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"Pendahuluan: Braket ortodonti merupakan komponen penting dalam piranti ortodonti cekat karena menghantarkan gaya dari kawat ke struktur gigi dan jaringan pendukungnya sehingga terjadi pergerakkan gigi. Komposisi logam dan proses manufaktur braket Stainless Steel mempengaruhi sifat fisik dan mekanis, salah satunya kekerasan dan kekuatan. Tetapi, beberapa pabrik mengurangi biaya produksi dengan mengabaikan proses manufaktur yang sesuai dengan standarisasi. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan deformasi slot braket khususnya saat diaplikasikan gaya torque. Deformasi slot braket dapat mengurangi besar gaya torque yang akan dihantarkan ke gigi dan jaringan pendukungnya sehingga hasil perawatan tidak efektif dan efisien. Beberapa braket Stainless Steel yang beredar dipasaran masih diragukan kualitasnya dalam perawatan ortodonti. Tujuan: Untuk membandingkan besar gaya torque akibat sudut puntir 300dan 450 kawat Stainless Steel serta deformasi slot permanen akibat gaya torque tersebut antara kelompok merk braket (3M, Biom, Versadent, Ormco dan Shinye). Metode Penelitiian: Lima puluh braket Stainless Steel edgewise dari 5 kelompok merk braket (n=10) di lem ke akrilik. Masing-masing braket dilakukan pengukuran tinggi slot dengan mikroskop stereoskopi, lalu diaplikasikan puntiran kawat melalui alat yang sudah dibuat pada penelitian ini sehingga diperoleh besar gaya torque. Setelah uji torque, dilakukan kembali pengukuran tinggi slot braket. Deformasi slot pemanen dihitung dari selisih dua tahapan pengukuran tinggi slot yaitu sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi gaya torque. Hasil: Analisis statistik menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna besar gaya torque pada sudut puntir 300 dan 450 antara Biom dan Shinye dengan Omrco. Gaya torque paling besar yaitu pada merk braket 3M (300= 442,12 gmcm dan 450= 567,99 gmcm), sedangkan yang terkecil adalah Biom (300= 285,50 gmcm, 450=361,38 gmcm). Perbedaan deformasi slot braket terjadi hampir pada semua kelompok merk braket. Deformasi slot braket hanya terjadi pada merk braket Biom (2,82 µm) dan Shinye (2,52 µm). Kesimpulan: Bentuk geometri slot, komposisi, proses manufaktur braket Stainless Steel dan sudut puntir kawat mempengaruhi besar gaya torque. Komposisi AISI 303 dan 17-4 PH serta proses manufaktur melalui MIM menghasilkan deformasi slot braket yang kecil dan secara klinis tidak signifikan.

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Introduction: Orthodontic bracket is an important component in fixed orthodontic appliances for distributing force to the structure of the tooth and its supporting tissues, causing tooth movement. Alloy composition and manufacturing process Stainless Steel bracket affects the physical and mechanical properties, one of which hardness and strength. However, some manufacturers reduce costs at the manufacturing process in accordance with standards. This can cause deformation of the bracket slot especially when applied torque force. In addition, slot deformation can reduce the torque force that will be transmitted to the tooth and its supporting tissues so that the treatment is ineffective and inefficient. Therefore, some Stainless Steel brackets quality in the market is still questionable for orthodontic treatments.

Objective: To determine the deformation of the bracket slot of five brands (3M, Biom, Versadent, Ormco and Shinye) due to the force Stainless Steel wire with torsional angle of 45° and the amount of torque force with torsional angle of 30° and 45°.

Methods: Fifty Stainless Steel Edgewise brackets from five bracket groups brands (n = 10) is attached onto an acrylic. Each bracket slot height was measured with a microscope stereoscopy, then applied torsion wire through torque apparatus that has been made for this study to obtain the amount of torque force. Once the torque test has been done, then the width of bracket slot is re-measured. Deformation slot calculated from measurements of height difference between before and after the torque test.

