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"Luka bakar berat dapat menyebabkan respons hipermetabolisme dan hiperkatabolisme persisten dan berkepanjangan. Pasien luka bakar yang dirawat di rumah sakit (RS) sering memiliki komorbid, seperti obesitas, diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2), dan hipertensi. Inflamasi kronik akibat obesitas dan komorbid pada luka bakar berat berperan di dalam terjadinya fenomena second hit yang dapat memperberat respons hipermetabolisme. Terapi medik gizi pada pasien luka bakar berat dengan obesitas dan penyulit metabolik bertujuan untuk mencegah penurunan berat badan, mempertahankan massa otot, mengurangi respons hipermetabolisme, menjaga kontrol glikemik dan tekanan darah, meningkatkan sistem imun, membantu penyembuhan luka, memerbaiki kapasitas fungsional, sehingga meningkatkan luaran klinis serta menurunkan risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas. Empat pasien serial kasus dengan luka bakar berat, derajat II-III, 29-38% luas permukaan tubuh (LPT), disebabkan oleh api dan listrik, memiliki status obes I serta komorbid DMT2 dan hipertensi. Terapi medik gizi pada pasien diawali dengan nutrisi enteral dini dalam waktu 24 jam pertama pasca luka bakar, sesuai dengan rekomendasi The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) serta Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) dan American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). Terapi medik gizi berdasarkan rekomendasi tersebut disesuaikan kondisi klinis, toleransi asupan, dan hasil laboratorium pasien. Target pemberian nutrisi menggunakan formula Xie, dengan komposisi seimbang, terdiri atas protein 1,5-2 g/kg BB ideal/hari, lemak 25-30%, dan karbohidrat 45-65%. Mikronutrien yang diberikan berupa vitamin B kompleks 3x1, asam folat 1x1 mg, vitamin C 2x250 mg, dan seng 1x20 mg. Keempat pasien serial kasus mengalami perbaikan kondisi klinis, penyembuhan luka baik, tidak ada infeksi dan komplikasi selama perawatan, tekanan darah dan kontrol glikemik baik, penurunan BB<10%, perbaikan kapasitas fungsional, dan lama rawat pasien lebih singkat. Keempat pasien dipulangkan untuk rawat jalan.Terapi medik gizi yang optimal dapat memerbaiki luaran klinis serta menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien luka bakar berat dengan obesitas dan penyulit metabolik.

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Severe burn injury can cause a persistent and prolonged hypermetabolism and hypercabolism response. Severe burn injury patients treated in hospitals generally have comorbidities, such as obesity, DMT2, and hypertension. Chronic inflammation due to obesity and comorbidities in severe burn injury contributes to a second hit phenomenon in terms of augmenting the hypermetabolic response. Medical nutrition therapy in severe burn injury patient with obesity and metabolic disease is required in order to prevent weight loss, maintain muscle mass, reduce hypermetabolism response, maintain glycemic control and blood pressure, improve the immune system, help wound healing, improve functional capacity, therefore increasing clinical outcome and reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality. The case series consists of four patients with severe burn injury, degree II−III, 29−38% total body surface area, caused by fire and electricity, nutritional status obese I with DMT2 and hypertension. Medical nutrition therapy was initiated with early enteral nutrition within the first 24 hours after burn injury, according to ESPEN, SCCM and ASPEN recommendations and also adjusted based on clinical conditions, nutritional tolerance, and laboratory results. The nutrition target was calculated using Xie formula, with a balanced composition, consists of protein 1.5−2 g/kg ideal body weight/day, fat 25−30%, and carbohydrate 45−65%. Micronutrients supplementation given to these patients includes vitamin B complex 3x1 tablets, folic acid 1x1 mg, vitamin C 2x250 mg, and zinc 1x20 mg. Four patients had improvement in clinical condition and wound healing, no infections and complications during treatment, controlled blood pressure and glycemic, decreased body weight <10%, improvement in functional capacity, and shortened length of hospital stay. All four patients were discharged for outpatient care. Optimal medical nutrition therapy can improve clinical outcomes and reduce the morbidity and mortality rates in severe burn injury patients with obesity and metabolic disease."

