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Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang etnomedisin tumbuhan obat sub-etnis Batak Sumatera Utara dan perspektif konservasinya, pada bulan Mei-Desember 2012. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkapkan keanekaragaman spesies-spesies tumbuhan obat yang diperdagangkan maupun yang dimanfatkan oleh etnis Batak, sebagai data awal untuk rencana konservasinya. Penelitian dilakukan di pasar Kabanjahe dan Berastagi mewakili tempat transaksi perdagangan tumbuhan obat di Sumatera Utara; lima desa (Kaban Tua, Surung Mersada, Simalungun, Peadundung, dan Tanjung Julu) untuk mewakili masyarakat lokal kelima subetnis Batak (Karo, Phakpak, Simalungun, Toba, dan Angkola-Mandailing). Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan etnobotani melalui survei pasar, survei masyarakat desa, dan analisis vegetasi. Survei dilakukan dengan wawancara bebas mendalam, semi terstruktur, observasi parsipatif. Metode pebble distribution method (PDM) dilakukan untuk mengetahui local user?s value index (LUVI) penyakit dan tumbuhan obat. Sebanyak 9 responden diwawancara pada survei pasar, sedangkan pada survei masyarakat mewawancara 201 responden (41 orang informan kunci dan 160 orang responden umum). Responden umum setiap sub-etnis berjumlah 32 orang dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan umur yaitu kelompok umur 30--50 tahun dan kelompok umur >50 tahun dengan perbandingan 1:1. Analisis vegetasi dilakukan dengan pendekatan ekologi, pada agrofores karet (Hevea brasiliensis) atau hutan adat seluas 5 ha (1 ha setiap daerah induk sub-etnis Batak). Transek dibuat berbentuk sampling bersarang (nested sampling) dengan ukuran 20 m x 100 m sebanyak 5 buah, yang penempatannya berdasarkan purposive sampling. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuatitatif. Analisis kualitatif dilakukan dengan menggunakan statistika deskriptif meliputi jenis-jenis tumbuhan obat, manfaat, organ yang dimanfaatkan, dan sumber perolehan. Analisis kuantitatif untuk survei masyarakat dilakukan dengan menghitung nilai indek keanekaragaman, use value (UVs), index cultural of significance (ICS), sedangkan untuk analisis vegetasi dihitung nilai kepentingan (NK) tumbuhan obat. Uji anova (α 5%) digunakan untuk menghitung rata-rata jumlah spesies tumbuhan obat yang diketahui pada setiap kelompok umur pada setiap sub-etnis Batak. Sebanyak 349 spesies yang berasal dari 212 genus dan 94 famili tumbuhan obat dan 20 macam ramuan tradisional diperjual-belikan di pasar tradisional Kabanjahe dan Berastagi. Sebanyak 176 spesies tumbuhan obat yang dijual di pasar Kabanjahe dan Berastagi dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan preventif, sedangkan sebanyak 255 spesies dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan kuratif. Hasil wawancara kelima masyarakat desa ditemukan 414 spesies yang berasal dari 241 genus dan 99 famili dimanfaatkan sebagi obat. Di antara kelima sub-etnis Batak maka, sub-etnis Batak Simalungun memnafaatkan spesies tumbuhan obat paling banyak (239 spesies), kemudian diikuti oleh Angkola-Mandailing (165 spesies), Karo (152 spesies), Toba (148 spesies), dan Phakpak (130 spesies). Daun merupakan organ tumbuhan yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai obat, baik oleh masyarakat lokal maupun yang dijual pedagang. Sebagain besar tumbuhan obat yang diperdagangkan maupun yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat lokal merupakan tumbuhan liar. Nilai UVs, ICS, dan LUVI spesies tumbuhan obat relatif berbeda anatar kelima sub-etnis, dan nilai tersebut sangat ditentukan oleh jumlah manfaat dan ke limpahannya di lingkungan sekitar. Tumbuhan obat yang manfaatnya banyak memiliki nilai UVs, ICS, dan LUVI lebih besar dibandingkan yang manfaatnya sedikit dan sebaliknya. Berdasarkan uji anova (alpha 5%) terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara jumlah tumbuhan obat yang diketahui berdasarkan kelompok umur dan kategori responden. Informan kunci memiliki pengetahuan pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan responden umum. Berdasarkan nilai kepentingan lokal (LUVI) penyakit demam dan sakit perut merupakan penyakit yang memiliki LUVI paling