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"Homegarden Ecology : The Structure, Pattern of Homegarden and Correlation Between Economic - Social Factors of People Community Around Lembah Harau Nature Reserve West Sumatra and Plant Diversity. A research has been done on the structure and pattern of homegarden and correlation between economic - social factors of people community and plant diversity. The research was conducted in two villages around the Lembah Harau Nature Reserve (LHNR), Harau subdistrict, the regencies of Lima Puluh Kota, West Sumatra. The villages are Desa Harau, located in the north side of LHNR, and Desa Tarantang Lubuk Limpato, located in south side and the west side of LHNR. The data were collected from October 2000 up to January 2001. The research was non experimental with a Stratified Random Sampling Method. Data of plant density, frequency, and dominance were used to calculate Important value index, Shannon diversity index (H), Jaccard similarity index (ISJ), and Shannon equitability index (E). The community economic - social factors data, as independent variables, and the plant diversity, as a dependent variable, were analyzed using the multiple regression analysis to produce the regression equality model. This research found 270 species of plants from 76 family. The plants were grouped into 11 categories. There were 33 species of fruit plants, 23 species of industrial plants, 29 species of vegetable plants, 60 species of traditionally medicinal plants, 3 species of food plants, 21 species of flavor plants, 62 species of ornamental plants, 5 species of plants for spiritual events, 8 species of traditional cosmetic plants, 55 species of weeds, and the remaining 47 species grouped into miscellaneous plants. The patterns of homegarden usage were different in two villages. In Desa Tarantang Lubuk Limpato the tree level was dominated by industrial plants and the belta level was dominated by fruit plants. On the other hand, in Desa Harau the tree level was dominated by fruit plants and the belta level was dominated by industrial plants. Artocarpus dadah, Artocarpus elasticus, Ficus ampelas, Ficus annulata, Ficus auranticea, Ficus benjamina, Ficus glandulifera, Ficus parietalis, Ficus caulocarpa, and Ficus aurata from Moraceae family were grown and spread surround the homegarden and their bennefit are still unknown by the local society. The pattern of plant stratification showed the stratification pattern was similar to a forest. Based on the formation of canopy coat, there were five strata, i.e. stratum A (>20m), stratum B (15-20m), stratum C (10-15m), stratum D (5-10m), dan stratum E (0-5m). The diversity of plant species at homegarden for tree level were strongly correlated with size of homegarden and income of respondent (R2=0,601)_ At belta level, besides of size of homegarden and income of respondent, long period of resident also had a strong correlation (R2=0,721) with the diversity of plant. At seedling level and ground cover there were weak correlations of the plant diversity with size of house (R2=0,073). Plant species which dominated homegarden was probably caused by the change of homegarden function. Increase of economic condition of people may cause decreasing in plant diversity at homegarden, especially indiginous plant species."

"Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan variasi kromosom dan karyotipe 5 spesies ikan pelangi Irian, yaitu Glossolepis incisus, Melanotaenia boesemani, M. lacustris, M. maccuilochi, dan M. praecox. Sel metafase diperoleh menggunakan teknik jaringan padat. Larva ikan direndam dalam kolkisin dosis 0,07--0,09% selama 7,5 -- 9,0 jam dan dianalisis setelah diwarnai dengan Giemsa. Glossolepis incisus, M. boesemani, M.macculfochi, dan M. praecox masing-masing memiliki 48 kromosom diploid, sedangkan M. lacustris memiliki 46 kromosom diploid. Karyotipe G. incisusterdiri dari 7 pasang kromosom berbentuk subtelosentrik (ST), dan 17 pasang Iainnya berbentuk telosentrik (). Karyotipe M. boesemani terdiri dari 4 pasang kromosom berbentuk ST dan 20 T, M maccullochi terdiri dari 4 pasang ST dan 20 T, dan M. praecox terdiri dari 1 ST dan 23 pasang Iainnya berbentuk T. Karyotipe M. lacustris terdiri dari 9 pasang submetasentrik (SM), 3 ST, dan 10 T. Selain itu pada M. lacustris juga diperoleh sepasang kromosom yang tidak identik yang diduga sebagai kromosom seks. Karyotipe Melanotaeniidae cenderung didominasi oleh bentuk T. Terdapat spesifikasi perlakuan kolkisin dalam memperoleh sel metafase dengan sebaran kromosom terbaik, dan terdapat keanekaragaman karyotipe pada 5 spesies ikan pelangi Irian. Perkerabatan antara G. incises dengan M. lacustris diduga relatif tidak dekat dibandingkan antara G. incisus dengan spesies lainnya.

