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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi jumlah dan bentuk akar serta konfigurasi saluran akar pada gigi molar satu atas dan bawah di Jawa Barat, Indonesia. 100 molar satu atas dan 100 molar satu bawah bawah dikumpulkan dari praktek dokter gigi. Dilakukan perhitungan jumlah akar dan derajat kelengkungangnya. Setelah preparasi akses kamar pulpa dengan bur highspeed, dilakukan pembersihan debris dengan K-file no 15, dan gigi direndam di dalam larutan sodium hipoklorit selama 48 jam. Spesimen dibilas air dan dikeringkan, setelah itu diinjeksikan barium sulfat ke dalam saluran akar dengan menggunakan jarum irigasi sampai bahan kontras tersebut keluar melalui foramen apical. Kemudian dilakukan evaluasi konfigurasi saluran akar dari aspek buko-lingual dan mesiodistal dengan radiograf digital, dan dibandingkan dengan klasifikasi Weine. Hasil menunjukkan 100% molar satu atas dengan 3 akar, 96% molar satu bawah dengan 2 akar, dan 4% molar satu bawah dengan satu akar tambahan. Pada evaluasi kelengkungan akar ditemukan 47 akar palatal pada molar satu atas melengkung ke distal, 57 akar mesiobukal melengkung ke distal, dan 48 akar distobukal lurus. Sedangkan pada molar satu bawah 76 akar mesial melengkung ke distal, dan 65 akar distal melengkung ke mesial, dan 3 akar tambahan melengkung ke bukal. Evaluasi radiograf konfigurasi saluran akar, dari 95 molar satu bawah, ditemukan keempat tipe konfigurasi Weine. akan tetapi tidak terlalu banyak variasi konfigurasi dari 95 molar satu atas. Kesimpulan: Walaupun kecil terdapatnya insiden akar tambahan dan variasi kelengkungan, serta tipe konfigurasi saluran akar, akan tetapi hal ini penting untuk dipertimbangkan dalam perawatan endodontic.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate variations of the root canal anatomy of maxillary and mandibular first molar in West Java, Indonesia. One hundred extracted maxillary first molar and one hundred extracted mandibular first molar were collected from several general dental practices. After Standardized endodontic access cavities were prepared using a high-speed handpiece with a diamond bur and water coolant, and gross pulpal debris was removed using K-file size 15. Each tooth was placed in a solution of 5% sodium hypochlorite for 48 hours. The specimen were washed in water and dried, after that Barium Sulphate was introduced into the root canal using 27 gauge and 3 ml irrigating needles syringe under hand pressure, until a jet of contrast medium was seen to emerge from the apical foramina. Each tooth was then radiographed in bucco-lingual and mesiodistal planes using digital Radiographic technique. Weine classification is take as reference during the evaluation.

The result revealed 100% of maxillary first molar with three roots, whereas in mandibular first molar 96% with two roots and 4% with two roots and one additional root in distolingual side. In the evaluation of root curvature, 47% of palatal roots in maxillary first molar are going to buccal side, whereas in mandibular first molar 76% of mesial roots are going to distal side. In evaluation of root canal configuration, its found the four type of root canal configuration according to Weine classification among the lower first molar, but not among the upper first molar.

Conclusion : even in the low incidence of root and root canal variation, the possibility of it has to be considered in clinical and radiographic examinations and also in endodontic treatment."

"Ketahanan ikatan resin komposit-dentin merupakan salah satu penentu keberhasilan restorasi resin komposit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis efek klorheksidin terhadap degradasi kekuatan ikat resin kompositdentin. Metode: Dua puluh empat sampel dentin yang diambil dari mahkota gigi premolar, dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yang diberikan perlakuan berbeda. Kelompok I diberi perlakuan bahan bonding tanpa klorheksidin, kelompok II diberi perlakuan klorheksidin dan bonding, kelompok III diberi perlakuan bonding mengandung klorheksidin, pada tiap kelompok dibagi menjadi 2 sub-kelompok yaitu kelompok tanpa direndam dan kelompok yang direndam NaOCl 10% selama satu jam, sehingga didapat enam sub-kelompok. Kemudian seluruh kelompok di ukur kekuatan ikat gesernya menggunakan Universal Testing Machine. Satu sampel dari setiap sub-kelompok dilakukan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Data dianalisa statistik dengan uji hipotesis Kruskal Wallis yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: rerata kekuatan ikat geser sebelum perendaman NaOCl 10% tertinggi kelompok I sedangkan rerata kekuatan ikat geser setelah perendaman NaOCl 10% tertinggi pada kelompok III. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok I terhadap kelompok II dan antara kelompok II terhadap kelompok III. Kesimpulan: Klorheksidin mempunyai efek terhadap pengurangan degradasi kekuatan ikat geser resin komposit-dentin.