tinggi pada setiap sub-etnis Batak. Hasil analisis vegetasi yang dilakukan pada hutan adat maupun agrofores ditemukan sebanyak 117 spesies hanya mewakili 28% dari keseluruhan jumlah spesies tumbuhan obat yang dimanfaatkan kelima masyarakat lokal sub-etnis Batak. Tumbuhan obat dominan (NK tertinggi) berhabitus pohon, semak/belta, dan semai/herba bervariasi antar agrofores dan sangat ditentukan tipe, umur, pola manajemen, luas, frekuensi penyiangan dan sadapan. Tumbuhan obat yang diperjual-belikan di pasar Kabanjahe dan Berastagi maupun hasil wawancara masyarakat lokal kelima daerah induk sub-etnis Batak memiliki indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener tinggi (> 3), namun tumbuhan obat yang ditrmukan dari analisis vegetasi memiliki indeks keanekaragaman rendah. Berdasarkan red list IUCN version 2012, tumbuhan obat yang dimanfaatkan oleh sub-etnis Batak memiliki status konservasi antara lain: sebanyak 17 spesies terancam, 7 spesies rentan, 6 spesies kritis, 16 spesies genting, dan 8 spesies masuk ke dalam apendiks II IUCN. ...... Research is conducted on ethnomedicine of medicinal plants by sub-ethnic Batak in North Sumatra and conservation perspective, at May-December 2012. This research aims to obtained diversity of species medicinal plants traded and used by ethnic Batak, as data base the initial step for conservation plan of medicinal plants. Samples for this research were taken from Kabanjahe and Berastagi traditional markets as the representation of trading places, while Kaban Tua village, Surung Mersada village, Simbou Baru village, Peadundung village, and Tanjung Julu village representing the source of the obtained medicinal plants. Collecting data for this research was carried out by ethnobotany approach (market surveys, surveys local communities, and vegetation analysis). The interviews were conducted through free in-depth interviews, semi-structured, and participative observation. The local user's value index (LUVI) of the medicinal plants was done by the pebble distribution method (PDM). This approach was primarily carrying surveys and interviews of nine (9) traders of the medicinal plants in Kabanjahe and Berastagi traditional markets; and 201 local communities with 41 key informants and160 general respondents with two age goups, first group with 30--50 years old and second group above 50 years old with ratio 1:1. Vegetation analysis conducted in the agroforest rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) or indegenous forest from area of 5 ha (1 ha each sub-ethnic) by ecological approach. The transect sampling was used in the form of nested sampling with a size of 20 m x 100 m of 5 pieces for each center regions of the sub-ethnic Batak. Data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative method. Qualitative analysis is done by grouping plants based upon usage category, organs harvested, and resource. Quantitative analysis by calculating index diversity, index of cultural significance (ICS), use value (UVs), LUVI, and statistical analysis; while vegetation analysis calculated importance value (IV). Our finding scored 349 species (212 genera, 94 families) of medicinal plants and 20 kinds concoctions traded in the traditional markets Kabanjahe and Berastagi. The medicinal plants for preventive purposes have been used 176 species, while as many as 255 species used for curative purposes. Out of 5 villages were selected as the location of the research, the results showed that as many as 414 species (99 families) of medicinal plants have been used by those 5 sub-ethnic Batak. Among all of those, sub-ethnic Batak Simalungun was the highest using medicinal plants (239 species), then followed by Angkola-Mandailing (165 species), Karo (152 species), Toba (148 species), and Phakpak (130 species). Leaves are organ of the most used medicinal plants as medicine, by local communities and the traders medicinal plants. The majority of medicinal plants traded and local communities utilized are wild plants. The value of UVs, ICS, and LUVI of medicinal plants are different at the fifth sub-ethnic, and the value determined by the amount uses and abudance in the neighborhood. Medicinal plants many uses have value UVs, ICS, and