Results: Statistical analysis shows differences in slot bracket deformation in all group of bracket brands. But, clinically permanent slot deformation deformation occurs only on Biom (2.82 µm) and Shinye (2.52 µm). Repeated measure ANOVA comparison showed significant differences in the amount of torque at torsion angle of 300 and 450 between Biom and Shinye with Omrco. The 3M transmitted highest load (300 = 442,12 gmcm and 450 = 567,99 gmcm), while the lowest is Biom (300 = 285,50 gmcm and 450 = 361,38 gmcm).

Conclusion: Stainless Steel bracket slot deformation is influenced by several factors specifically geometry bracket slot, the composition of the metal, manufacture and torsional angle wire. Alloy composition of AISI 303 and 17-4 PH and manufacture by the method of metal injection molding (MIM) has the smallest deformation."

"Pendahuluan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan jumlah bakteri pada molar band pasca fitting band setelah sterilisasi dry heat oven dan steam autoclave yang sebelumnya telah dilakukan pre-sterilisasi alkohol dan ultrasonic cleaning bath. Material dan metode : Empat molar band yang telah melalui proses fitting band pada pasien, dua band yang sebelumnya telah dilakukan pre-sterilisasi alkohol, satu band disterilkan dengan dry heat oven dan satu band dengan steam autoclave. Dua band berikutnya dilakukan pre-sterilisasi ultrasonic cleaning bath, masing-masing dilanjutkan dengan sterilisasi dry heat oven dan steam autoclave. Molar band dimasukkan ke dalam phosphatebuffered saline, dengan micropipette cairan diambil dan dituangkan ke cawan petri yang berisi Brain Heart Infusion. Kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam inkubator selama 24 jam dan dihitung jumlah bakterinya. Hasil : Terdapat perbedaan jumlah bakteri yang bermakna antara beberapa kelompok metode sterilisasi dan terdapat satu kelompok dengan perbedaan tidak bermakna, yaitu kelompok alkohol-steam autoclave dengan ultrasonic cleaning bath-steam autoclave. Kesimpulan : Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa steam autoclave merupakan metode sterilisasi yang terbaik karena memberikan hasil dengan jumlah bakteri yang paling minimal pada molar band yang telah melalui proses fitting band.

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Introduction : This research objective is to determine the amount of bacteria in molar band post fitting band in patients, after undergone pre-sterilization by alcohol and ultrasonic cleaning bath followed with sterilization by dry heat oven and steam autoclave.

Material and methods : Four molar bands which already fitted to patients then divided into two groups. The first group of two bands were pre-sterilized by alcohol. One of the band was, then, sterilized by dry heat oven. And, the other band was sterilized by steam autoclave. The second group of two bands were pre-sterilized by ultrasonic cleaning bath. One of the band was then sterilized by dry heat oven and the other was sterilized by steam autoclave. The next step was to immerse all of the bands in phosphate-buffered saline solution. With micropipette, the solution was retrieved and dropped upon a petri dish containing brain heart infusion. The dish was then stored in an incubator for 24 hours prior to account the number of bacteria available.

Result : There is a profound difference in numbers of bacteria between methods of sterilization. And, there is a non significant difference between two groups which are alcoholsteam autoclave group and ultrasonic cleaning bath-steam autoclave.

Conclusion : The result pf research reveals that steam autoclave is the best method of sterilization which has the minimal amount of bacteria in post fitted molar band."