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Resilience of composite resin-dentin bonding known as one of success composite resin restoration determinants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of chlorhexidine on reducing the degradation of composite resin-dentin shear bond strength.

Methods: Twenty-four premolar crowns were divided into three groups then given different treatments. Group I was treated material bonding without chlorhexidine, group II was treated with chlorhexidine and bonding, group III was treated with chlorhexidine-contained bonding. Each group was divided into two sub-groups: the group without immersion of NaOCl 10% and the group with immersion of NaOCl 10% for one hour, then it were obtained six sub-groups. After twenty-four hours, shear bond strengths measured using Universal Testing Machine. A sample of each group was photographed with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis was done by Kruskal Wallis test, then followed by Mann Whitney test to determine significance between groups.

Results: The mean value of shear bond strength before immersion of NaOCl 10% was highest on Group I, while the mean value of shear bond strength after immersion of NaOCl 10% was highest on Group III. There are significant differences between Group I with Group II and between Group II with Group III.

Conclusion: Chlorhexidine have an effect on reducing the degradation of shear bond strength of resin-dentin bonding."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Ketahanan ikatan resin komposit-dentin merupakan salah satupenentu keberhasilan restorasi resin komposit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalahmenganalisis efek klorheksidin terhadap degradasi kekuatan ikat resin kompositdentin.Metode: Dua puluh empat sampel dentin yang diambil dari mahkota gigipremolar, dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yang diberikan perlakuan berbeda.Kelompok I diberi perlakuan bahan bonding tanpa klorheksidin, kelompok IIdiberi perlakuan klorheksidin dan bonding, kelompok III diberi perlakuan bondingmengandung klorheksidin, pada tiap kelompok dibagi menjadi 2 sub-kelompokyaitu kelompok tanpa direndam dan kelompok yang direndam NaOCl 10%selama satu jam, sehingga didapat enam sub-kelompok. Kemudian seluruhkelompok di ukur kekuatan ikat gesernya menggunakan Universal TestingMachine. Satu sampel dari setiap sub-kelompok dilakukan Scanning ElectronMicroscope (SEM). Data dianalisa statistik dengan uji hipotesis Kruskal Wallisyang dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: rerata kekuatan ikat gesersebelum perendaman NaOCl 10% tertinggi kelompok I sedangkan rerata kekuatanikat geser setelah perendaman NaOCl 10% tertinggi pada kelompok III. Terdapatperbedaan bermakna antara kelompok I terhadap kelompok II dan antarakelompok II terhadap kelompok III. Kesimpulan: Klorheksidin mempunyai efekterhadap pengurangan degradasi kekuatan ikat geser resin komposit-dentin.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Resilience of composite resin-dentin bonding known as one ofsuccess composite resin restoration determinants. The purpose of this study was toanalyze the effect of chlorhexidine on reducing the degradation of compositeresin-dentin shear bond strength. Methods: Twenty-four premolar crowns weredivided into three groups then given different treatments. Group I was treatedmaterial bonding without chlorhexidine, group II was treated with chlorhexidineand bonding, group III was treated with chlorhexidine-contained bonding. Eachgroup was divided into two sub-groups: the group without immersion of NaOCl10% and the group with immersion of NaOCl 10% for one hour, then it wereobtained six sub-groups. After twenty-four hours, shear bond strengths measuredusing Universal Testing Machine. A sample of each group was photographed withScanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis was done by KruskalWallis test, then followed by Mann Whitney test to determine significancebetween groups. Results: The mean value of shear bond strength beforeimmersion of NaOCl 10% was highest on Group I, while the mean value of shearbond strength after immersion of NaOCl 10% was highest on Group III. There aresignificant differences between Group I with Group II and between Group II withGroup III. Conclusion: Chlorhexidine have an effect on reducing the degradationof shear bond strength of resin-dentin bonding"

"Latar Belakang: Penelitian mengenai pengaruh pelebaran korona saluran akar terhadap tingkat ketepatan apex locator hanya sedikit. Tujuan: Membandingkan ketepatan lokasi foramen apikalis pada dua tipe apex locator dan menilai pengaruh pelebaran koronal saluran akar. Metode: Panjang kerja 16 gigi premolar satu mandibula diukur secara visual, menggunakan dua jenis apex locator saat sebelum dan setelah dilakukan pelebaran korona saluran akar. Hasil: Berbeda bermakna ketepatan pada tiap jenis apex locator setelah dilakukan pelebaran korona, namun tidak berbeda bermakna pada keduanya setelah pelebaran koronal saluran akar. Kesimpulan: pelebaran korona saluran akar meningkatkan ketepatan apex locator mengukur lokasi foramen apikalis.

