini asthma quality of life questionaire showed the mean symptom domains score of 4.83 (±1.49), activity limitations domain score of 5.99 (± 0.86), emotional function domain score of 5.13 (±1.63 ), and the environmental stimuli domain of 3.89 (±1.88).

Medication compliance revealed that 45,5% used medication dose as recommended by physician, 38,6% visited the physician for routine follow up, and 45,5% used the inhaled medication correctly. Environmental stimuli had more impact in quality of life compared to symptoms, activity limitation and emotional function. There is a relationship between the domain of quality of life with asthma control level (r=0,307, p<0,05) and there is a relationship between medication dose as recommended by physician, visiting the physician for routine follow up and using the inhaled medication correctly with asthma control level (p <0.05)."

"Latar belakang: Penggunaan obat hemostatik pada hemoptisis masih kontroversial, sebagian ahli meragukan manfaat obat-obat ini, namun sebaiknya diberikan karena berbagai penelitian menunjukan obat ini berpengaruh pada mekanisme penghentian perdarahan. Untuk efektifitas karbazokrom belum ada penelitian penggunaannya pada pasien hemoptisis. Tujuan: Mengetahui efektivitas pemberian karbazokrom (cromeR) 3x50 mg iv ditambah vitamin K 3x10 mg iv dan vitamin C 3x200 mg dibanding dengan vitamin K 3x10 mg iv ditambah vitamin C 3x200 mg iv dalam mengontrol batuk darah. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental (uji klinis), randomisasi, tersamar ganda, dilakukan mulai bulan Juli 2012 s/d Desember 2013 di RSUP Persahabatan Jakarta. Kelompok perlakuan mendapat karbazokrom (cromeR) 3x50 mg iv ditambah vitamin K 3x10 mg iv dan vitamin C dan kelompok kontrol mendapatkan vitamin K 3x10 mg iv ditambah vitamin C 3x200 mg iv saja. Dilakukan pengamatan sampai bebas batuk darah 1x24 jam atau maksimal 7 hari. Hasil: Subjek dalam penelitian ini diperoleh 134 orang dengan rata-rata usia 45 tahun, laki-laki 72,4 %, perempuan 27,6% dan diagnosis terbanyak adalah Tb paru 58% kemudian bekas TB 25%. Kelompok perlakuan batuk darah yang terkontrol 95,7%, sedangkan kelompok kontrol 66,7% dengan nilai p<0.001. Kelompok perlakuan lama perdarahannya lebih singkat rata-rata 2 hari sedangkan kelompok kontrol 4 hari dengan nilai p<0.001. Laju perdarahan pada kelompok perlakuan secara bermakna lebih cepat berkurang jumlah perdarahannya dibandingkan kelompok kontrol dengan nilai p<0.001.Tidak ditemukan efek samping pada kedua kelompok subyek. Biaya obat hemostatik tiap hari dikalikan lama batuk darah lebih besar pada kelompok perlakuan rata-rata Rp172.760,- sedangkan kelompok kontrol Rp 118.400,-. Kesimpulan: Pemberian karbazokrom (cromeR) 3x50 mg iv ditambah vitamin K 3x10 mg iv dan vitamin C 3x200 mg iv lebih efektif dalam mengontrol batuk darah dibanding dengan vitamin K 3x10 mg iv ditambah vitamin C 3x200 mg iv.

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Background: Use of hemostatic drugs on hemoptysis remains controversial, some experts doubt the benefits of these drugs, however, it should be given because some research shows these drugs give influence to the mechanisms of haemostasis. There is no research about the effectiveness of carbazochrome for patient with hemoptysis.

Objective: To find out the effectiveness of the provision carbazochrome (cromeR) 3x50 mg iv plus vitamin K 3x10 mg iv and vitamin C 3x200 mg iv compared with vitamin K 3x10 mg iv plus vitamin C 3x200 mg iv to controlling hemoptysis.

Methods: This study was a randomized double-blind controlled trial conducted from July 2012 until December 2013 in the Persahabatan Hospital of Jakarta. The treatment group received carbazochrome (cromeR) 3x50 mg iv plus vitamin K 3x10 mg iv and vitamin C 3x200 mg iv, whereas control group obtained vitamin K 3x10 mg iv and vitamin C 3x200 mg iv only. Observed up to free of hemoptysis 1x24 hours or up to 7 days.

Results: Subjects in this study were obtained 134 people with an average age of 45 years, men 72.4%, women 27.6% and is the highest diagnosis of pulmonary Tuberculosis (Tb) 58% and post Tb25%. Treatment group was 95.7% controlled results, whereas the control group 66.7% with p <0.05. Treatment group have shorter bleeding time, on average 2 days, while the control group is 4 days with p< 0.001. The rate of bleeding in the treatment group significantly reduced faster than the control group with p < 0.001. No adverse reactions in the two groups. Hemostatic drug costs per day times hemoptyis long-time was greater in the treatment group average of Rp 172.760,- while the control group Rp 118.400,-

Conclusion: Giving carbazochrome (cromeR) 3x50 mg iv plus vitamin K 3x10 mg iv and vitamin C 3x200 mg iv more effective to control hemoptysis than vitamin K 3x10 mg iv and vitamin C3x200 mg iv."