"Pendahuluan: Model studi konvensional merupakan standar baku (gold standard) dalam diagnosis dan prosedur perawatan. Penggunaan model studi digital 3 dimensi dapat menjadi alternatif dari keterbatasan pada model studi konvensional, antara lain kebutuhan ruang penyimpanan secara fisik, serta memiliki sifat dapat rusak dan mengalami degradasi dalam waktu lama. Penelitian ini merupakan kelanjutan dari rangkaian penelitian sebelumnya, yaitu menguji akurasi diagnosis lengkung gigi rahang atas arah transversal pada model studi digital 3 dimensi hasil pemindaian laser menggunakan piranti keras yang sama. Material dan metode: Sampel sebanyak 26 model studi konvensional gigi rahang atas kasus gigi berjejal sedang-berat. Setiap model studi konvensional dipindai dengan piranti keras pemindai laser 3 dimensi hingga dihasilkan model studi digital 3 dimensi. Pengukuran lebar mesio-distal keempat gigi insisif rahang atas, jarak inter-premolar jarak inter-molar, indeks dan analisis Pont dilakukan pada kedua model studi. Pengukuran pada model studi konvensional dilakukan menggunakan kaliper digital (ketelitian 0,01 mm), dan pada model studi digital 3 dimensi dilakukan secara digital dengan piranti lunak pengukur. Dilakukan uji realibilitas (uji intra eksaminer) dengan plot Bland Altman dan uji t-berpasangan. Hasil pengukuran kedua model studi dibandingkan dengan uji t-tidak berpasangan dan dilakukan uji kesesuaian dengan plot Bland Altman. Akurasi pengukuran lengkung gigi rahang atas arah transversal pada model studi digital 3 dimensi hasil pemindaian laser diukur melalui uji diagnostik sensitivitas dan spesifitas. Hasil: Hasil uji intra eksaminer analisis plot Bland Altman menunjukkan sebagian besar titik berada pada area garis rentang kesesuaian, dan uji t-berpasangan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara pengukuran pertama dan kedua pada lebar mesio-distal gigi 12 dari model studi digital 3 dimensi (p=0,03). Hasil uji hipotesis dengan membandingkan hasil pengukuran kedua model studi dengan uji t-tidak berpasangan menunjukkan perbedaan tidak signifikan secara statistik, dengan nilai p untuk semua pengukuran antara 0,40-0,98. Analisis plot Bland Altman hasil pengukuran model studi digital 3 dimensi menunjukkan hasil kesesuaian yang cukup mendekati hasil pengukuran pada model studi konvensional, dengan nilai bias (mean difference) mendekati 0.00 dan p>0.05 pada semua data. Hasil nilai diagnostik menggunakan analisis Pont untuk melihat rahang yang mengalami konstriksi dan non-konstriksi dari uji sensitivitas dan spesifitas menunjukkan sensitivitas sebesar 100% (IK 15,8%-100%), dan spesifitas 95,8% (IK 78,9%-99,9%). Kesimpulan: Piranti pemindai laser rakitan Departemen Ortodonti FKG UI dan STEI ITB akurat digunakan untuk pengukuran dan analisis lengkung gigi rahang atas arah transversal menggunakan analisis Pont pada model studi digital 3 dimensi kasus gigi berjejal sedang hingga berat.

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Introduction: Conventional study model is gold standard in diagnostic and treatment procedure. The use of 3D digital study model can be alternative as a solution a number of problem issues from conventional study model, such as require rigorous archiving and massive physical storage space, breakage and degradation issues in the long term uses. This study purpose to test the accuracy of transverse measurement the upper arch on digital 3D study models produced by the same 3D laser scanning hardware which used in the last study.

Matherial and method: 26 conventional study models of the upper arch moderate-advanced crowding cases as sample. Each conventional study model was scanned by 3D laser scanning hardware to produced 3d digital study model. Mesio-distal upper incisors, inter-premolar and inter-molar width, Pont?s index and analysis was measured on both study models. Measurement were made with a digital calliper (nearest 0,01 mm) on conventional study model, and digital measurement by software on 3D digital study model. Reability test (intraexaminer) by Bland Altman plot and paired t-test. Then measurement result from both study models are compared using unpaired t-test and Bland Altman plot. Acuracy of transverse measurement the upper arch on digital 3 dimension study models from laser scanning performed by diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity.

Result: The intraexaminer test by Bland Altman showed most of point are in limit of agreement line, and paired t-test showed significant difference between the first and second mesio-distal upper left lateral incisor on 3D digital study model (p=0,03). Hypothesis test by comparing the measurement on both study model by unpaired t-test showed statistically no significant difference, with p value for all measurement around 0,40-0,98. Bland Altmant plot showed high compatibility between conventional study model and 3D digital study model, with mean difference closed to 0.00 and p>0.05 for all data. Diagnostic test on Pont's analysis to classify contriction and non-constriction the upper arch showed sensitivity 100% (CI 15,8%-100%) and specificity 95,8% (CI 78,9%-99,9%).

Conclusion: 3D digital study model produced by 3D laser scanning hardware made by Orthodontic Department FKG UI-STEI ITB accurate for transverse measurement and analysis (Pont?s) on upper arch moderate-advanced crowding cases."

