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"Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa sajayang mempengaruhi kecepatan laju pendapatan per kapita di Indonesia periodewaktu 1997 - 2006. Apakah pendapatan per kapita, penanaman modal asing(PMA), infrastruktur, sumber daya manusia (SDM) serta desentralisasimempengaruhi kecepatan laju pendapatan per kapita dan berapa besarpengaruhnya terhadap kecepatan laju tersebut. Dan juga dampak dari kebijakandesentralisasi apakah meningkatkan kecepatan laju pendapatan per kapita yangnotabene akan meningkatkan kernakmuran di wilayah tersebut.Penelitian ini mencakup 33 propinsi yang digabung menjadi 26 propinsi.Pengolahan data dengan menggunakan fixed effect model dari program eviews 5.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor di atas mempengaruhikecepatan laju pendapatan per kapita, PMA dan SDM menurunkan kecepatan lajupendapatan per kapita sedangkan pendapatan per kapita dan infrastrukturmeningkatkan kecepatan laju pendapatan per kapita. Desentralisasi ada yangmeningkat dan ada yang menurunkan laju pendapatan per kapita di wilayah yangberbeda-beda."

"Penerapan desentralisasi fiskal memberikan efek positif yang dapat menimbulkan kompetisi antar pemerintah daerah demi memajukan setiap daerah. Interaksi strategis menggambarkan adanya persaingan yang sehat sebagai dampak dari kebijakan desentralisasi. Penelitian ini menguji apakah terdapat interaksi strategis antar pemerintah daerah yang dicerminkan dari totalpengeluaran pemerintah daerah per kapita terhadap total pengeluaran pemerintah daerah per kapita tetangga di kabupaten/kota Indonesia tahun 2010.Penelitian ini memilih beberapa fungsi pengeluaran pemerintah daerah diantaranya fungsi pembangunan ekonomi, perumahan dan fasilitas umum, pendidikan, kesehatan, dan perlindungan sosial untuk melihat secara spesifik interaksi terhadap pengeluaran barang publik, apakah terdapat interaksi strategis antar pengeluaran pemerintah daerah menurut fungsi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode spasial ekonometrika, yaitu Spatial Autoregressive.Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat interaksi strategis antar pengeluaran pemerintah daerah per kapita, ketika total pengeluaran per kapita pemerintah daerah tetangga naik satu satuan (Rp), maka akan meningkatkan total pengeluaran per kapita pemerintah suatu daerah sebanyak 0.24 satuan (Rp). Begitu juga berdasarkan fungsi pengeluaran yang menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan. Fungsi pengeluaran yang memiliki nilai koefisien terbesar ditunjukkan oleh fungsi ekonomi dikarenakan fokus utama pada setiap daerah adalah meningkatkan output perekonomian.

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Implementation of decentralized generate positive impact which can build competitive environtment for each local government in order to develop each regions. Strategic interaction indicates a good competition caused by decentralized. This research purposes is whether any strategic interaction between each of local governments whilst generated from total expenditure per capita for local government to total expenditure per capita for neighbour in each yurisdiction of Indonesia in 2010.This research chose some government expenditure functions which are economy development housing and public facilities education health and social protection to seek in specific every interaction to outwarding of public items whether strategic interaction between region government expenditure to meet it rsquo s functions This research used Spatial Econometric Method specifically used spatial autoregressive method.The result indicated there is strategic interaction between local government expenditure when total expenditure of neighbour region government increase one Rp then would increase total expenditure od region government for 0 24 Rp Whileover based on the expenditure function showed an significant indication. Expenditure function which have the biggest coeffisien value indicated by economy function because of the main focus of each region is to increase the output of an economy."

"This thesis discusses the Spatial Analysis of the 2020 Depok City Regional Head Election. The source of the data was taken from the results of the 2020 Depok City Regional Head Election in the form of the number 2 contestant vote, population demographic data in the same year. This research uses quantitative methods with GeoDa applications. The purpose of this study analyzes the spatial distribution in each village, demographic factors and voter behavior and to determine the spatial influence on each contestant. The results of this study showed that contestant number 2 only had 30 village bases, but won absolutely in 53 villages. The factor of novice voters and voters with high school education level and above, affects the victory of contestant number 2. Other factors that influence victory are the quality of voters and the contestant's capabilities, the candidate's vision and mission, work program, government experience, contestant's level of education. Further research can be deepened by testing other demographic variables such as gender, socioeconomics, characteristics of commuter workers, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