"Latar Belakang: Faktor transkripsi Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1 merupakanpengatur utama hipoksia, termasuk menyebabkan penekanan sistem perbaikan deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA), sehingga menghasilkan instabilitas genetik pada sel kanker. Varian genetik HIF-1α C1772T (P582S) dan G1790A (A588T) dipercaya mempunyai aktivitas transkripsi yang lebih tinggi.Peranan polimorfisme HIF-1α ini sudah diteliti pada beberapa jenis kanker seperti kanker ginjal, payudara, ovarium, tetapi belum ada penelitian pada kanker paru. Metode: Polimorfisme HIF-1α diperiksa dengan menggunakan direct sequencing dengan total sampel 83 pasien kanker paru (42 adenokarsinoma, 30 skuamous sel karsinoma, empat adenoskuamous sel karsinoma dan tujuh kanker paru karsinoma sel kecil (KPKSK) dan 110 subjek sehat sebagai kontrol. Hubungan polimorfisme HIF-1α dengan kelainan genetik/epigentik loss of heterozygot (LOH) TP53, LOH 1p34, LOH retinoblastoma-1 (RB1), inaktivasi p16 dan kelainan epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kemudian diperiksa. Hasil: Frekuensi polimorfisme HIF-1α pada kanker paru dan kontrol telah sesuai dengan keseimbangan Hardy-Weinberg. Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan perbedaan frekuensi genotipe C1772T atau G1790A antara kanker paru dengan kontrol sehat. Tetapi, frekuensi varian HIF1A C1772T ditemukan tinggi bermakna di pasien kanker paru dengan LOH TP53 (p=0,015). Pada pasien adenokarsinoma, individu dengan varian alel memiliki frekuensi tinggi LOH TP53 (p=0,047), LOH 1p34 (p=0,009) atau keduanya (LOH TP53 dan LOH 1p34) (p=0,008). Aktivitas transkripsi juga diperiksa secara in vitro dan ditemukan HIF1A varian pada sel kanker paru A549 mempunyai aktivitas yang meningkat secara bermakna dibanding wild type HI1F1A baik di kondisi normoksia atau hipoksia, terutama P582A di sel dengan mutan p53 (p< 0,0005 dan p< 0,005). Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini mengindikasikan polimorfisme gen HIF-1α mempunyai peranan penting dalam karsinogenesis paru terutama pada adenokarsinoma, diduga melalui peningkatan instabilitas genetik.

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Background and objective: The transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), is a master regulator of hypoxia, including repression of DNA repair systems, resulting in genomic instability in cancer cells. The roles of the polymorphic HIF-1a variants, C1772T (P582S) and G1790A (A588T), which are known to enhance transcriptional activity, were evaluated in lung cancers.

Methods: HIF-1a polymorphisms were assessed by direct sequencing in a total of 83 lung cancer patients (42 adenocarcinomas, 30 squamous cell, four adenosquamous cell and seven small cell lung carcinomas) and in 110 healthy control subjects. The relationship between these polymorphisms and the frequently observed genetic and/or epigenetic aberrations, TP53 loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 1p34 LOH, retinoblastoma-1 (RB1) LOH, p16 inactivation and epidermal growth factor receptor aberrations, was then assessed.

Results: There were no significant differences in genotype frequencies for either C1772T or G1790A between lung cancer patients and healthy controls. However, the frequency of the HIF1A C1772T variant allele was significantly higher in lung cancer patients with TP53 LOH (P = 0.015). Among adenocarcinoma patients, individuals with variant alleles of either polymorphism showed significantly higher frequencies of TP53 LOH (P = 0.047), 1p34 LOH (P = 0.009), or either of these (P = 0.008) in the tumours. The in vitro transcriptional activity of these HIF1A variants in A549 lung cancer cells was significantly greater than that of the wild type under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions, especially for P582S in cells containing mutant p53 (P < 0.0005 and P < 0.005, respectively).