"Temporary anchorage device TAD yang akan digunakan kembali akibat kegagalan pemasangan reinsertion atau perubahan lokasi pemasangan relocation harus melalui proses sterilisasi ulang. Bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis PG adalah salah satu bakteri yang ditemukan pada daerah peri ndash; implantitis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri nanopartikel perak terhadap PG pada TAD yang disterilisasi ulang menggunakan larutan nanopartikel perak P1 dibandingkan teknik autoclave P2 . Sebanyak 10 buah sampel pada masing ndash; masing kelompok direndam dalam larutan plak buatan dengan dominasi koloni PG ATCC 33277 selama 24 jam dalam suasana anaerob. Sampel kemudian diusap dan dibiakkan pada brusella agar darah selama 24 jam dalam suasana anaerob. P1 disterilisasi ulang dengan direndam dalam larutan nanopartikel perak selama 180 menit, P2 disterilisasi ulang dengan autoclave selama 40 menit pada suhu 1210C 2500F . Setelah sterilisasi ulang, sampel diusap dan dibiakkan kembali dengan teknik yang sama. Koloni PG sebelum dan setelah perlakuan 103 CFU / mL dihitung menggunakan Electronic Colony Counter ECC . Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa larutan nanopartikel perak memiliki efek yang sama baiknya dengan autoclave terhadap PG.

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Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the number of Porphyromonas gingivalis PG colonies in used Temporary Anchorage Device TAD ndash for relocating or reinserting as the antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles solution compared with autoclave re sterilization technique. Materials and Methods Samples were 20 new TADs which separated into 2 groups, P1 and P2. Before re ndash sterilized, samples were immersed in a plaque forming solution dominated with PG ATCC 33277 and cultured under anaerobic condition for 24 hours. The material was obtained from samples using sterile cotton pellet and cultured on Brusella agar plate for 24 hours under anaerobic condition. P1 was re sterilized by silver nanoparticle solution for 180 minutes and P2 was re sterilized using autoclave for 40 minutes in 1210C 2500F . The cultured steps above were repeated to get the number of surviving PG colonies after re sterilization. The number of PG colonies were counted using Electronic Colony Counter ECC . Their antimicrobial activity was evaluated by comparing the number of PG colonies 103 CFU mL before and after re sterilization. Results No surviving PG colony existed of Brusella agar plate on both group after re ndash sterilized. Conclusions Silver nanoparticle solution is as effective as autoclave to againts PG."

"Pendahuluan: Kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti seseorang dapat disebabkan oleh ketidak sesuaian gigi geligi, fungsi oral dan atau masalah psikososial. Sebelum melakukan perawatan ortodonti, perlu diketahui keinginan pasien. Kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti cukup tinggi pada usia remaja. Jakarta merupakan kota besar karena sebagai ibu kota negara, juga merupakan pusat pemerintahan. Jakarta berkembang sedemikian pesat sehingga terdapat pinggir kota Jakarta yang dikenal juga dengan kota penyangga. Selain faktor sosio-ekonomi maka kemungkinan terdapat perbedaan psiko-sosial antara remaja kota dan remaja pinggir kota yang dapat mempengaruhi pengetahuan terhadap masalah kesehatan gigi, khususnya tentang ortodonti. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti remaja perkotaan dan remaja pinggir kota. Metode: Dilakukan penelitian potong lintang pada siswa-siswi SMPN 11 Jakarta dan SMPN 2 Tangerang Selatan yang berusia 12-15 tahun. Diberikan kuesioner Indikator Kebutuhan Perawatan Ortodonti (IKPO). Hasil: Uji Mann Whitney nilai p>0.05 yang berarti tidak ada perbedaan bermakna secara statistik kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti antara remaja perkotaan dan remaja pinggir kota. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti antara remaja perkotaan dan remaja pinggir kota yang diukur Menggunakan Indikator Kebutuhan Perawatan Ortodonti (IKPO)Kata Kunci: Kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti, Indikator Kebutuhan Perawatan Ortodonti (IKPO), Remaja perkotaan, Remaja pinggir kota