LUVI greater than medicinal plants uses few and vice versa. Based on anova (alpha 0.05), it is found a significant different about medicinal plants which is known by the yonger, older, and key informants. The number of medicinal plants species known by the youger is smaller in compare to the older, and key informants. Based on the LUVI, fever and abdominal pain are diseases that has the highest LUVI on each sub-ethnic Batak. The results of the analysis vegetation found as many as 117 species represent only 28% of the total number of medicinal plants by five sub-ethnic Batak. The medicinal plants dominant (highest IV) trees, shrubs/belta, and seedling/herb varies between agroforest, and which determined by type, age, pattern management, broad, weeding frequency, and leads agroforest. Medicinal plants traded in Kabanjahe and Berastagi traditional markets; and local communities used in five sub-ethnic Batak has the Shannon-Wiener diversity index is high (> 3), but medicinal plants drugs find at vegetation analysis has a low diversity index. Based on the LUVI, which are fever and abdominal pain are diseases that has the highest LUVI on each sub-ethnic Batak. Based on the IUCN red list of version 2012, the medicinal plants have been used by the sub-ethnic Batak have conservation status, among others: 17 species threat, 7 species vulnerable, 6 species critically, 16 species endagered, and 8 species into the appendix II IUCN.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Penelitian telah dilakukan mengenai karakteristik Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms dan Pistia stratiotes L. pada air limbah domestik serta uji toksisitas hasil fitoremediasinya. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui aspek anatomi, fisiologi dan ekologi E. crassipes dan P. stratiotes serta toksisitas hasil fitoremediasinya terhadap Dahnia magna L. dan Cyprinus carpio L. Bahan ditempatkan di outlet kolam anaerob, fakultatif dan maturasi di Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) Bojongsoang Bandung selama 14 hari dan sebagai fitoremediator selama 10 hari dengan metode statik. Hasil fitoremediasi diuji toksisitas akut dan sub akut terhadap D. magna selama 2 hari dan C. carpio selama 4 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan E. crassipes dan P. stratiotes sebagian besar menurun pada diameter akar 1,18-2,50 mm, stele 0,37-1,82 mm, korteks 0,30-0,65 mm, panjang akar 0,05-5,21 cm dan kadar klorofil 0,19-1250,33 mg/L, serta meningkat pada berat basah 93,39-99,49 g, panjang stolon 11,33-15,97 cm, panjang petiola 2,05-3,21 cm dan luas daun 1,12-8,56 cm2; kelimpahan bakteri nitrifikasi pengoksidasi amonia (AOB) dan bakteri pengoksidasi nitrat (NOB) meningkat pada rhizosfer E. crassipes. Efisiensi tertinggi E. crassipes 86,14% fosfat dan 98,41% nitrat dengan retensi terendah 0,3-0,4 hari, serta tertinggi P. stratiotes 96,34% TSS, 97,20% kekeruhan dan 96,70% BOD. Kadar nitrat di akar lebih tinggi dibanding pada daun. Hasil fitoremediasi menunjukkan toksik rendah, meningkatkan rata-rata telur 12,1-14,7, frekuensi bertelur 0,7 dan awal hari bertelur 3,5-3,6 hari, serta peningkatan laju konsumsi oksigen 150,8-239,1 mg/g bb/jam C. carpio pada hasil fitoremediasi E. crassipes. Hasil-hasil tertinggi sebagian besar diperoleh pada air limbah domestik dari kolam anaerob dan fakultatif. Eichhornia crassipes dan Pistia stratiotes adaptif pada air limbah domestik, berpotensi tinggi dalam menurunkan polutan air limbah domestik dengan hasil fitoremediasinya toksik rendah.;

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ABSTRACT