Conclusions: These findings indicate that functional polymorphisms in the HIF-1a gene may have an important impact on lung carcinogenesis, especially in adenocarcinomas, possibly by increasing genomic instability."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Penelitian mengenai dampak kesehatan dari pajanan asap rokok lingkungan dengan menggunakan kotinin, yaitu suatu hasil metabolisme nikotin yang terdeteksi dalam urin, telah direkomendasikan sebagai pengukuran kuantitatif nikotin dalam tubuh dan biomarker pajanan asap rokok lingkungan. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat hubungan pajanan asap rokok di rumah pada perempuan dewasa bukan perokok, dengan mengukur kadar kotinin urin, CO ekspirasi dan melihat dampak kesehatannya.Metode: Penelitian ini berjenis potong lintang terhadap 60 orang perempuan dewasa bukan perokok terpajan dan 58 orang tidak terpajan asap rokok di rumahnya dalam wilayah Pasar Rebo, Jakarta. Kadar kotinin urin diukur menggunakan metode pemeriksaan ELISA. Sebagai informasi tambahan, kami mengumpulkan data kadar CO ekspirasi, kuesioner kebiasaan merokok anggota keluarga di rumah dan dampak kesehatan respirasi subyek penelitian.Hasil: Nilai median kadar kotinin urin yang didapat adalah 24,65 ng/ml pada kelompok terpajan dan 7,30 ng/ml pada kelompok tidak terpajan (p=0.000). Nilai median kadar CO ekspirasi adalah 5,00 ppm pada kelompok terpajan dan 3,00 ppm pada kelompok tidak terpajan (p=0.000). Durasi terpajan asap rokok (jumlah jam/hari) pada perempuan perokok pasif memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan tinggi rendahnya kadar kotinin urin(p=0.037). Gejala sesak napas yang muncul berhubungan signifikan dengan status pajanan asap rokok subjek (p=0.01). Faktor lama pajanan asap rokok terakhir memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan kadar CO ekspirasi (p=0,004). Nilai titik potong kotinin urin antara kelompok terpajan dan tidak terpajan asap rokok adalah 14,4 ng/ml (sensitifitas 75,0 %, spesifisitas 74,0 %, p=0.000). Nilai titik potong CO ekspirasi adalah 3,5 ppm (sensitifitas 75,0 %, spesifisitas 81,0 %, p=0.000).Terdapat korelasi yang cukup kuat dan signifikan antara kadar CO ekspirasi dan kotinin urin (r=0,641, p=0,000).Kesimpulan: Kadar kotinin urin dan CO ekspirasi pada perempuan dewasa yang terpajan asap rokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan perempuan yang tidak terpajan asap rokok di rumah. Pengukuran kotinin urin adalah metode pengukuran pajanan asap rokok lingkungan dalam tubuh yang sensitif, non-invasif dan efektif.;Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.

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ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method: We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results: Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000).Conclusion: The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure.;Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.Objective:The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method :We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results :. Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000)Conclusion :The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure., Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.Objective:The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method :We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results :. Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000)Conclusion :The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure.]"

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan. Kanker paru jenis karsinoma bukan sel kecil (KPKBSK) terdiri dari nonskuamosa dan skuamosa. Kanker paru jenis karsinoma bukan sel kecil nonskuamosa adalah adenokarsinoma dan karsinoma sel besar. Saat ini terapi kanker paru sangat berkembang dari agen kemoterapi sampai terapi target terutama EGFR-TKI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai angka tahan hidup pasien KPKSBK nonskuamosa yang mendapat kemoterapi lini pertama dibandingkan terapi EGFR-TKI di RSUP Persahabatan.Metode. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian retrospektif antara tahun 2010 sampai 2013 dari rekam medis pasien KPKBSK non skumosa yang mendapatkan kemoterapi lini pertama dan EGFR-TKI. Pasien dikemoterapi dengan platinum baseddan EGFR-TKI diterapi gefitinib 1x250 mg/hari atau erlotinib 1x150 mg/hari. Angka tahan hidup dinilai dari mulai tegak diagnosis sampai pasien meninggal atau saat penelitian dihentikan.Hasil. Dari 96 sampel KPKBSK non skuamosa terdiri dari 48 pasien yang mendapat kemoterapi lini pertama dan 48 pasien yang diterapi EGFR-TKI. Berdasarkan karakteristik pasien, usia terbanyak adalah 40-60 tahun (kemoterapi 32 (66,7%) dan EGFR-TKI 31 (64,6%) dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki yang mendominasi (kemoterapi 25(52,1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56,2%). Pasien merokok yang mendapat kemoterapi lini pertama 41,7% dan EGFR-TKI 56,3% dengan IB terbanyak untuk kemoterapi (IB ringan 27,1%) dan untuk EGFR-TKI (IB sedang 22,9%). Jenis histologi adenokarsinoma 95,8% dengan dominasi stage IV 89,6% (kemoterapi 91,7% dan EGFR-TKI 87,5%) disertai tampilan status 2 59,4%. Angka tahan hidup pasien (ATH) 6 bulan 74%, ATH 1 tahun 22,90% dan ATH 2 tahun 6,20%. Masa tengah tahan hidup (MTTH) pasien yang mendapat EGFR-TKI lebih lama sedikit dibandingkan yang mendapat kemoterapi lini pertama (263 hari versus 260 hari.Kesimpulan. Masa tahan hidup 1 tahun pasien KPKBSK non skuamosa yang diterapi EGFR-TKI sedikit lebih lama dibandingkan kemoterapi lini pertama (263 hari vs 260 hari). Sedangkan ATH 1 tahun pasien kemoterapi lini pertama lebih besar dibandingkan EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20,8%). Faktor yang paling mempengaruhi angka tahan hidup adalah stage dengan nilai p<0,05.