"Pembedahan obstetri dan ginekologi dapat disertai komplikasi berupa perdarahan yang mengakibatkan instabilitas hemodinamik serta menurunnya aliran oksigen dan perfusi jaringan. Penurunan perfusi juga terjadi pada saluran cerna, mengakibatkan perubahan struktur sawar mukosa, sehingga meningkatkan permeabilitas terhadap endotoksin bakteri. Proses tersebut akan meningkatkan risiko sepsis dan multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Pemberian nutrisi enteral, termasuk nutrisi enteral dini, dapat memicu proliferasi enterosit, sehingga dapat menjaga integritas mukosa suluran cerna, mengurangi translokasi bakteri dan risiko infeksi, serta menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas pascabedah. Pada serial kasus ini dilakukan pemantauan terhadap empat pasien pascabedah obstetri dan ginekologi y~ng disertai komplikasi perdarahan dan relaparotomi. Semua pasien mcnunjukkun tanda hipoperfusi splanknik. Terapi medik gizi berdasarkan rekomendasi European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), yaitu pemberian nutrisi enteral dini <48 jam pada pasien sakit kritis target 20- 25 kkal/kg BB pada fase akut dan protein minimal 1,2 glkg BB/hari. Tiga pasien yang mendapatkan nutrisi enteral dini memiliki rentang penggunaan ventilator lebih singkat, lama rawat di Intensive Care Unit lebih pendek, dan skor Sequential Organ Failure Assessment lebih rendah. Terapi medik gizi dengan pelaksanaan nutrisi enteral dini memberikan efek menguntungkan pada pasien pascabedah obstetri dan ginekologi dengan komplikasi perdarahan.

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Obstetrics and gynaecology surgery can be accompanied by haemorrhage complications that result in hemodynamic instability, decreased oxygen flow and tissue perfusion. Hypoperfusion also occurs in the gastrointestinal tract and changing mucosal barrier structure, thereby increasing permeability to bacterial endotoxins. These process will increase the risk of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. Providing early enteral nutrition, can induce the enterocyte proliferation by maintaining the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa, then reducing bacterial translocation and risk of infection, hence reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality. Four obstetric and gynaecologic post-operative patients who had been relaparotomy because haemorrhage have shown signs of splanchnic hypoperfusion. Medical nutrition therapy based on European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) recommendations, early enteral nuhition <48 hours, energy target of 20-25 kcal/kg in the acute phase and minimum protein 1.2 glkg BW/day, have given. Three patients who received early enteral nutrition had shorter durations of ventilators use, shorter Intensive Care Unit length of stay, and lower Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores. Medical nutrition therapy by giving early enteral nutrition has beneficial effects on obstetric and gynaecological post-operative patients with bleeding complications."

"Pasien kanker serviks berisiko tinggi mengalami malnutrisi. Asupan makanan yang tidak adekuat, peningkatan kebutuhan, penurunan aktivitas fisik dan hiperkatabolisme, mendorong terjadinya malnutrisi. Kondisi ini dapat terjadi selama sakit maupun pada saat pengobatan, yang dapat memengaruhi status gizi pasien. Prevalensi malnutrisi pada pasien kanker serviks sebesar 48−66% dan meningkat hingga 82% setelah mendapat terapi. Pasien kanker serviks, 25% mengalami cachexia dan 33−69% mengalami sarkopenia. Penurunan massa otot yang merupakan penyusun utama massa bebas lemak (MBL), secara negatif memengaruhi efektivitas terapi dan kelangsungan hidup pasien. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) adalah alat tervalidasi untuk mengukur MBL sebagai bagian dari diagnosis malnutrisi, namun tidak selalu tersedia di fasilitas kesehatan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekuatan genggam tangan (KGT) dapat dijadikan sebagai prediktor MBL. Pengukuran KGT dengan handheld dynamometers (HHD) yang relatif murah, valid, dan andal, masih jarang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara KGT dan MBL pada pasien kanker serviks yang menjalani radioterapi di Poliklinik Radioterapi RSCM. Penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang pada subjek usia 18−60 tahun. KGT dinilai menggunakan Jamar digital HHD. MBL dinilai menggunakan BIA single frequency Omron® HBF−375. Terdapat 54 subjek dengan median usia 49 tahun, mayoritas stadium III, tidak terdapat metastasis dan komorbid, dan mendapat radioterapi saja. Mayoritas subjek tergolong BB lebih, dengan rerata asupan energi 20,79 ± 6,70 kkal/kgBB/hari, median asupan protein 0,68 (0,05−1,87) g/kgBB/hari, dan rerata asupan lemak 31,22 ± 8,81% dari energi total. Mayoritas asupan energi, protein dan lemak tergolong kurang dibandingkan dengan rekomendasi ESPEN. Rerata KGT 23,54 ± 5,16 kg dan rerata MBL 36,40 ± 6,03 kg. Dilakukan uji korelasi antara KGT dan MBL. Terdapat korelasi positif yang cukup antara KGT dan MBL pada pasien kanker serviks yang menjalani radioterapi (r = 0,346, p = 0,010). KGT berkorelasi positif kuat dengan MBL (r = 0,601, p = 0,001) pada pasien kanker serviks yang hanya menjalani radioterapi (n=28). Pemeriksaan KGT kemungkinan dapat memprediksi MBL, sehingga dapat membantu diagnosis malnutrisi lebih dini dan mencegah luaran buruk pada pasien kanker serviks yang menjalani radioterapi, terutama di fasilitas kesehatan yang tidak tersedia BIA. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mendapatkan formulasi dalam memprediksi MBL dari KGT.