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Introduction: A person's need for orthodontic treatment can be caused by dental malocclusion, oral function and / or psychosocial problems. Before orthodontic treatment, it is necessary to know what the patient wants. The need for orthodontic treatment is quite high in adolescence. Jakarta is a big city because as the capital city of the country, it is also the center of government. Jakarta grew rapidly so there is a suburb area of Jakarta. Beside socio-economic factors, it is possible that there are psycho-social differences between urban adolescents and suburban adolescents that can affect knowledge of dental health problems, especially regarding orthodontics. Objective: The aim of the study is to compare the orthodontic treatment needs of urban adolescents and suburban adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on students of public Junior High School 11 Jakarta and public Junior High School 2 South Tangerang aged 12-15 years. Responden was given a questionnaire Indikator Kebutuhan Perawatan Ortodonti (IKPO). Result: Mann Whitney test p value> 0.05, which means there is no statistically significant difference in orthodontic treatment needs between urban adolescents and suburban adolescents. Conclusion: There is no difference in orthodontic treatment needs between urban adolescents and suburban adolescents.

Keywords: Orthodontic treatment needs, Indikator Kebutuhan Perawatan Ortodonti (IKPO), urban adolescents, suburban adolescent

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"Objectives: (1) To assess the masticatory muscles activity in patients with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) before orthodontic treatment, (2) to determine the correlation between TMD and the masticatory muscles activity (masseter muscles and anterior temporalis muscles). Methods: Twenty-two patients with malocclusion before undergoing orthodontic treatment (8 males, 14 females; mean age of 26,78 ± 4.34 years) were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups: 11 patients with TMD and 11 patients without TMD (Non- TMD). The masticatory muscles were evaluated using standardized electromyography during 5 seconds of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) through cotton-roll biting. For statistical analysis, the root mean square (RMS) valueof masticatory muscles was calculated and compared between the two groups. Results: The TMD groups showed alower electromyographic activity than the non- TMD group during MVC, with no significant differences in the right and left masticatory muscles between these groups. A weak negative correlation and no statistically significant differences were found between TMD and the electromyography activity of masseter muscles. Conclusions: Patients with TMD had a lower electromyographic activity in the masticatory muscles than those without TMD. Thus, electromyography can be an objective parameter to assess muscles activity for TMDdiagnosis.

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Objectives: (1) To assess the masticatory muscles activity in patients with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) before orthodontic treatment, (2) to determine the correlation between TMD and the masticatory muscles activity (masseter muscles and anterior temporalis muscles). Methods: Twenty-two patients with malocclusion before undergoing orthodontic treatment (8 males, 14 females; mean age of 26,78 ± 4.34 years) were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups: 11 patients with TMD and 11 patients without TMD (Non- TMD). The masticatory muscles were evaluated using standardized electromyography during 5 seconds of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) through cotton-roll biting. For statistical analysis, the root mean square (RMS) valueof masticatory muscles was calculated and compared between the two groups. Results: The TMD groups showed alower electromyographic activity than the non- TMD group during MVC, with no significant differences in the right and left masticatory muscles between these groups. A weak negative correlation and no statistically significant differences were found between TMD and the electromyography activity of masseter muscles. Conclusions: Patients with TMD had a lower electromyographic activity in the masticatory muscles than those without TMD. Thus, electromyography can be an objective parameter to assess muscles activity for TMDdiagnosis."