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Karyotipe and Hybridization of Irian's Rainbowfish, (Melanotaeniidae)Rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae family) have several species (i.e. Melanotaenia, Glossolepis) that are endemic in Irian Jaya. Attractive color and shape of this fish have an economical value (especially the male fish) as the ornamental fish, that caused the exploitation of this fish so intensified. The problem of this fish are poor biological (genetics) information, and in rearing are low survival rate, growth rate, and male percentage. Therefore, a genetic research (such as cytogenetic) and genetic manipulation (i.e. hybridization) of this fish are needed.

Cytogenetic study of this fish was focussed on the karyotype to identify characteristics of chromosomes_ This research was conducted from March 2000 at Laboratory of Genetic and Fish Reproduction, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Bogor. And further the hybridization is carried out to get a good performance of hybrid in case of growth rate, survival rate, and male percentage. This research was conducted from October 1999 at R & D Center for Limnology-LIPI, Cibinong-Bogor.

Fish samples (G. incisuslGi, M. boesemani/Mb, M. IacustrislMl, M. maccullochilMm, and M. praecox/Mp) were collected from R & D Center for Limnology-LIPI, Cibinong. Chromosome plates were prepared by solid tissue technique from 10-30 days old larvae and were analyzed after staining with Giemsa. Some larvae were exposed to 0.07-0.09 % colchicine for 7.5-9 hours, then to 0.075M KCI hypotonic solution for 90-100 minutes,and finally were fixed with Carnoy's solution. The intergenus hybridization (reciprocal) among these species by pairing a couple of broodstock of each species. Observation were conducted in three replicates on fertilization rate (FR), length of incubation period of hatching (LIP), hatching rate (HR), survival rate (SR), growth rate, and male percentage.

Diploid chromosomes number of these fish are 46-48. Karyotyping of G. incisus showed that 48 chromosomes consist of 7 subtelocentrics (ST) and 17 telocentrics (T). Karyotyping of M. boesemani showed 48 chromosomes consist of 4 ST and 20 T. Karyotyping of M. lacustris showed 46 chromosomes consist of 9 submetacentrics (SM), 3 ST, and 10 T with 1 ST and I T on the no.23. This result indicates that M. lacustris has a sex chromosome. Karyotyping of M. maccullochi showed 48 chromosomes consist of 4 ST and 20 T and karyotyping of M. praecox showed 48 chromosomes consist of 1 ST and 23 T. There were differences in chromosomes numbers and 13 chromosomes pairs between G. incisus and M. lacustris according to the morphological analysis. Based on these evidences, it is suggested that 2 species is not closely related compared to the others. The highest hatching rate was demonsrated from crossing between a G.incisus x M. lacustris, whereas crossing of a M.lacustris x G.incisus resulted a total mortality of embryos three days after spawning, and the crossing between 31 G.incisus x 9 M. praecox were failed to spawn. Among those hybrids, were found that c M.praecox x 9 G.incisus showing the highest growth rate, whereas the highest survival rate (SR) was shown by the d G.incisus x 9M.boesemani crossing. Crossing of cG.incisus x 9M. lacustris and oM_ maccullochi x9 G.incisus resulted 100% male (monosex hybrids), while the other combinations increased the male percentage."