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ABSTRACT Introduction. Lung cancer is the type of non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) consists of non-squamous and squamous. Non-small cell lung cancer of non squamous types consist of adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Currently, lung cancer therapy is highly developed of chemotherapeutic agents to targeted therapy especially EGFR-TKI. This study aims to assess the survival rate of NSCLC patients of non-squamous type who receive first line chemotherapy and those who recieve EGFR-TKI therapy at Persahabatan hospital.Methods. This study is a retrospective study between 2010 to 2013 from the medical records of NSCLC patients of non-squmous type who receive first-line chemotherapy and thise who recieve EGFR-TKI.Patients with platinum-based chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI with gefitinib therapy 1x250 mg/day or erlotinib 1x150mg/day. Survival rate assessed from start to erect the diagnosis until the patient dies or when the study is discontinued.Result. From 96 subject of NSCLC patients with non-squamous type consisted of 48 patients who receive first-line chemotherapy, and 48 patients are treate with EGFR-TKI. Based on the characteristics of the patients, most are 40-60 years old (chemotherapy 32 (66.7%) and EGFR-TKI 31 (64.6%) with the male gender that dominates (chemotherapy 25 (52.1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56.2%). Smoking patients who received first-line chemotherapy are 41.7% and 56.3% of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy highest IB (mild IB 27.1%) and for EGFR-TKI (moderate IB are 22.9%). 95.8% of adenocarcinoma histology type with a predominance of stage IV 89.6% (91.7% for chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI 87.5%) with performance status 2 59.4% . Survival rate of patients are 74% for 6 months survival, 1 year survival rate is 22.90% and 2 years survival rate of 6.20%. Median period of survival rate in patients who receiving EGFR-TKI longer than they received first-line chemotherapy (263 days versus 260 days).Conclusion. Median survival rate of non-squamous NSCLC that treated by EGFR-TKI is longer than first-line chemotherapy (263 days vs 260 days). Although 1 year survival rate first-line chemotherapy in patients is greater than EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20.8%). The factors that most influence the survival rate is stages with p value<0.05.;Introduction. Lung cancer is the type of non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) consists of non-squamous and squamous. Non-small cell lung cancer of non squamous types consist of adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Currently, lung cancer therapy is highly developed of chemotherapeutic agents to targeted therapy especially EGFR-TKI. This study aims to assess the survival rate of NSCLC patients of non-squamous type who receive first line chemotherapy and those who recieve EGFR-TKI therapy at Persahabatan hospital.Methods. This study is a retrospective study between 2010 to 2013 from the medical records of NSCLC patients of non-squmous type who receive first-line chemotherapy and thise who recieve EGFR-TKI.Patients with platinum-based chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI with gefitinib therapy 1x250 mg/day or erlotinib 1x150mg/day. Survival rate assessed from start to erect the diagnosis until the patient dies or when the study is discontinued.Result. From 96 subject of NSCLC patients with non-squamous type consisted of 48 patients who receive first-line chemotherapy, and 48 patients are treate with EGFR-TKI. Based on the characteristics of the patients, most are 40-60 years old (chemotherapy 32 (66.7%) and EGFR-TKI 31 (64.6%) with the male gender that dominates (chemotherapy 25 (52.1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56.2%). Smoking patients who received first-line chemotherapy are 41.7% and 56.3% of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy highest IB (mild IB 27.1%) and for EGFR-TKI (moderate IB are 22.9%). 95.8% of adenocarcinoma histology type with a predominance of stage IV 89.6% (91.7% for chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI 87.5%) with performance status 2 59.4% . Survival rate of patients are 74% for 6 months survival, 1 year survival rate is 22.90% and 2 years survival rate of 6.20%. Median period of survival rate in patients who receiving EGFR-TKI longer than they received first-line chemotherapy (263 days versus 260 days).Conclusion. Median survival rate of non-squamous NSCLC that treated by EGFR-TKI is longer than first-line chemotherapy (263 days vs 260 days). Although 1 year survival rate first-line chemotherapy in patients is greater than EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20.8%). The factors that most influence the survival rate is stages with p value<0.05.;Introduction. Lung cancer is the type of non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) consists of non-squamous and squamous. Non-small cell lung cancer of non squamous types consist of adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Currently, lung cancer therapy is highly developed of chemotherapeutic agents to targeted therapy especially EGFR-TKI. This study aims to assess the survival rate of NSCLC patients of non-squamous type who receive first line chemotherapy and those who recieve EGFR-TKI therapy at Persahabatan hospital.Methods. This study is a retrospective study between 2010 to 2013 from the medical records of NSCLC patients of non-squmous type who receive first-line chemotherapy and thise who recieve EGFR-TKI.Patients with platinum-based chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI with gefitinib therapy 1x250 mg/day or erlotinib 1x150mg/day. Survival rate assessed from start to erect the diagnosis until the patient dies or when the study is discontinued.Result. From 96 subject of NSCLC patients with non-squamous type consisted of 48 patients who receive first-line chemotherapy, and 48 patients are treate with EGFR-TKI. Based on the characteristics of the patients, most are 40-60 years old (chemotherapy 32 (66.7%) and EGFR-TKI 31 (64.6%) with the male gender that dominates (chemotherapy 25 (52.1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56.2%). Smoking patients who received first-line chemotherapy are 41.7% and 56.3% of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy highest IB (mild IB 27.1%) and for EGFR-TKI (moderate IB are 22.9%). 