Research has been done on the characteristics of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Pistia stratiotes L. in domestic wastewater and phytoremediation results toxicity test. The study aims to determine anatomy, physiology and ecology aspect, and the toxicity test of phytoremediation results against Daphnia magna L. and Cyprinus carpio L. Materials placed on the outlet in anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds on Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Bojongsoang Bandung for 14 days, and as phytoremediator for 10 days using static methods. Acute toxicity tests and sub acute phytoremediation results for D. magna reproduction for 2 days and the rate of oxygen consumption C. carpio for 4 days. The results showed in E. crassipes and P. stratiotes most of the decrease in root diameter 1.18-2.50 mm, stele 0.37-1.82 mm, cortex 0.30-0.65 mm, root length 0.05-5.21 cm and chlorophyll content 0.19-1250.33 mg/L, and the increase in wet weight 93.39-99.49 g, stolon length 11.33-15.97 cm, petiole length 2.05-3.21 cm and leaf area 1.12-8.56 cm2; abundance of nitrifying ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrate oxidizing bacteria (NOB) is increased in the rhizosphere of E. crassipes. The highest efficiency of E. crassipes 86.14% phosphate and 98.41% nitrate, and P. stratiotes 96.34% TSS, 97.20% turbidity and 96.70% BOD, and the lowest retention of 0.3-0.4 days. Nitrate levels in roots was higher than in the leaves. Domestic wastewater toxicity test phytoremediation results to D. magna and C. carpio showed low toxic. Subacute toxicity tests on D. magna reproduction showed increase the average egg 2.1-14.7, the frequency spawn about 0.7 and earlier in the day spawn 3.5-3.6 days, and increase in the rate of oxygen consumption 150.8-239.1 mg/g w/h C. carpio on E. crassipes phytoremediation results. The results mostly takes place in the wastewater from the anaerob and facultative ponds. Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes adaptive in domestic wastewater, high potential in reducing, Research has been done on the characteristics of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Pistia stratiotes L. in domestic wastewater and phytoremediation results toxicity test. The study aims to determine anatomy, physiology and ecology aspect, and the toxicity test of phytoremediation results against Daphnia magna L. and Cyprinus carpio L. Materials placed on the outlet in anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds on Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Bojongsoang Bandung for 14 days, and as phytoremediator for 10 days using static methods. Acute toxicity tests and sub acute phytoremediation results for D. magna reproduction for 2 days and the rate of oxygen consumption C. carpio for 4 days. The results showed in E. crassipes and P. stratiotes most of the decrease in root diameter 1.18-2.50 mm, stele 0.37-1.82 mm, cortex 0.30-0.65 mm, root length 0.05-5.21 cm and chlorophyll content 0.19-1250.33 mg/L, and the increase in wet weight 93.39-99.49 g, stolon length 11.33-15.97 cm, petiole length 2.05-3.21 cm and leaf area 1.12-8.56 cm2; abundance of nitrifying ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrate oxidizing bacteria (NOB) is increased in the rhizosphere of E. crassipes. The highest efficiency of E. crassipes 86.14% phosphate and 98.41% nitrate, and P. stratiotes 96.34% TSS, 97.20% turbidity and 96.70% BOD, and the lowest retention of 0.3-0.4 days. Nitrate levels in roots was higher than in the leaves. Domestic wastewater toxicity test phytoremediation results to D. magna and C. carpio showed low toxic. Subacute toxicity tests on D. magna reproduction showed increase the average egg 2.1-14.7, the frequency spawn about 0.7 and earlier in the day spawn 3.5-3.6 days, and increase in the rate of oxygen consumption 150.8-239.1 mg/g w/h C. carpio on E. crassipes phytoremediation results. The results mostly takes place in the wastewater from the anaerob and facultative ponds. Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes adaptive in domestic wastewater, high potential in reducing]

Abstrak :
Komunitas anggrek (Orchidaceae) merupakan salah satu kelompok tumbuhan yang terancam terhadap stres kekeringan akibat perubahan iklim. Komunitas anggrek di Indonesia mengembangkan dua bentuk hidup utama, yaitu epifit dan terestrial. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membandingkan adaptasi anatomi daun dan akar antara anggrek epifit dan terestrial; membandingkan tingkat adaptasi terhadap stres kekeringan antara bentuk hidup epifit dan terestrial pada spesies anggrek toleran terang; membandingkan tingkat adaptasi terhadap stres kekeringan antara bentuk hidup epifit dan terestrial pada spesies anggrek toleran naungan; serta membandingkan tingkat adaptasi terhadap stres kekeringan antara spesies Eulophia spectabilis dari tropis basah dan E. petersii dari tropis kering. Analisis anatomi dilakukan dengan pengamatan sayatan paradermal dan sayatan melintang daun maupun akar. Analisis fisiologi dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan perlakuan kekeringan di rumah kaca selama 30 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan strategi adaptasi anatomi daun dan akar antara anggrek epifit dengan terestrial. Anggrek epifit lebih mengutamakan penyesuaian ketebalan dan luasan jaringan penyusun organ daun maupun akar, sedangkan anggrek terestrial lebih mengutamakan penyesuaian luasan komponen pembuluh angkut daun dan akar, serta jumlah stomata dan luasan total stomata. Pada spesies anggrek toleran terang, kelompok epifit memiliki tingkat adaptasi yang lebih tinggi terhadap stres kekeringan dibandingkan kelompok terestrial. Pada spesies anggrek toleran naungan, kelompok epifit memiliki tingkat adaptasi terhadap stres kekeringan dengan rentang variasi yang lebih lebar dan tidak berbeda nyata dengan kelompok terestrial. Spesies Eulophia petersii dari tropis kering memiliki tingkat adaptasi yang lebih tinggi terhadap stres kekeringan dibandingkan Eulophia spectabilis dari tropis basah. Ciri anatomi pada komunitas anggrek tropis Indonesia terkait tingkat adaptasi yang lebih tinggi terhadap stes kekeringan meliputi: jaringan mesofil dan daun yang lebih tebal; lapisan kutikula yang lebih tebal; jaringan hipodermis yang berkembang; komponen pembuluh angkut daun yang lebih sempit, jaringan sklerenkim yang berkembang baik di sekitar pembuluh angkut primer daun; stomata dengan ukuran lebih besar, jumlah lebih sedikit, dan area total stomata yang lebih sempit; komponen pembuluh angkut akar yang lebih sempit; dan jaringan velamen yang lebih berkembang. Ciri fisiologi pada komunitas anggrek tropis Indonesia terkait tingkat adaptasi yang lebih tinggi terhadap stes kekeringan meliputi: selisih prolin yang lebih kecil, laju penurunan kandungan air relatif jaringan daun yang lebih rendah, dan nisbah klorofil a/b yang lebih tinggi.

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The orchid community (Orchidaceae) is one of the most threatened plant's groups to drought stress due to climate change. Indonesian orchid community has developed two main life forms, as epiphyte and terrestrial. The aims of this study were to compare the anatomical adaptation of leaf and root between epiphytic and terrestrial life forms on the Indonesian tropical orchid community; to compare the adaptation level to drought stress between epiphytic and terrestrial life forms in sun-tolerant orchid species; to compare the level of adaptation to drought stress between epiphytic and terrestrial life forms in shade-tolerant orchid species; to compare the level of adaptation to drought stress between orchid Eulophia spectabilis from wet tropical and E. petersii from dry tropical. The anatomical analysis was performed with observations on paradermal and transverse sections of leaves and roots. The physiological analysis was conducted experimentally in the greenhouse with drought treatment for 30-days. The results showed that epiphytic orchids have prioritized the anatomical adaptation strategy by adjusting the thickness and area of leaf and root's tissues, while the terrestrial orchids through the adjustment of the area of leaf and root's vascular components, as well as the number and total area of stomata; in sun-tolerant species, epiphytic orchids have shown a higher adaptation level to drought stress than terrestrial orchids; in shade-tolerant species, epiphytic orchids have shown a wider range of adaptation level to drought stress and not significantly different with terrestrial orchids; Eulophia petersii from dry tropical showed a higher adaptation level to drought stress than E. spectabilis. The anatomical traits related to a higher adaptation level to drought stress were: thicker mesophyll and leaf tissue, thicker cuticle layer, well developed hypodermic tissue, narrower leaf vascular bundle components, well developed sclerenchyma tissue around the leaf's primary vascular bundle, broader size-but fewer stomata, narrower total stomatal area, narrower root vascular components, and a more developed velamen layer. The physiological traits related to a higher adaptation level to drought stress were: lower proline deviation, lower decline rate in leaf water content, and a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan suatu studi etnoekologi untuk mengungkap hubungan suku asli di sekitar kawasan Taman Nasional Wasur (TNW) dengan lanskap budaya mereka melalui tiga sumbu pendekatan etnoekologi yaitu kosmos (sistem kepercayaan), corpus (pengetahuan ekologis), dan praxis (pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya). Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh melalui kombinasi metode ekologi, antropologi, dan linguistik. Pengumpulan data diperoleh melalui wawancara semi-struktural, diskusi kelompok terfokus (DKT), metode distribusi kerikil, dan survei lapangan dengan teknik walktransect and free-listing serta observasi bebas. Hasil studi mengungkapkan bahwa suku asli di sekitar kawasan TNW memiliki dasar penguasaan lanskap budaya yang diinisiasi oleh kosmos yang juga mempengaruhi corpus serta praxis. Corpus suku asli di sekitar kawasan TNW tentang etnoekotop (satuan-satuan lanskap utama) menunjukan kesamaan konsep berdasarkan fisiografi kawasan yang sama dari dataran rendah aluvial yang secara musiman dipengaruhi genangan air. Corpus suku asli tentang asosiasi vegetasi dengan masing-masing etnoekotop diidentifikasi secara perseptual berdasarkan persepsi budaya dan alamiah berdasarkan indikator spesies. Praxis suku asli dipengaruhi oleh kosmos melalui hubungan Dema-totem-klan yaitu suatu struktur dasar komunitas suku asli yang berhubungan dengan mitologi asal-usul yang mengatur pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya hayati sehingga terbentuk suatu tatanan kehidupan yang harmonis. Praxis suku asli juga dipengaruhi kosmos dengan adanya penentuan areal-areal sakral, sistem sasi (sar), dan aktivitas budidaya tumbuhan simbolik. Dalam hubungan budaya dengan lingkungan, aktivitas subsisten suku asli tidak secara mutlak dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan. Mereka mampu mengembangkan teknologi adaptasi melalui pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari pemahaman tentang alam lingkungan mereka An ethnoecological study has been carried out to reveal the relationship of indigenous tribes around the Wasur National Park (WNP) area with their cultural landscape through three axes of an ethnoecological approach, namely kosmos (belief system), corpus (ecological knowledge), and praxis (resource management and utilization). The data in this study were obtained through a combination of ecological, anthropological, and linguistic methods. Data collection was obtained through semi-structural interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), pebble distribution methods (PDM), and field surveys using walk-transect and free-listing techniques as well as free observation. The results of the study reveal that the indigenous tribes around the WNP area have a basic mastery of the cultural landscape initiated by the kosmos which also affects the corpus and praxis. The corpus of indigenous tribes around the WNP area regarding ethnoecotopes (main landscape units) shows a similarity in concept based on the physiography of the same area of the alluvial lowlands which are seasonally influenced by waterlogging. Indigenous corpus about vegetation association with each ethnoecotope identified perceptually based on cultural and natural perceptions based on species indicators. Indigenous Praxis is influenced by the kosmos through the Dema-totem-clan relationship, which is a basic structure of indigenous tribal communities associated with the mythology of origins which regulates the management and use of biological resources so as to form a harmonious life order. Indigenous praxis is also influenced by the kosmos by determining sacred areas, the sasi system (sar), and symbolic plant cultivation activities. In the relationship between culture and environment, the subsistence activities of indigenous people are not absolutely influenced by the environment. They are able to develop adaptation technologies through knowledge gained from an understanding of their natural environment.