"SUMMARY This research was carried out to study the diversity of Rhizopus in Irian Jaya. Tempe samples were collected from regions in Irian Jaya. The aim of this research was to Isolate and Identify Rhizopus spp. from traditionally made tempe, to make usar from the Rhizopus sp. isolates, and to produce tempe from the chosen usar. Isolation was done using direct plating method. Nineteen Rhizopus spp. isolates have been isolated from soybean tempe collected from several regions in Irian Jaya. Examination of their morphological characteristics, growth temperature, and spore ornamentation, showed that eighteen isolates belong to the Rh. microsporus group: two isolates were Rh. microsporus var. oligosporus, sixteen isolates were Rh. microsporus var. chinensis. One isolate was Rh. oryzae. The isolates were examined for their ability to produce usar. Out of the nineteen isolates that were tested, only seven produced good usar (inoculum): six isolates from Rh. microsporus var. chinensis, and one of Rh. oryzae. The amount of spores before and after inoculum production were determined by Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The average of viable spores from all isolates before the inoculum production was ((2.5-3.2)x14' cetllmly, and after the inoculum production was ((1.2-1.8)x104 celllg). The usars (Inocula) from seven Isolates were examined to produce tempe. The Rh. oryzae inoculum produced better tempe than the Rh. microsporus var. chinensis Inoculum based on colour, texture, aroma and shelf-life."

"Limestone cave is an unique ecosystem with having characteristics on enclosed space, dark, stable temperature, moist, air sirculation and being inhabited by specific flora and fauna. A limestone cave ecosystem is fragile and unrenewable for the process of its formation needs millions of years (Bullock,1965:60; Whitten et al. 1996: 542). Petruk and Jatijajar limestone caves are located at the vicinity of South Gombong Crust ,Central Java. Being potential as tourist attractions, the two caves are made used by local government tourist agency of Kebumen Regency. To create a proper managament system which saveguard the ecological function of the cave as well as the related ecological process, studies on the biodiversity and ecology are needed. The objectives of this study are primarily to understand : (1). The level of abundance of bats (2). The different of the physical environment which influence the bats populations (3). The diversity of fauna (4). The preference roosting place the bats at Petruk and Jatijajar cave. This study is conducted at Petruk cave and Jatijajar cave which are located at Ayah subdistric , Kebumen regency , Central Java in July - September 1999. The estimation of bat populations is made by counting the total number of induvidual bats when they left the cave in the evening and roosting the roof of cave during the days. For physical environment studies of the cave, the temperature, humidity and the light intensity at every zone of the cave were measured. Avertebrata and water fauna diversity were calculated by square method (murray 1991: 48), and the vertebrate diversity by line transek method (Wardoyo: 1986:11). The habitat preference of bat's roosting was identified using several criteria including the distance of the roosting place from the cave enterance, temperature, humidity and light intensity of the roosting place of each bats colony. To compare the physical data of the similar zone the ANOVA test was used at the level of 95 % signiticant (Walpole 1987: 383).The fauna diversity index was calculated by the Shanon - Whiner index (Cox, 1997:195). The similarity of those population were measured by Sorensen formula (Cox, 1997:197 ).The map for roosting habitat preference is made based on available map has been provided by Finspac' (1997), while for Jatijajar cave has been prepared by tourism agency of the Kebumen local goverment 1997. Conclusions drawn from this study were : 1) The bat population of Petruk cave during the research was approximately 144.00 at 661,34 and of Jatijajar cave around 2.874 + 179,2. 2) The physical environment of Petruk cave was warmer, with a high humidity level , and darker than the Jatijajar cave. 3) The land fauna diversity of Petruk cave was higher than that of Jatijajar cave. However those caves have similarities concerning the water fauna diversity. 4) At petruk cave 8 roosting places in habited by 6 species of bat' s namely : Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Hipposideros bicolor,Hipposideros diadema, Myotis horsfieldii, Tadarida plicata and Rhinolopus luctus. At Jatijajar cave there are 6 roosting places inhabited by 3 species of bat , namely: Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Hipposideros bicolor and Rhinoilopus luctus. At both of cave the R. amplexicaudatus prefer red to have a roosting place somewhere around the entrance due to sufficient light. However R. luctus preferred to have a roosting place at the far end of the cave where the level of humidity is high and there is no light at all. The other species : H. bicofon H. diadema ,M, horsfieldii, and T. plicata preferred to have a roosting place at the medle of the cave which little light is available and the temperature and humidity are fluctuative."

