Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
In the classic study of revolution, The Anatomy of Revolution, by Crane Brinton, (Vintage Books, New York, 1938/1952), the author identified a number of uniform factors as a cause of all great revolutions. In my study of black liberation and the role of the black church, I have focused on three of those uniform factors associated with liberations in history because they seem to surface repeatedly in the subject of the role of the black church in black liberation. These three uniformities are Leadership, Organization, and Ideology, and to be more specific, my hypothesis is that BY AND THROUGH THE BLACK CHURCH, ESPECIALLY THROUGH ITS IDEOLOGY, ORGANIZATION, AND LEADERSHIP, BLACKS EVENTUALLY SUCCEEDED IN LIBERATING THEMSELVES IN AMERICA. This tentative statement will be proved by the data which I obtain from the books I have read in libraries. The hypothesis is in line with the topic of the paper.
The reason I chose this topic is:
1. It is and was a fact that in the black community the church is the only. legitimate institution by and
through which the blacks are and were improved.
2. The church allows opportunities for training in leadership and independence.(McPherson,1972:81).This means that the church provides opportunities for black clergies to preach, and their preachings in.-the church reflect their leadership, and. serve as a training ground to air their independent thought to lead their people to gain independence.
3. The church functions as the "fountainhead" for the improvement of blacks' social life.(Thompson, 1986: 98).

All the great revolutions of history required all three factors in a well-developed stage. In my readings on the Black Church in American history, it too seems to focus on these same three factors.

Definition of terms:

According to the Grolier International Dictionary, the terms "ideology", "organization", and "leadership" are explained as follows:

Ideology is "the body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture" (William Morriss, 1981: 654). Organization is "a number of persons or groups having specific responsibilities and united for some purpose or work" (Morriss, 1981 ; 926). Leadership is "capacity to be a leader; ability to lead; whereas a leader is one in command of others, or The head of political party or organization; or One who has an influential voice in polities" (Morris,
. 1981: 743)

What I would like to show is how the above three concepts were used by Black Leaders over time in order to form a successful black liberation movement in the United States.

Leadership: It was explained that leaders of a revolution are "often of striking respectability and excellent social standing" (Brinton, 1952:1067107). They are not political innocents; instead, "they have experience in leading organizations and even' pressure groups"(. Brintan, 1952: 109-110).
As men in their thirties and forties, "they are not newcomers to the world. They are idealists with a streak of realism. The men who act as political prophets are usually "men of words" who are gifted orators" (Brinton,
1952: 124) and "are skilled in the teaching of propaganda" (Brinton, 1952: 163-164). Despite their idealism, they are also capable of "managing organizations which can get things done" (Brinton:1952:166).They seek "to spread their
liberating gospel" (Brinton, 1952: 202) and are convinced that "they are the elect who are destined to carry out liberating will of God" (Brinton, 1952: 203).
Organization: It is argued that revolutions are "the product of careful organization and propitious circumstances" (Brinton,1952: 90). The key to the success of revolutions "lies in their monopoly of control over liberating organizations" (Brinton, 1952:156), Without organizations capable of "collecting the funds, followers, and attention for their political cause, there can be no revolution" (Brinton, 1952: 164,151).

Ideology: All revolutionary movements need "... an ideology, symbols, or myth" (Brinton, 1952: 49)?Revolutions are about ideals and dreams. Brinton says, "Revolutions contrast the current illegitimate, existing world with the good and inevitable world of the world to come" (Brinton, 1952: 150)?

Abstrak :
The Background
Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine have been known in history as American Enlightenment thinkers. They were enlightened in that they believed that man was the source of moral good; that man was sanctified. This roseate view of man was opposed to the pre-Enlightenment ecclesiastical concept that man was depraved and sinful. Franklin as the "person who epitomized the Enlightenment" rejected this latter dogma; instead, he advocated the notion of self-reliant individualism in religion. In his autobiography, he stated that religiosity did not bind any person to a particular church; man should rely on his own judgment of what was good or bad for himself. Furthermore, religion to Franklin simply meant "doing good to others", and "loving mankind".

Like Franklin, Thomas Paine viewed religion not so much as one's adherence to church membership as the belief in one's instinct and conscience to decide his religious faith. Paine maintained the sanctity of the individual in that he considered the individual as the source of moral value, competent to judge the effects of his own actions. Paine wrote in his book "The Age of Reason, ... my own, mind is my own church...".

Self-reliant individualism was central in most of Franklin's and Paine's writings. Franklin's autobiography not only emphasized the idea but it also helped Americans cultivate their own sense of self-reliance. To Franklin, to be self-reliant was to have self-discipline, work hard and above all, not depend on others because the individual had great potential to develop himself materially as well as intellectually. Like Franklin, Paine also advocated the concept of self-reliant individualism and its cultivation in man. According to Paine, as stated in The Age of Reason, the objective of his writings was to give man an elevated sense of his own character and dignity. Through his conscience and moral virtue, Paine contended, man could guide himself to good deeds. Equally important in the writings of these great American thinkers was the fact that through their adherence to the sanctity of the individual, they made many 18th century Americans realize that they were capable of ruling themselves.

At the American Studies Center, University of Indonesia, Franklin's and Paine's writings have been extensively discussed in the " Introduction to American Literature,""History of, American Thought," and "Introduction to American Studies" courses. This was how I became acquainted with these two great American philosopher?

Abstrak :
INTRODUCTION
A scientific movement called the Enlightenment came to America around 1770. It originated in the same movement which had spread through Euro e after the coming of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century. During this era, people sought, explored and invented new things such as Galileo telescope, Newton's law of gravitation and so forth. This spirit of exploration began to dominate intellectual life in America and turned the pessimistic orthodox Puritan notions of the eucated classes into more liberal views. The Englightment put reason above autorithy. It encourage scientific inquiry and a eliefe in the perfectibility of man. The philosopher of the Enlightenment rejected the gloomy determinism of orthodox Puritanism that man was totally depraved and the belief in origin sin.

This pessimistic notion was derived from Calvinism which believed in the divinity of God, the power of the Bible and the inscrutability of nature (Horton & Edwards, 1952: p.50).