95.8% of adenocarcinoma histology type with a predominance of stage IV 89.6% (91.7% for chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI 87.5%) with performance status 2 59.4% . Survival rate of patients are 74% for 6 months survival, 1 year survival rate is 22.90% and 2 years survival rate of 6.20%. Median period of survival rate in patients who receiving EGFR-TKI longer than they received first-line chemotherapy (263 days versus 260 days).Conclusion. Median survival rate of non-squamous NSCLC that treated by EGFR-TKI is longer than first-line chemotherapy (263 days vs 260 days). Although 1 year survival rate first-line chemotherapy in patients is greater than EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20.8%). The factors that most influence the survival rate is stages with p value<0.05.;Introduction. Lung cancer is the type of non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) consists of non-squamous and squamous. Non-small cell lung cancer of non squamous types consist of adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Currently, lung cancer therapy is highly developed of chemotherapeutic agents to targeted therapy especially EGFR-TKI. This study aims to assess the survival rate of NSCLC patients of non-squamous type who receive first line chemotherapy and those who recieve EGFR-TKI therapy at Persahabatan hospital.Methods. This study is a retrospective study between 2010 to 2013 from the medical records of NSCLC patients of non-squmous type who receive first-line chemotherapy and thise who recieve EGFR-TKI.Patients with platinum-based chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI with gefitinib therapy 1x250 mg/day or erlotinib 1x150mg/day. Survival rate assessed from start to erect the diagnosis until the patient dies or when the study is discontinued.Result. From 96 subject of NSCLC patients with non-squamous type consisted of 48 patients who receive first-line chemotherapy, and 48 patients are treate with EGFR-TKI. Based on the characteristics of the patients, most are 40-60 years old (chemotherapy 32 (66.7%) and EGFR-TKI 31 (64.6%) with the male gender that dominates (chemotherapy 25 (52.1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56.2%). Smoking patients who received first-line chemotherapy are 41.7% and 56.3% of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy highest IB (mild IB 27.1%) and for EGFR-TKI (moderate IB are 22.9%). 95.8% of adenocarcinoma histology type with a predominance of stage IV 89.6% (91.7% for chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI 87.5%) with performance status 2 59.4% . Survival rate of patients are 74% for 6 months survival, 1 year survival rate is 22.90% and 2 years survival rate of 6.20%. Median period of survival rate in patients who receiving EGFR-TKI longer than they received first-line chemotherapy (263 days versus 260 days).Conclusion. Median survival rate of non-squamous NSCLC that treated by EGFR-TKI is longer than first-line chemotherapy (263 days vs 260 days). Although 1 year survival rate first-line chemotherapy in patients is greater than EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20.8%). The factors that most influence the survival rate is stages with p value<0.05., Introduction. Lung cancer is the type of non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) consists of non-squamous and squamous. Non-small cell lung cancer of non squamous types consist of adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Currently, lung cancer therapy is highly developed of chemotherapeutic agents to targeted therapy especially EGFR-TKI. This study aims to assess the survival rate of NSCLC patients of non-squamous type who receive first line chemotherapy and those who recieve EGFR-TKI therapy at Persahabatan hospital.Methods. This study is a retrospective study between 2010 to 2013 from the medical records of NSCLC patients of non-squmous type who receive first-line chemotherapy and thise who recieve EGFR-TKI.Patients with platinum-based chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI with gefitinib therapy 1x250 mg/day or erlotinib 1x150mg/day. Survival rate assessed from start to erect the diagnosis until the patient dies or when the study is discontinued.Result. From 96 subject of NSCLC patients with non-squamous type consisted of 48 patients who receive first-line chemotherapy, and 48 patients are treate with EGFR-TKI. Based on the characteristics of the patients, most are 40-60 years old (chemotherapy 32 (66.7%) and EGFR-TKI 31 (64.6%) with the male gender that dominates (chemotherapy 25 (52.1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56.2%). Smoking patients who received first-line chemotherapy are 41.7% and 56.3% of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy highest IB (mild IB 27.1%) and for EGFR-TKI (moderate IB are 22.9%). 95.8% of adenocarcinoma histology type with a predominance of stage IV 89.6% (91.7% for chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI 87.5%) with performance status 2 59.4% . Survival rate of patients are 74% for 6 months survival, 1 year survival rate is 22.90% and 2 years survival rate of 6.20%. Median period of survival rate in patients who receiving EGFR-TKI longer than they received first-line chemotherapy (263 days versus 260 days).Conclusion. Median survival rate of non-squamous NSCLC that treated by EGFR-TKI is longer than first-line chemotherapy (263 days vs 260 days). Although 1 year survival rate first-line chemotherapy in patients is greater than EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20.8%). The factors that most influence the survival rate is stages with p value<0.05.]"