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This thesis discusses the Spatial Analysis of the 2020 Depok City Regional Head Election. Data sources are taken from the results of the 2020 Depok City Regional Head Election in the form of the vote acquisition of contestant number 2, population demographic data in the same year. This research uses quantitative methods with the GeoDa application. The purpose of this research is to analyze the spatial distribution in each village, demographic factors and voter behavior and to determine the spatial influence on each contestant. The results of this study show that contestant number 2 only has 30 base villages, but won absolutely in 53 villages. The factor of novice voters and voters with a high school education level and above, influenced the victory of contestant number 2. The other factors that influence victory are the quality of voters and contestant capabilities, candidates' vision and mission, work programs, government experience, and contestant education levels. Further research can be deepened by testing other demographic variables such as gender, socio-economic, characteristics of commuter workers, both qualitatively and quantitatively."

"Terbatasnya infrastruktur gas bumi adalah hambatan utama dalam memaksimalkan pemakaian gas bumi di Indonesia. Subsidi BBM telah lama membebani anggaran belanja negara, dan menghambat pemakaian energi lebih murah seperti gas bumi. Gas bumi di ekspor lalu sebagai gantinya mengimpor BBM yang lebih mahal menyebabkan banyak kerugian finansial bagi Indonesia. Ditambah persepsi bahwa investasi infrastruktur gas bumi yang sangat mahal akan membebani negara dan membuat harga gas bumi kurang bersaing dengan BBM. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah, pertama, memperoleh gambaran tingkat kemampuan gas bumi mensubstitusi BBM pada berbagai harga gas bumi yang dikaitkan dengan harga minyak bumi. Kedua, memperoleh gambaran seberapa besar investasi infrastruktur gas bumi untuk sejumlah BBM yang disubsititusi, penghematan biaya operasi, impor, dan subsidi yang ditimbulkan. Ketiga, memperoleh gambaran seberapa besar dampak subsitusi ini terhadap kinerja perekonomian Indonesia. Dengan tingkat pengembalian investasi infrastruktur yang dibuat menarik bagi investor swasta, optimasi dilakukan dengan meminimumkan biaya total rantai suplai gas bumi dari sumber gas ke konsumen. Optimasi menggunakan non-linier programming yang diselesaikan dengan metode Generalized Reduced Gradient. Sedangkan dampak substitusi BBM oleh gas bumi terhadap kinerja perekonomian Indonesia dihitung menggunakan ekonometrika. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan harga gas bumi ditangan konsumen dengan pendekatan optimasi adalah antara 59 - 71% dari harga BBM di sektor transportasi dan antara 57 - 63% dari harga BBM di sektor industri dan listrik untuk satuan energi yang setara. Selisih harga-harga ini cukup menarik bagi konsumen BBM untuk pindah ke gas bumi. Nilai penghematan subsidi, impor dan biaya operasi berlipat kali nilai investasinya, lebih dari sepuluh kali untuk sektor listrik dan industri. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa substitusi ini menaikkan PDB sekitar 3,04-5,14%, meningkatan pertumbuhan PDB sekitar 0,21-0,37% dan yang lebih penting, menurunkan pengangguran sebesar 26,78-44,23%, tergantung pada jumlah substitusi BBM ke gas bumi beserta nilai investasi infrastrukturnya, pengurangan biaya energi dan subsidi yang dialokasikan kembali sebagai investasi dan tingkat harga minyak mentah. Jika tanpa reinvestasi batas-batas bawah di atas akan menjadi jauh berkurang. Penurunan pengangguran yang sedemikian besar terutama disebabkan oleh realokasi penghematan subsidi sebagai investasi di sektor konstruksi. Inflasi sedikit meningkat akibat pertumbuhan PDB. Secara keseluruhan, substitusi ini meningkatkan kinerja perekonomian Indonesia secara signifikan.

