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"Ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan telah menjadi permasalahan utama dalam studi pembangunan sejak tahun 1970-an. Meskipun ada berbagai faktor yang secara teoritis terkait dengan insiden kemiskinan dan ketimpangan pendapatan, pilihan mengenai jenis dan struktur pengeluaran pemerintah sering dikutip sebagai salah satu faktor penentu penting. Namun, bukti ilmiah atas permasalahan ini masih belum bisa disimpulkan, dan penelitian atas kasus di Indonesia masih sangat sedikit. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk berkontribusi dengan memanfaatkan data panel 33 propinsi dari tahun 2005 sampai dengan 2017 untuk menguji pengaruh berbagai jenis pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan fixed effect, random effect, dan Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SURE) sistem, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa bantuan sosial, subsidi dan pengeluaran hibah memiliki efek yang tidak signifikan dalam mengurangi ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan di Indonesia. Namun, bukti empiris menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran infrastruktur memiliki korelasi negatif dengan ketimpangan pendapatan di daerah perkotaan (ketika menggunakan random effect model), dan daerah pedesaan (ketika menggunakan fixed effect model), keduanya signifikan secara statistik pada tingkat 5%. Selain itu, pengeluaran infrastruktur juga berkorelasi negatif dan signifikan dengan kemiskinan di Indonesia, dan dampaknya lebih signifikan di daerah pedesaan daripada perkotaan.

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The issues of income inequality and poverty have become key issues in development studies since the 1970s. Although there are various factors theoretically associated with the incidence of poverty and income inequality, choices regarding the types and structure of government expenditure are often quoted as one of the crucial determinants. However, the evidence is still inconclusive, and the research about these issues in the case of Indonesia is still minimum. This paper tries to contribute to the discussion by analysing a panel data set of 33 provinces from 2005 to 2017 to examine the effect of different types of government expenditure on income inequality and poverty in Indonesia. Using the fixed effect, random effect, and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SURE) system, this paper finds that social aid, subsidy and grant expenditure have an insignificant effect on reducing income inequality and poverty in Indonesia. However, the empirical evidence suggests that infrastructure spending has a negative correlation with income inequality in urban areas (when using the random effect model), and rural areas (when using the fixed effect model), both are statistically significant at the 5% level. In addition, infrastructure expenditure is also negatively and significantly correlated with poverty in Indonesia, and the impact is more significant in rural than urban areas."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dirancang untuk menguji pengaruh perubahan harga sawit internasional terhadap harga minyak goreng di pasar domestik, serta menguji pengaruh perubahan harga terhadap kesejahteraan rumah tangga dari berbagai tingkat pendapatan. Dengan tujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan bagaimana hubungan antara harga pasar domestik, harga sawit internasional, inflasi, dan ekspor, serta membahas bagaimana perubahan harga mempengaruhi kesejahteraan rumah tangga. Perhatian utama penelitian ini adalah peranan harga terhadap komoditas dan kesejahteraan sosial. Hasil penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa harga di pasar domestik terintegrasi dengan harga sawit internasional, ekspor, dan nilai tukar mata uang dalam jangka panjang. Dalam jangka pendek, perubahan harga di kedua pasar mempengaruhi keputusan produser untuk melakukan ekspor atau menjual sawit ke pasar domestik. Kenaikan sawit internasional akan diikuti oleh kenaikan volume ekspor, sebaliknya kenaikan harga di pasar domestic cenderung menurunkan volume ekspor. Melalui analisa rumah tangga ditemukan bahwa kenaikan harga domestik memicu ketidakseimbangan kesejahteraan antara golongan miskin dan kaya. Penelitian ini menyarankan campur tangan pemerintah untuk melindungi golongan miskin. Perpaduan antara subsidi pajak pertambahan nilai untuk mendorong penawaran di dalam negeri dengan kenaikan pajak ekspor diperkirakan dapat melindungi golongan miskin ketika harga domestik melonjak. Dukungan pemerintah untuk pengembangan pengolahan dan rantai distribusi diperkirakan dapat meningkatkan penawaran minyak goreng.

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ABSTRACTThis research is designed to examine the consequences of international palm oil price fluctuation on domestic palm oil price and assessed price impact on welfare of Indonesian households across the income distribution. The aim is to seek the answer of how is the relationship between domestic prices, international prices, inflation, and export, and also how price fluctuation influence household welfare. The focus is investigating the role of price in commodity product and social welfare. The research found that domestic price is co-integrated with international price, export volume, and RER in long run. Moreover in short run changes of prices in both markets influence producers’ decision to export or to supply for domestic market. Increase of international price will be followed by increase export volume, while increase of domestic price tends to lower export volume. Further, household analysis found that increase of the domestic price leads to welfare inequality between the poor and the rich. Thus this research suggests that government intervention can be useful to protect the poor. Combination of VAT subsidy to stimulate domestic supply with progressive export tax might be effective to protect the poor when domestic price soars. Government support for development of processing and distribution chain may improve supply of frying oil product."