"[Latar Belakang : Sesak napas merupakan keluhan utama pada kanker paru. Obatgolongan opioid seperti morfin dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi keluhan sesaknapas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan efek pengurangan sesak napasdengan pemberian morfin oral lepas lambat 2x10 mg dan 2x30 mg, serta efeksamping yang ditimbulkan. Metode : Penelitian uji klinis dengan subjek pasien kanker paru denganmembandingkan keluhan sesak napas sebelum dan sesudah pemberian morfin oral2x10 mg selama 2 hari dan dilanjutkan dengan 2x30 mg selama 2 hari. Derajatsesak dinilai dengan menggunakan skor sesak modified Borg?s dyspnea scale danVisual Analog Scale (VAS) untuk sesak. Efek samping dipantau selamapemberian obat. Hasil : Tiga puluh tiga peserta penelitian dengan 27 laki-laki (81,8%), jeniskanker paru adenokarsinoma 25 orang (75,8%). Terdapat perbaikan keluhan sesaknapas setelah morfin 2x10 mg pada 18 dari 33 peserta (54,5%) dengan penurunanrata-rata skor sesak Borg dan VAS sebanyak 0,70 dan 6,72 dengan p <0,001dibanding skor awal. Setelah pemberian morfin 2x30 mg perbaikan sesak napasdidapat pada 26 dari 33 peserta (78,8%) dengan penurunan rata-rata skor sesakBorg dan VAS sebanyak 1,64 dan 16,06 dengan p <0,001 dibanding skor awal.Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara pemberian morfin 2x10 mg dan 2x30 mg (p<0,001). Efek samping yang didapat setelah morfin 2x30 mg yaitu 33,3%mengeluh konstipasi, 42,4% mengantuk, dan 12,1% mual. Tidak ada pasien yangmengalami depresi pernapasan berat. Kesimpulan : Terdapat perbaikan keluhan sesak napas setelah pemberian morfinoral lepas lambat 2x10 mg dan dan perbaikan yang lebih baik dengan 2x30 mg. Tidak ada efek samping yang berat setelah pemberian morfin oral.;Background: Dyspnea is a major complaint in lung cancer. Opioids drugs such as morphine is known to be used to reduce dyspnea. This study aims to determinewhether there is an improvement of dyspnea by titrating morphine sustainedrelease tablet 2x10 mg and 2x30 mg in lung cancer patient, and the side effectsthat appear. Methods: The study is a clinical trial with the subject of lung cancer patients bycomparing dyspnea before and after administration of 2x10 mg morphine tabletsfor 2 days, followed by 2x30 mg for 2 days. The degree of dyspnea assessed usingthe modified Borg's dyspnea scale and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) fordyspnea. Side effects are observed during administration of the drug. Results: Thirty-three study participants with predominantly 27 men (81.8%) and25 participants with adenocarcinoma (75.8%). There were improvements indyspnea after morphine 2x10 mg in 18 of the 33 participants (54.5%) with anaverage improvements of Borg and VAS scores for 0.70 and 6.72 with p <0.001compared to the initial score. After administration of morphine 2x30 mgimprovements in dyspnea were obtained in 26 of the 33 participants (78.8%) withan average improvements of Borg and VAS scores for 1.64 and 16.06 with p<0.001 compared to the initial score. There were significant differences betweenthe administration of morphine 2x10 mg and 2x30 mg (p <0.001). Side effectswere obtained after 2x30 mg morphine such as 33.3% complained of constipation,drowsiness in 42.4%, and nausea in 12.1%. No patients experienced severerespiratory depression. Conclusion: There is dyspnea improvement after administration of sustainedreleasemorphine tablet 2x10 mg and better improvement with 2x30 mg. No severe side effects after administration of oral morphine., Background: Dyspnea is a major complaint in lung cancer. Opioids drugs such as morphine is known to be used to reduce dyspnea. This study aims to determinewhether there is an improvement of dyspnea by titrating morphine sustainedrelease tablet 2x10 mg and 2x30 mg in lung cancer patient, and the side effectsthat appear. Methods: The study is a clinical trial with the subject of lung cancer patients bycomparing dyspnea before and after administration of 2x10 mg morphine tabletsfor 2 days, followed by 2x30 mg for 2 days. The degree of dyspnea assessed usingthe modified Borg's dyspnea scale and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) fordyspnea. Side effects are observed during administration of the drug. Results: Thirty-three study participants with predominantly 27 men (81.8%) and25 participants with adenocarcinoma (75.8%). There were improvements indyspnea after morphine 2x10 mg in 18 of the 33 participants (54.5%) with anaverage improvements of Borg and VAS scores for 0.70 and 6.72 with p <0.001compared to the initial score. After administration of morphine 2x30 mgimprovements in dyspnea were obtained in 26 of the 33 participants (78.8%) withan average improvements of Borg and VAS scores for 1.64 and 16.06 with p<0.001 compared to the initial score. There were significant differences betweenthe administration of morphine 2x10 mg and 2x30 mg (p <0.001). Side effectswere obtained after 2x30 mg morphine such as 33.3% complained of constipation,drowsiness in 42.4%, and nausea in 12.1%. No patients experienced severerespiratory depression. Conclusion: There is dyspnea improvement after administration of sustainedreleasemorphine tablet 2x10 mg and better improvement with 2x30 mg. No severe side effects after administration of oral morphine.]"