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The lack of natural gas infrastructure is the main hurdle in maximizing natural gas usage in Indonesia. The petroleum fuels subsidy has long burdens the government spending, and discourages less expensive energy usage such as natural gas. Exporting natural gas and importing the more expensive petroleum fuel products cause financial losses to Indonesia. Moreover, the perception of high natural gas investment costs that will burden government spending and pushing the natural gas price up hindered the infrastructure construction. The research objectives are, first, to analyze the ability of natural gas to substitute petroleum fuel for a certain natural gas prices which attached to crude oil prices; second, to analyze the required investment to substitute certain amount of petroleum fuel, as well as its subsidy, import and operating cost reductions; third, to analyze the substitution impact on Indonesia macroeconomic performance. Considering that the natural gas infrastructures are given a favorable return on their investment, the optimization to minimize the total natural gas supply chain cost from the sources to the consumers was performed. The optimization uses the Generalized Reduced Gradient method to solve the non-linear programming problem. Econometric is used to calculate the macroeconomic impacts. The results show that using the optimization approach the end-user natural gas prices can be put between 59 to 71% of petroleum fuel prices in transportation sector and between 57 to 63% of petroleum fuel prices in industrial and electricity sector, for the same of energy equivalent. Those price differences are attractive for the petroleum fuel consumers to switch to natural gas. The amounts of subsidy, import and operating cost reduction returns multiple times of the value of its investment, more than ten times in electricity and industrial sectors. The macroeconomic analysis shows that the substitution facilitate GDP increase of 3.04 to 5.14%, GDP growth increase of 0.21 to 0.37%, and more importantly, unemployment decrease of 26.78 to 44.23%, depending on the amount of petroleum fuel substitution and its investment, as well as the cost/subsidy reduction reallocated as investment and crude oil prices. When the reductions are not reallocated as investment, the above results decrease considerably. Inflation increases slightly because of the increase in GDP growth. The substantial unemployment reduction is facilitated by large investment increase in construction sector resulting from energy subsidies reallocation. In short, the substitution significantly increases Indonesia economic performance."

"Industri biodiesel berbasis minyak kelapa sawit masih menjadi kandidat terkuat dalam pemenuhan strategi diversifikasi energi dalam bentuk bahan bakar nabati. Pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijakan dengan menargetkan pencampuran solar dengan biodiesel mencapai 20% dari setiap liter biosolar yang dijual pada tahun 2025. Kebijakan ini akan menciptakan pasar bagi biodiesel sehingga diharapkan mampu menarik investasi industri biodiesel, menghasilkan bauran energi berkelanjutan yang lebih baik, meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, menciptakan lapangan kerja, dan berkontribusi positif kepada lingkungan hidup. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan sebuah model kebijakan sebagai media diskusi terhadap potensi dampak positif dan tantangan dari berbagai macam studi akan dampak negatif dari kebijakan ini. Model yang dibangun dengan pendekatan sistem dinamis dan akan mensimulasikan dua tingkat kebijakan: mikro pada tingkat perusahaan dan makro pada tingkat negara. Hasil dari model menunjukkan adanya saling pengaruh antara aspek energi dengan tiga aspek keberlanjutan: ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini juga menguji dua skenario utama yang diharapkan dapat membangkitkan kembali ketertarikan investasi pada industri biodiesel yang saat ini mengalami gejala kelesuan.

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Indonesia's palm-oil based biodiesel is still the prime candidate for Indonesia's energy diversification strategy to renewable energy in the form of biodiesel fuel. The government has created a mandatory market by targeting 20% blend of biodiesel in all diesel fuel in 2025. In theory, this new market could induce the growth of palm-oil based biodiesel industry as an extension to the already mature palm oil industry. This would result in the development of the biodiesel industry, better renewable energy mix, boost economic growth, create jobs, and at the same time would help environment.

These results cover all three aspects of sustainability pillars: economy, social and environment. However, all these perceived positive impacts are also challenged by various studies on the negative impacts of palm oil and biodiesel industry.

Therefore, this research aims to develop an integrated multi level model as a tool to capture the complexity and obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the interrelationship dynamics. The model development is based on system dynamics approach.