"ABSTRAKAbstrak Berbahasa Indonesia/Berbahasa Lain (Selain Bahasa Inggris): Pendahuluan: Kalsifikasi sella turcica (sella turcica bridge) dan kalsifikasi tulang atlas (ponticulus posticus) dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi terjadinya impaksi kaninus di palatal dan hipodonsia. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena sella turcica, tulang skeletal kepala dan leher, serta sel epitel dental memiliki keterlibatan gen dan berasal dari sel embriologi yang sama.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat hubungan antara sella turcica bridge dengan ponticulus posticus serta hubungan kedua struktur anatomi tersebut dengan impaksi kaninus di palatal dan hipodonsia.Metode: Penelitian dilakukan secara potong lintang, dengan subjek sejumlah 51 foto sefalometri lateral pasien dari ras Deutro Malayid. Usia subjek diatas 14 tahun yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu 17 foto sefalometri pada kelompok impaksi kaninus, 17 foto sefalometri pada kelompok hipodonsia dibandingkan dengan 17 foto sefalometri pada kelompok kontrol. Setiap foto sefalometri lateral dilihat klasifikasi sella turcica bridge dan ponticulus posticus (tidak ada kalsifikasi, kalsifikasi parsial, dan kalsifikasi lengkap). Hubungan antara sella turcica bridge dan ponticulus posticus dengan kelompok impaksi dan hipodonsia, serta antara sella turcica bridge dengan ponticulus posticus dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji independent chi square dan uji korelasi Kendall.Hasil: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara sella turcica bridge dengan impaksi kaninus dan hipodonsia, serta antara ponticulus posticus dengan impaksi dan hipodonsia masing-masing, dengan kekuatan korelasi sedang, namun tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara sella turcica bridge dengan ponticulus posticus.Kesimpulan: Sella turcica bridge dan ponticulus posticus banyak ditemukan pada pasien dengan impaksi kaninus di palatal dan hipodonsia, sehingga adanya sella turcica bridge dan ponticulus posticus yang sudah terbentuk sejak awal dapat menjadi penanda adanya kemungkinan impaksi dan hipodonsia.

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ABSTRACT

Introduction: Calcification of sella turcica known as sella turcica bridge and calcification of atlas vertebra known as ponticulus posticus might predict the occurance of palatally impacted canine and hypodontia. This might occur due to sella turcica, neck and shoulder skeletal development and dental epithelial cells share a common gene and embryologic origin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of sella turcica bridge and ponticulus posticus with palatally impacted canine and hypodontia and the association between sella turcica bridge and ponticulus posticus.

Methods: This cross sectional study was performed using lateral cephalogram of 51 Deutro malayid patients, age above 14, and devided into 3 groups. First group consist of 17 cephalograms palatally impacted canine patient, second group consist of 17 cephalograms hypodontia patient, compared with 17 cephalograms control patient. The type of sella turcica bridge and ponticulus posticus (no calcification, partial calcification and complete calcification) were evaluated on every lateral cephalogram. The association between sella turcica bridge with palatally impacted canine and hypodontia, ponticulus posticus with palatally impacted canine and hypodontia and the association between sella turcica bridge with ponticulus posticus was analyzed using independent Chi-Square and Kendall correlation.

Results: The calcification of sella turcica bridge and ponticulus posticus in palatally impacted canine and hypodontia patient is increased when compared to control patient. There is a significant association between sella turcica bridge with palatally impacted canine and hypodontia, ponticulus posticus with palatally impacted canine and hypodontia but there is no significant association between sella turcica bridge with ponticulus posticus.

Conclusion: Calcification of sella turcica bridge and ponticulus posticus is frequently found in patients with palatally impacted canine and hypodontia. The very early appearance during development of sella turcica bridge and ponticulus posticus should alert clinicians to possible impacted canine and hypodontia in life later."

"ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Meningkatnya jumlah pasien dewasa dengan restorasi sewarna gigi, seperti resin komposit, menyebabkan perekatan braket pada permukaan artifisial gigi menjadi suatu tantangan tersendiri karena sering terjadi kegagalan rekat. Saat ini, belum ada riset yang dilakukan untuk melihat perbedaan nilai kekuatan rekat braket (baik nilai kuat geser maupun nilai kuat tarik braket) antara pada permukaan email gigi dan resin komposit nanohibrid. Metode: 32 gigi premolar bawah dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok: kelompok A1) spesimen email gigi (uji kuat rekat geser); kelompok A2) spesimen resin komposit nanohibrid (uji kuat rekat geser); kelompok B1) spesimen email gigi (uji kuat rekat tarik); kelompok B2) spesimen resin komposit nanohibrid (uji kuat rekat tarik). Braket direkatkan pada spesimen lalu diuji dengan menggunakan Universal Testing Machine Shimazu AG-5000 dalam waktu 24 jam setelah braket direkatkan. Hasil: Rerata nilai kuat rekat geser pada kelompok A1 sebesar 10.78 ± 0.13 MPa dan pada kelompok A2 sebesar 10.63 ± 0.18 MPa. Rerata nilai kuat rekat tarik pada kelompok B1 sebesar 10.74 ± 0.15 MPa dan pada kelompok B2 sebesar 10.65 ± 0.14 MPa. Pada uji statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara pada nilai kuat rekat geser maupun nilai kuat rekat tarik braket metal antara pada permukaan email gigi dan resin komposit nanohibrid. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada nilai kuat rekat geser maupun nilai kuat rekat tarik braket metal antara pada permukaan email gigi dan resin komposit nanohibrid. Seluruh kelompok memiliki nilai rerata kuat rekat geser dan nilai rerata kuat rekat tarik yang memadai untuk keperluan klinis perawatan ortodontik.