"[ABSTRACTA number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective. The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level., A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.]"

"Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meneliti hubungan antara infrastruktur telekomunikasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, artikel ini menggunakan analisis data panel untuk 33 provinsi di Indonesia selama periode sebelas tahun dari tahun 2007 hingga 2017. Variabel yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan infrastruktur telekomunikasi adalah persentase jumlah pelanggan telepon tetap, pelanggan telepon seluler, dan pelanggan internet. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan antara infrastruktur telekomunikasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di tingkat provinsi di Indonesia, kecuali telepon tetap yang menunjukkan hasil negatif.

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This paper aims to examine the association between telecommunications infrastructure (TI) and economic growth in Indonesia. In order to reach the objective, this paper use panel data analysis for 33 provinces in Indonesia for eleven-year period from 2007 to 2017. The variables for TI are fixed telephone subscriber, cellular telephone subscriber, and internet subscriber. The results provide positive and strong association between TI and economic growth in provincial level in Indonesia. The results except for the fixed telephone are positive and significant association which imply that TI give strong and positive impact toward economic growth in Indonesia."

"Saat ini, peran Information and Communication Technology (ICT) terhadap perekonomian masih menjadi topik diskusi. Walaupun banyak penelitian sebelumya yang telah meneliti hal ini, namun konsensus belum terjadi. Lebih lanjut, diskusi mencapai fase baru ketika terjadi COVID-19 yang memaksa banyak aktifitas bertransformasi dari offline ke online. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini ingin berkontribusi mengisi gap penelitian dengan menggunanakan data panel tingkat kota/kabupaten di Indonesia dan menggunakan beberapa proxy penetrasi ICT (penetrasi internet, penetrasi mobile phone, dan kecepatan internet). Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, didapatkan hasil bahwa COVID-19 dan kebijakan pembatasan aktifitas berdampak negatif tehadap perekonomian. Selain itu, ICT juga dapat berdampak negatif ke perekonomian. Namun demikian, ICT dapat meningkatan ketahanan ekonomi kota/kabupaten dalam menghadapi pandemi COVID-19.

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The role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the economy continues to be a topic of discussion. Numerous works have addressed the topic, but no consensus has emerged. When the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic happened, this discussion entered a new phase, as the pandemic pushed many offline activities to go online. Using district-level data in Indonesia and employs several proxies for ICT penetration (internet penetration, mobile phone penetration, and internet speed), this research can contribute to the existing knowledge. This study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic and the restriction policy negatively impact economic performance. Moreover, it was discovered that ICT could be disruptive to the economy. Nonetheless, districts with more advanced ICT have greater economic resilience in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic."

"Penelitian tentang hubungan infrastruktur transportasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi telah menarik perhatian banyak peneliti di Indonesia. Namun, beberapa studi yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan hasil yang bervariasi tergantung pendekatan yang digunakan, lokasi penelitian dan waktu penelitian. Berkenaan dengan itu, penelitian ini sekaligus menggunakan dua pendekatan yaitu pertama dengan menggunakan data time-series dan kedua menggunakan data panel. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan pertama, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan searah dari pertumbuhan ekonomi ke pertumbuhan infrastruktur jalan, dan tidak sebaliknya. Sementara, hubungan pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan transportasi udara dan laut tidak signifikan. Hasil yang serupa juga ditemukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kedua dengan menggunakan fixed effect model dengan robust standard errors. Pertumbuhan dari ketiga moda transportasi itu tidak memiliki efek yang signifikan pada pertumbuhan ekonomi. Namun, dampak dari level transportasi udara signifikan dan negative pada pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selanjutnya, berbeda dengan efek dari infrastruktur transportasi, efek dari pertumbuman modal tetap bruto, sebagai proxy dari investasi infrastruktur, positif dan signifikan di semua model yang menggunakan fixed effect model dengan robust standard errors. Ini menunjukkan bahwa investasi modal memiliki peran penting pada ekonomi Indonesia, dan sepertinya ini menkonfimasi bahwa pertumbuhan investasi infrastruktur meningkatkan permintaan pada intermediate goods dan buruh, yang dapat menstimulasi terjadinya multiplier effect di dalam ekonomi.