The model results shows that there is visible a tradeoff on energy, socio-economic growth and environmental impact. Given that the current policy is not working, this research evaluates two plausible scenarios on how to restart the development of the biodiesel industry and achieve the biodiesel production target set by the government."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengukur nilai kualitas hidup kota berdasarkan besarnya kompensasi yang bersedia dibayarkan rumah tangga terhadap kenyamanan fasilitas publik kota. Pengukuran kenyamanan dilakukan dengan menggunakan model Hedonik Berger-Blomquist-Hoehn yang dikembangkan. Hasil pengukuran tersebut digunakan untuk Menganalisis perkembangan nilai kualitas hidup kota, mengidentifikasi sektor-sektor publik yang menjadi sumber perubahan kenyamanan kota serta menganalisis variasi kenyamanan antar kota. Pengukuran dilakukan terhadap 28 kota di Pulau Jawa tahun 2002 dan 2005. Pengukuran indeks kualitas hidup menggunakan basis data Survei Ekonomi Nasional (susenas) core dan Potensi Desa (podes). Jumlah total individu yang libatkan pada estimasi model hedonik upah adalaha sebesar 30.007 individu tahun 2002 dan 34.760 individu tahun 2005. Adapun otal rumah tangga ang dilibatkan adalah sebesar 21.439 rumah tangga pada tahun 2002 da 24.530 rumah tangga pada tahun 2005. Hasil pengukuran IKH menunjukkan bahwa kualitas hidup kota di Pulau Jawa pada tahun 2002 dan tahun 2005 sangat bervariasi. Beberapa kota mengalami peningkatan kualitas hidup seperti Kota Tangerang, Magelang, Surakarta, Salatiga dan Semarang. Penurunan kualitas hidup hampir terjadi di semua kota besar diantaranya kota-kota di DKI Jakarta, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Bandung, dan Malang mengalami penurunan kualitas hidup. Perbedaan kualitas hidup antar kota berpotensi mendorong terjadinya migrasi. Rumah tangga cenderung pindah menuju kota yang kualitas hidupnya tinggi. Guna membatasi masuknya migran, pemerintah kota dapat mengenakan kebijakan (sejenis pajak) kepada migran maksimum senilai perbedaan kualitas hidup antar kota tujuan dan asal migrasi. Sebaliknya jika beniat mendorong masuknya migran, pemerintah dapat mengenakan kebijakan (sejenis subsidi), minimun sebesar perbedaan kualitas hidup antar kota tujuan dan asal migrasi. Selain mengetahui nilai kenyamanan kota secara total, analisis dekomposisi memungkinkan pemerintah mengidentifikasi sektor-sektor apa saja yang memberikan kontribusi signifikan terhadap perubahan kualitas hidup suatu kota, baik secara menyeluruh maupun parsial. Analisis tersebut juga mampu menunjukkan pergeseran peranan masing-masing sektor publik antara waktu. Sebagai studi aplikasi pertama yang mengukur nilai kualitas hidup atau kenyamana kota di Indonesia, penulis berharap studi-studi lanjutan dapat dikembangkan di masa akan datang guna menganalisis hubungan antara kualitas hidup dengan variabel-variabel ekonomi lainnya, seperti migrasi, investasi daerah, pertumbuhan kota.

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The objective of the study is to measure the quality of life according to the amount a household is willing to pay as a compensation for the public facilities in their cities. The level of amenities is measured by using Hedonic Model developed by Berger-Blomquist-Hoehn. The result will be used in analyzing the progress of the quality of life in each town, identifying certain public sectors which drive changes in amenities level as well as analyzing the amenities variation among the cities. The study, which measures the quality of life of 28 cities in Java during 2002 and 2005, is making use of data from National Social Economic Survey (susenas) and Village Potential Statistics (podes). In total, thc number of individual observation involved in hedonic wage model estimation was 30,007 in 2002 and 34,760 in 2005. ln addition, the number of households being involved in 2002 and 2005 amounted to 21,439 and 24,530 households respectively. The result of the quality of life index measurement shows that quality of life in cities in Java both in 2002 and 2005 quite vary. Among the cities which experienced an improved quality of life including Tangerang, Magelang, Surakarta, Salatiga and Semarang. In the contrary, a decrease in quality of life almost took place in all other big cities such as Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Bandung, Malang and all cities in Jakarta Provinces. In fact, the difference level of quality of life among the cities may potentially drive migration in which people tend to move to other city with higher quality of life. ln order to restrict migration to their town, the local government CBI) apply certain policy (such as tax) to the migrants as much as maximum the quality of life?s difference between the migrants? city and the destination city. However if local government wants to attract migrants coming to their towns, they can apply a favorable policy such as certain subsidy to the migrants at least as much as the quality of life?s difference between the migrants? city and the destination city. Through decomposition analysis, the government may not only able to know the city?s quality of life in total but also able to identify each sector?s contribution to the quality of life?s changes within the city. The analysis can show any changes in each public sector's role every year. As the first study which measures quality of life index in Indonesia, the author is expecting some relevant studies which take in to account other variables such as migration, regional investment and city?s growth to be done in the near fiiture."