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ABSTRACT

Introduction: The increasing number of adult patients with tooth-colored restorations, such as composite resins, causes the attachment of brackets on artificial surfaces of teeth to be a challenge because of frequent adhesive failures. At present, no research has been carried out to see the difference in bracket adhesive strength values (both shear bond strength and tensile bond strength) between the enamel surface and nanohybrid composite resins surface. Methods: 32 lower premolar were divided into 4 groups: group A1) dental enamel specimens for shear bond strength test; group A2) nanohybrid composite resins specimens for shear bond strength test; group B1) dental enamel specimens for tensile bond strength test; group B2) nanohybrid composite resins specimens for tensile bond strength test. The bracket was bonded to the specimens and tested using Universal Testing Machine Shimazu AG-5000 within 24 hours after the bracket was bonded to the specimens. Results: The mean value of shear bond strength in group A1 was 10.78 ± 0.13 MPa and in group A2 was 10.63 ± 0.18 MPa. The mean value of tensile bond strength in group B1 was 10.74 ± 0.15 MPa and in group B2 was 10.65 ± 0.14 MPa. In the statistical test there was no significant difference in the shear bond strength value or the tensile bond strength value between the metal bracket bonded to the enamel surfaces and to the nanohybrid composite resin surfaces. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the shear bond strength and the tensile bonding strength value of the metal bracket bonded to the enamel surface and the nanohybrid composite resin surfaces. All groups have an adequate bond strength value for the clinical needs of orthodontic treatment."

"ABSTRAKPersepsi merupakan suatu proses menyeleksi, mengatur danmenginterpretasikan berbagai masukan informasi sensorik untuk memperolehpemahaman mengenai lingkungan. Beberapa penelitian telah dilakukan untukmengevaluasi perbandingan persepsi estetika dental antara orang awam denganortodontis berdasarkan Aesthetic Component dari IOTN. Terdapatnya hasil yangmasih berbeda-beda dari beberapa penelitian sebelumnya serta belumadanyapenelitian sejenis di Indonesia dengan latar belakang kultural yang berbedamenjadi alasan dilakukan penelitian ini.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif crosssectional.Masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 42 responden.Setiap respondendiminta untuk membandingkan enam foto intra oral pada lembar kuesioner terhadapfoto dari Aesthetic Component.Enam foto intra oral pada lembar kuesioner tersebutdiambil dari enam pasien, dengan keadaan tiap foto intra oral tersebut mewakili salahsatu foto dari Aesthetic Component.Dari keenam foto intra oral pada lembar kuesioner yang dibandingkanterhadap keseluruhan foto dari Aesthetic Component, ditemukan satu foto yangmemiliki perbedaan persepsi estetika dental antara orang awam dengan ortodontis,yaitu foto dengan keadaan deepbite. Sedangkan pada lima foto lainnya tidak terdapatperbedaan persepsi estetika dental antara orang awam dengan ortodontis.Hasil penelitian secara keseluruhan menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapatperbedaan persepsi estetika dental antara orang awam dengan ortodontis pada hampirsemua foto, kecuali satu foto dengan keadaan deepbite, yang dinilai berdasarkanAesthetic Component dari IOTN.