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The relationship between transport infrastructure and economic growth has attracted many researchers, including in Indonesia. However, all of these studies show quite mixed results depending on the approach used, the study's location, and the time studied.

This study uses both time-series data analysis and panel data analysis to investigate the relationship between economic growth and three transport infrastructure types. By using time-series data analysis, by employing VAR/VECM, this study concludes that there is a unidirectional relationship from economic growth to the growth in road infrastructure, not vice versa, while the relationships of per capita economic growth with the growth in air and sea transport infrastructure are not significant. A similar result also has been found using panel FEM with robust standard errors. All the growths in three types of infrastructure have no significant effect on per capita economic growth. Similarly, the effects of the level of both road transportation infrastructure and sea transportation infrastructure on economic growth are also not significant. However, the effect of the level of air transportation infrastructure is significant and negative.

Furthermore, in contrast with the effect of the growth rate of transport infrastructure on economic growth, the effect of growth in gross capital formation per capita, as a proxy of infrastructure investment, is positive and significant in all equations using FEM with robust standard errors. This shows that capital investment plays an essential role in Indonesias economy and might confirm that the growth in infrastructure investment increases the demand for intermediate goods and labours, which can stimulate a multiplier effect in the economy."

"Perjanjian perdagangan regional telah mencakup lebih dari setengah dariperdagangan internasional di seluruh dunia sejak di awal 1990-an. ASEAN FreeTrade Area (AFTA) didirikan untuk meningkatkan daya saing ekonomi regional. Peningkatan ekspor telah menjadi salah satu prioritas utama dalam timbulnya perdagangan internasional sebagai kekuatan pendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi.Sebagai akibat dari krisis keuangan global adalah hal yang penting bagi negaranegaraanggota untuk meningkatkan hubungan perdagangan internasional melalui perjanjian perdagangan bebas untuk meningkatkan sistem produksi regional. Perjanjian perdagangan bebas meningkatkan perdagangan barang secara efisien bersumber antara negara-negara anggota dan menyebabkan terciptanya transaksi perdagangan yang meningkatkan kesejahteraan. Untuk menganalisis dampak AFTA pada kinerja ekspor negara-negara anggota, penelitian ini mengembangkan model gravitasi dasar untuk melakukan analisis data cross sectional yang melibatkan enam puluh negara, baik anggota dan non-anggota AFTA, untuk periode tahun 1991,2001, dan 2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setelah AFTA mulai berlaku, terdapat efek positif pada kinerja ekspor negara-negara anggota.

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Regional trade agreements have covered more than half of international trade throughout the world since in the beginning 1990?s. The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) was established to improve regional economic competitiveness. Encouraging export has been one of the main priorities within the opening-up to international trade as the driving force for economic growth. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, it is important for the member countries to enhance international trade relations through free trade agreements to improve regional production systems. Free trade agreements enhance the trade of goods efficiently sourced between member countries and lead to trade creation that improves welfare. In order to analyze the impact of AFTA on member countries? export performance, this paper develops a basic gravity model to perform cross sectional data analysis involving sixty countries, both members and non-members of AFTA, for the periods of 1991, 2001, and 2012. The main finding of this study is that after AFTA came into force, there was a positive effect on the member countries? export performance."

"Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis data panel untuk mengetahui pengaruh perjanjian pajak dan determinan FDI lainnya terhadap FDI di Indonesia. Menggunakan Model Gravitasi, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perjanjian pajak berpengaruh positif terhadap arus masuk FDI di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa pengaruh perjanjian pajak terhadap FDI di Indonesia semakin meningkat menurut waktu. Pengaruh perjanjian pajak dan umur FDI konsisten antara jumlah FDI dan FDI menurut sektor. Namun penelitian ini memberikan hasil yang beragam tentang pengaruh determinan FDI lainnya terhadap FDI Indonesia. Hasilnya bervariasi menurut sektor FDI. Faktor kelembagaan memberikan hasil yang tidak signifikan terhadap FDI, konsisten di semua sektor FDI.

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This study uses panel data analysis to investigate the effect of tax treaty and others FDI determinant on FDI in Indonesia. By Gravity Model, this research conclude that tax treaty has a positive effect on FDI inflows in Indonesia. The effect of tax treaty on FDI Indonesia is grow over time. The result of tax treaty effect and age of FDI are consistent among FDI total and FDI by sectors. A mixed result on the effect of others FDI determinant on FDI Indonesia, varied by sectors. The institutional factors gives insignificant result on FDI, consistent by all sectors of FDI."