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Orangutan is the Asian representative of the great apes. Its present range is confined to dwindling areas on the islands of Sumatera (Pongo abelii) and Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) (Rijksen & Meijaard, 1999). Orangutans are arboreal (Rijksen, 1978; Galdikas, 1978), frugivorous (MacKinnon, 1974) and live semi-solitary in fission- fusion societies (Delgado & van Schaik, 2000). Ketambe, one of the major orangutan sites, supports a population density of 3-5 ind/km2 . Ketambe Research Center, which is based in Gunung Leuser Ecosystem, was run since early 1970. There are at least six families of orangutans living in the research areal of 450 ha, including the offspring of the ex rehabilitation orangutans. Orangutans in this area have been studied since 1971, where many behavioral and ecological studies have been conducted.. One of the most important studies identified matrilines within Ketambe based on genetic analysis (Atmoko, 2000) Female orangutans in Ketambe tend to be philopatric which means that they remain in their natal or birth groups. This condition is the result of intense competition among individual orangutans over food patchs because they often form dominance relations when meeting in the same food patch. Dominan ranking of ex-rehabilitation orangutans, based on a liniear index of responses in the context of displacement at a food patch, tends to be lower than those of wild orangutans. Orangutans travel and forage to find food patches within their habitat. By using software GIS Arc View 3.3, Day Journey Length (DHL) adult females including ex-rehabilitation female orangutan ex-rehabilitant is known to be 37-2.106 meters with an average between 437-795 meter. The matrilinial relationship between individuals influence each other in foraging and competition to form home ranges, especially for females. Orangutans matrilines tend to have overlapping home ranges between 46,66% - 97,07%)."

"Orangutans are arboreal, semi solitary, and frugivor primates. Theyspend the majority of their time consuming fruits. The percentage of fruitconsumption reaches 60–70 % of the total feeding time. The fluctuating fruitavailability in the nature significantly impacts the orangutan’s nutritionalintake. When fruits are available in low amounts, orangutans will use their fatstorage to produce energy. The final result of the fat metabolism is ketonebodies, which can be detected in the orangutan’s urine.Tuanan is a secondary forest that would be an interesting valuable sitefor comparative studies, to ensure whether a certain type of habitat impactsthe orangutan’s behavior and its necessity for food. The objectives of thisresearch were (1) to observe the orangutan’s daily activity, food proportion,as well as the presence of ketone bodies in the orangutan’s urine, and (2) toensure whether fruit availability affects those values.Data were collected from the following 12 orangutans (5 nonreproductivefemales, 1 reproductive female, 3 flanged males and 3unflanged males) using instantaneous focal animal sampling method. The proportion of time spent in feeding, resting, moving, nesting, and socialactivity were 61,20%, 27,08%, 10,30%, 1,24% and 0,18%, respectively.Significant difference was obtained only in moving activity. Social activity hassignificant correlation with fruit availability.From this research, food proportion consisted of fruits (50,94%),leaves (27,24%), vegetative (9,87%), flowers (5,42%), cambium (3,65%),insects (2,80%), and others (0,08%). There was different proportion in flowerintake based on gender and social class. Proportion of fruit consumption inorangutans was significantly correlated with fruit availability.From 116 orangutans' urine samples, ketone bodies were only found innon-reproductive females. The female had just given birth to her firstoffspring. There was no significant correlation between the presence ofketone bodies in orangutans with fruit availability."