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ABSTRACTPerception is a process of selecting, organizing and interpreting theinput of sensory information to gain acomprehensionabout environment. Severalstudies had been conducted to evaluate comparation of dental aesthetic perceptionsbetween the lay personsand orthodontists based on the Aesthetic Component ofIOTN. The results of those studies still had differenceswith some previous studies.Because of the differences in results and yet no studies had been done in Indonesiawith a different cultural background, the author found it interesting to study the topicmore deeply.The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Eachgroup consisted of 42 respondents whereas each respondent was asked to compare sixintra oralimages on a questionnaire sheet to the photos of Aesthetic Component. Thesix intra oral images were taken from six patients that represented the AestheticComponentimages.From six intra-oral images on a questionnaire that had been compared to theoverall pictures of Aesthetic Component, there wasan imagewhich hadgiven adifferent perception of dental aesthetics between the lay personsand orthodontists. Itwas animage with deepbite condition. Meanwhile, the rest ofimageshad no differentperception of dental aesthetics between lay personand orthodontists.The overall results showed that there was no different perception ofdental aesthetics between the lay personsand orthodontists, exceptone image withdeepbite condition, which was assessed based on the Aesthetic Component of IOTN."

"Penggunaan model studi digital di Indonesia saat ini belum populer, akan tetapi adanya permasalahan kebutuhan penyimpanan ruangan, kebutuhan penyajian rencana perawatan yang akurat dan belum adanya teknologi model studi tiga dimensi digital di Indonesia menjadi alasan dilakukan penelitian ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan merakit pemindai laser dan ?benchmark? software tiga dimensi untuk kemudian membandingkan pengukuran pada model studi secara manual dengan digital. Material dan metode : Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 12 pasang model gigi paska perawatan ortodonti yang memiliki hubungan molar kelas I. Setiap model studi dipindai menggunakan pemindai laser tiga dimensi. Hasil pemindaian kemudian dilakukan pengukuran jarak mesiodistal, interkaninus, dan intermolar. Pengukuran pada model studi konvensional menggunakan kaliper digital dengan ketelitian 0,01mm dan menggunakan software pada model digital. Masing-masing nilai pengukuran dilakukan pengujian realibilitas (uji intraeksaminer) dengan uji T-test berpasangan, kemudian nilai pengukuran secara digital dibandingkan dengan pengukuran secara manual untuk dilakukan uji validitas menggunakan uji T-test tidak berpasangan. Hasil : Hasil uji intraeksaminer menunjukan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara penghitungan pertama dan kedua dengan nilai p antara 0,07-0,701. Hasil T-test tidak berpasangan menunjukan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara pengukuran model studi digital dengan pengukuran model studi konvensional dengan nilai selisih rata-rata lebar mesiodistal sebesar 0,09mm (SD=0,07), nilai rata-rata selisih pengukuran jarak interkaninus 0,10 mm (SD=0,03) dan nilai rata-rata selisih pengukuran jarak intermolar 0,08 mm (SD=0,03) dengan nilai p untuk semua jenis pengukuran antara 0,62-0,99. Kesimpulan : Perbandingan pengukuran secara manual dengan pengukuran pada model studi digital hasil pemindaian laser 3D menunjukan perbedaan yang tidak bermakna secara statistik.

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The use of digital study models in Indonesia is not popular, but problem such as space required for study models storage, the needs of accurate treatment planning and the absence of 3D digital study model technology in Indonesia is the reason to do this research. This study is an experimental study by assembling a 3D laser scanner with a 3D software "benchmark" and comparing the manual and digital study models measurements.

Material and methods: The amount of samples used in this research was 12 pairs of post-orthodontic treatment study models with class I molar relationship. Each of the conventional study model was scanned and the mesiodistal, intercanine, and intermolar width was measured. Measurement were made with a digital calliper to the nearest 0.01 mm from conventional study models and with the software from the digital model. Each measurement value was tested to know the realibilility (intraexaminer test) using paired T-test, then the measurements of digital were compared with measurements performed manually using unpaired t-tests to kwow the validity.

Results: The intraexaminer test showed no significant difference between the first and second measurements with p values between 0.07 to 0.701. The unpaired T-test showed no significant difference between measurements of digital study models with measurements of conventional models with the mean difference in mesiodistal width 0.09 mm (SD = 0.07), the mean difference of intercanine distance 0.10 mm (SD = 0.03) and the mean difference of intermolar distance 0.08 mm (SD = 0.03) with p values for all types of measurement between 0.62 to 0.99.

Conclusion: Comparison of measurements between conventional study models with digital study models from 3D laser scanning showed no significant difference."