"Latar belakang: Efusi pleura tuberkulosis (TB) adalah bentuk umum dari TB ekstra paru. Proporsi efusi pleura pada kasus TB adalah terbesar kedua setelah keganasan di RSUP Persahabatan. Diagnosis definitif ditegakan dengan menemukan basil Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) dari cairan pleura mapun jaringan pleura walaupun kurang sensitif. Analisis cairan pleura dan pemeriksaan kadar adenosine deaminase (ADA) dapat membantu dalam mendiagnosis efusi pleura pada kasus TB terutama pada negara dengan insidens TB menengah hingga tinggi. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan profil efusi pleura pada kelompok TB dan non-TB. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan terhadap 411 catatan medis subjek dengan efusi pleura yang menjalani prosedur diagnostik di RSUP Persahabatan dari bulan Januari 2013 hingga 31 December 2015 secara retrospektif. Semua jaringan dan cairan diperiksa untuk pemeriksaan mikrobiologi, histopatologi, analisis cairan pleura dan ADA. Total 273 subjek dieksklusikan dan 138 subjek memenuhi kriteria inklusi untuk TB (n=65) dan non-TB (n=73). Hasil: Nilai tengah usia pada kelompok TB adalah 27 (15-69) tahun dengan proporsi 34 (75%) laki-laki berbeda bermakna dengan nilai tengah usia pada kelompok non TB yaitu 51 (16-75) tahun yang terdiri atas 38 (52%) perempuan. Pada kelompok TB rentang nilai ADA adalah 5,9 hingga 437,6 U/L dengan nilai tengah 103 U/L sedangkan pada kelompok non TB rentang 3,4 hingga 155 U/L dengan nilai tengah 19,9 U/L. Protein cairan pleura pada kelompok TB memiliki rerata 5,6 (SD 1,1) mg/dL berbeda bermakna dibandingkan pada rerata kelompok non TB yaitu 4,9 (SD 1,6) mg/dL. Sensitivitas ADA dengan titik potong 60 IU/dL adalah 89% dengan spesifitas 77% untuk kepositifan TB. Protein cairan pleura dengan titik potong 5 g/dL memberikan sensitivitas dan spesifitas sebesar 60% dan 52%. Pada penelitian ini kombinasi titik potong ADA dengan kadar 60 IU/L dan protein dengan kadar 5 g/dL meningkatkan spesifisitas menjadi 78% dan sensitivitas menjadi 66%. Kesimpulan: Hasil ADA dan protein cairan pleura harus diintepretasikan bersama temuan klinis dan hasil uji konfirmasi lain.