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Cervical cancer patients are at high risk for malnutrition. Inadequate food intake, increased energy and protein requirements, decreased physical activity and hypercatabolism in cancer patients lead to malnutrition. This condition can occur during illness or during treatment, which can affect the nutritional status of the patient. The prevalence of malnutrition in cervical cancer patients was 48−66% and increased to 82% in patients receiving therapy. Patients with cervical cancer, 25% were cachectic and 33%–69% were sarcopenic. Loss of muscle mass, which are the main constituents of fat free mass (FFM), negatively impact therapeutic efficacy and survival in cervical cancer patients. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a validated tool for measuring FFM, as part of malnutrition, but it is not always available in health facilities. Research shows that hand grip strength (HGS) can be used as a predictor of FFM. HGS measurement with handheld dynamometers (HHD) which is relatively cheap, valid, and reliable, is still rarely used. This study aims to examine the relationship between HGS and FFM in cervical cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy at the Radiotherapy Outpatients Clinic of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The study used a cross-sectional design on subjects aged 18−60 years. HGS was assessed using a Jamar digital hand dynamometer. FFM was assessed using the BIA single frequency Omron® HBF−375. A total of 54 study subjects with a median age of 49 years, the majority were in stage III, had no metastases, received radiation therapy only, and had no comorbidities. Most of the subjects were classified as overweight and obes, with a mean of energy intake 20.79 ± 6.70 kcal/kgBW/day, a median of protein intake 0.68 (0.05−1.87) g/kgBW/day, and an average of fat intake 31.22 ± 8.81% of the total energy. The majority of the energy, protein and fat intakes were less than the ESPEN recommendations. The mean HGS in the subjects was 23.54 ± 5.16 kg and the mean FFM was 36.40 ± 6.03 kg. Correlation test was conducted between HGS and FFM. There was a moderately positive correlation between HGS and KGT in cervical cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (r = 0.346, p = 0.010). HGS was strongly positive correlation with FFM (r = 0.601, p = 0.001) in cervical cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy only (n=28). HGS maybe able to predict FFM for early diagnose of malnutrition and prevent poor outcomes in cervical cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, especially in health facilities where BIA isn’t available. Further research is needed to get a formulation in predicting FFM from HGS."

"Kanker kolorektal diketahui berhubungan dengan massa otot yang rendah. Massa otot yang rendah dihubungkan dengan luaran klinis yang buruk. Telah diketahui bahwa asupan protein adalah salah satu faktor yang berperan dalam mempertahankan massa otot. Namun, studi-studi yang ada mengenai efek pemberian protein tinggi pada pasien kanker kolorektal terhadap massa otot belum dapat disimpulkan karena kurangnya bukti dari penelitian berkualitas baik dan intervensi pada studi yang berbeda-beda. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui korelasi antara asupan protein dengan indeks massa otot skelet pada pasien kanker kolorektal yang dirawat inap di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang pada subjek dewasa kanker kolorektal yang dirawat inap di RSCM. Asupan protein dinilai menggunakan multiple 24 hour recall. Indeks massa otot skelet didapatkan dari pengukuran massa otot skelet dalam kilogram menggunakan BIA multifrequency, lalu dibagi dengan tinggi badan dalam meter yang dikuadratkan. Sebanyak 52,5% subjek berjenis kelamin perempuan dan 50% subjek berada pada stadium IV. Terapi yang paling banyak telah dijalani subjek adalah kombinasi pembedahan dan kemoterapi (n=16, 40%). Tidak ditemukan korelasi antara asupan protein dan indeks massa otot skelet (r = -0,04, P=0,795).

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Colorectal cancer is known to be associated with low muscle mass. Low muscle mass is associated with poor clinical outcome. It is known that protein intake is one of the factors that play a role in maintaining muscle mass. However, the existing studies on the effect of administering high protein in colorectal cancer patients on muscle mass have not been definitively concluded due to the lack of evidence from good quality studies and differences of intervention in existing studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between protein intake and skeletal muscle mass index in colorectal cancer patients who were hospitalized at the RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). The study used a cross-sectional design on adult subjects with colorectal cancer who were hospitalized at RSCM. Protein intake was assessed using multiple 24 hour recalls. Skeletal muscle mass index was obtained from the measurement of skeletal muscle mass in kilograms using BIA multifrequency, then divided by height in meters squared. A total of 52.5% of the subjects were female and 50% of the subjects were in stage IV. The most common therapy that the subject had undergone was a combination of surgery and chemotherapy (n=16, 40%). No correlation was found between protein intake and skeletal muscle mass index (r = -0.04, P=0.795)."