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Background: Pleural effusion is a common form of extra pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Effusion due to pleural TB is second biggest proportion after malignancy in Persahabatan Hospital. The definitive diagnosis was established by determining the basil of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) in the pleural fluid or pleural tissue but less sensitive. Pleural fluid analysis and adenosine deaminase (ADA) level can aid in the diagnosis of TB pleural effusions commonly used in the countries with a moderate to high incidence of TB.

Objectives: The aim of the study is comparing the profile of pleural effusion in TB and non-TB group.

Methods: This is retrospective cross sectional study on 411 subjects with pleural effusions who underwent diagnostic procedure at Persahabatan Hospital by January 1st 2013 to December 31th 2015. All data from tissue and fluid sample of microbiological, histopathological, pleural fluid and ADA examinations were taken from medical records. Total 138 patients met our inclusion criteria for TB (n=65) and non-TB (n=73) and 273 patients were excluded.

Results: Median of age in tuberculosis group age median was 27 (15-69) years old and consisted of 34 male (75%). Median of age in non-TB group was 51 (16.75) years old and consisted of 38 female (52%). In TB groups ADA range from 5.9 to 437.6 U/L with median ADA level 103 and in non TB groups ADA level range from 3.4 to 155 U/L with median 19.9 U/L. In TB groups protein level mean 5.6 (SD 1.1) mg/dL non TB 4.9 (SD 1.6) mg/dL. By using cut off the sensitivity of ADA level 60 IU/dL were 89% with specifity 77%. Protein level cutoff at 5 g/dL the sensitivity and specifity were 60% and 52%. This study showed a combination of ADA and protein as a cut off increasing specifity up to 78% and sensitivity 66%.

Conclusion: The results of ADA and protein of pleural fluid should be interpreted in parallel with clinical findings and the results of comfirmation tests."

"Kanker paru jenis karsinoma sel kecil (KPKSK) pada umumnya bersifat agresif dibandingkan subtipe kanker paru lainnya. Kanker paru jenis karsinoma sel kecil mempunyai doubling time cepat, fraksi pertumbuhan cepat dan bermetastasis dengan cepat dan luas dibandingkan kanker paru jenis karsinoma bukan sel kecil (KPKBSK). Kanker paru jenis karsinoma sel kecil bersifat kemosensitif dan radiosensitif meskipun 95% pasien akhirnya meninggal. Penelitian ini ingin melihat karakteristik, angka tahan hidup dan faktor yang mempengaruhi. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode kohort retrospektif dari rekam medis pasien kanker paru jenis karsinoma sel kecil di RSUP Persahabatan periode 1 Januari 2008 hingga 31 Desember 2012. Data diuji dengan analisis kesintasan Kaplan Meier. Hasil: Subjek dalam penelitian ini diperoleh 34 orang dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki 32 subjek (94,1 %) dengan usia rata-rata 59 tahun, 34 subjek (100 %) perokok. Keluhan utama subjek paling banyak sesak napas dan keluhan tambahan paling dominan adalah berat badan turun dan sebagian besar subjek tidak mendapat terapi baik kemoterapi maupun radioterapi (38,2 %). Karakteristik tumor paling dominan stage ekstensif 32 subjek (94,1 %), status tampilan PS ≤ 2 pada 30 subjek (88,2 %) dan metastasis paling dominan adalah efusi pleura pada 23 subjek (67,6 %). Masa tengah tahan hidup pasien KPKSK adalah 78,75 hari (2,5 bulan) untuk stage terbatas adalah 365 hari (12 bulan) dan stage ekstensif adalah 61 hari (2 bulan). Masa tengah tahan hidup pasien KPKSK yang diterapi adalah 182 hari (6 bulan) dan yang tidak diterapi adalah 27 hari (1 bulan). Faktor yang mempengaruhi angka tahan hidup adalah tampilan dan terapi. Kesimpulan: Angka tahan hidup 1 tahun pasien KPKSK 11,8 % dan masa tengah tahan hidup 78,75 hari. Faktor yang mempengaruhi angka tahan hidup pasien KPKSK adalah tampilan dan terapi.

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Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are generally aggressive than other subtypes of lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer has a rapid doubling time, rapid growth fraction and could metastasize rapidly and widely compared to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Small cell lung cancer is chemosensitive and radiosensitive although 95% of patients eventually died after underwent therapy. This study aims to determine the characteristics, survival rate and factors which influenced SCLC patients.

Method: The study was conducted by using retrospective cohort of SCLC patients medical records in Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia from January 1, 2008 until December 31, 2012. Data obtained were tested by Kaplan Meier analysis of survival.

Results: Subjects in this study were 34 SCLC patients, with majority of male 32 subjects (94.1%), mean age of 59 years old and all of the subjects (100%) were smokers. The majority chief complaint was shortness of breath, the additional complaint was weight loss and most of the subjects did not receive either chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment (38.2%). The majority of tumor characteristics were extensive disease in 32 subjects (94.1%), performance status ≤ 2 in 30 subjects (88.2%) and the most common metastatic was pleural effusion in 23 subjects (67.6%). Median survival time of SCLC patients were 78.75 days (2.5 months). Median survival time of SCLC patients with limited disease were 365 days (12 months) and extensive disease were 61 days (2 months). Median survival time of SCLC patients treated were 182 days (6 months) and not treated were 27 days (1 month). Factors which influenced median survival time were performance status and treatment.

Conclusion: The 1-year survival rate of SCLC patients was 11.8 % and median survival time was 78.75 days. Factors which influenced the median survival rate of SCLC patients were performance status and treatment."