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Background: Only a few studies on the effect of coronal preflaring to the accuracy of apex locator.

Objective: To compare the accuracy of two types of apex locators and evaluate the influence of coronal preflaring in them.

Method: working length of sixteen first mandibular bicuspids were measured visually, using two types apex locator at before and after coronal preflaring.

Result: statistically significant of two type apex locators at before and after coronal preflaring, no statistically significant at both types after coronal preflaring.

Conclusion: coronal preflaring will increase the accuracy of apex locator in locating the apical foramen."

"Latar Belakang: Ekstrak biji anggur (GSE) mengandung 74-78% proantosianidin yang berfungsi sebagai pengikat silang kolagen. Tujuan: menganalisis kemampuan GSE sebagai larutan irigasi saluran akar dalam membersihkan smear layer pada daerah sepertiga apeks. Metode: lima puluh gigi dibagi menjadi lima kelompok. Kelompok 1 meggunakan aquades, kelompok 2 menggunakan GSE 3.25%, kelompok 3 menggunakan GSE 6.5%, kelompok 4 menggunakan GSE 13% dan kelompok 5 menggunakan EDTA 17%. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan tingkat kebersihan sepertiga apeks menggunakan SEM dan diberi skor. Analisis data menggunakan uji kolmogorov-smirnov. Hasil: Skor 0 terbanyak pada GSE 13% (40%), skor 1 terbanyak pada GSE 6.5% (70%) dan skor 2 terbanyak pada aquades (80%). Kesimpulan: Larutan ekstrak biji anggur mempunyai potensi dapat membersihkan smear layer pada daerah sepertiga apeks dinding saluran akar.

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Background: Grape seed extract (GSE) consisting of 74-78% proanthocyanidin, is a cross linking agent.

Purpose: investigate the ability of GSE in removing smear layer on apical third of root canal wall.

Materials and Method: fifty five extracted incisors were divided into 5 groups. Grup 1 used aquadest, group 2 used 3.25% GSE, group 3 used 6.5% GSE, group 4 used 13% GSE and group 5 used 17% EDTA. The cleanliness of smear layer were evaluated by SEM and scored. The data were analyzed using kolmogorov-smirnov test.

Results: Score 0 maximum in group GSE 13% (40%), score 1 maximum in group GSE 6.5% (70%) and score 2 maximum in group aquadest (80%).

Conclusion: Grape seed extract solution has a potential to remove smear layer on apical third of root canal wall."

"Latar Belakang: Restorasi resin komposit masih memiliki kekurangan, yaitu terjadinya kebocoran mikro akibat kontraksi saat polimerisasi sehingga dapat menyebabkan kegagalan restorasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan tingkat kebocoran mikro dinding restorasi kelas I antara RK packable (RP) dan RK flowable dengan kandungan filer tinggi (RF). Metode: Kavitas kelas I dipreparasi pada tiga puluh dua gigi premolar kemudian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok pertama ditumpat dengan RP, kelompok kedua dengan RF, keduanya ditumpat secara inkremental. Selanjutnya spesimen dilakukan uji thermocycling dan diikuti perendaman dalam biru metilen 1% selama 24 jam. Gigi kemudian dibelah bukolingual dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop stereo pembesaran 14x dan dinilai dalam skala ordinal (0-4). Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok RP dan RF (p=0,699). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kebocoran mikro menggunakan RP maupun RF yang ditumpat secara inkremental. Namun secara substansi, RF menunjukkan kebocoran mikro lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan RP.

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Background: Composite resins undergo contraction during polymerization which may result in microleakage and leads to restoration failure. The purpose of this study is to analyze the microleakage of Class I restorations that were filled with packable composite (RP) and high filler flowable composite (RF) incrementally.

Methods: Standardized Class-I cavities were prepared on 32 extracted human premolars and randomly assigned into two groups. The first group were filled with RP and the second group were filled with RF. The specimens were subjected to thermocycling, followed by immersion in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The teeth were sectioned bucco-ligually and evaluated for microleakage under 14x magnification stereomicroscope and scored in ordinal scale (0-4). Statistical analysis was performed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Results: There was no significant difference between group RP and RF (p=0.699).

Conclusion: There is no significance difference between microleakage by RP and RF. But substantially, RF provided less microleakage than RP."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai bagaimana tingkatan sensualitas pada suatu iklan yang dicerminkan dalam high, medium, dan low sensuality serta penggunaan model sensual tunggal (single) dan berpasangan (couple) berpengaruh pada variabel-variabel yang mengacu pada cognitive response model yang terdiri dari variabel source thought, message thought, ad execution thought, attitude toward brand (Ab), attitude toward ad (Ad), dan purchase intention. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen yang dilakukan dengan pemisahan kelompok melalui factorial design 3x2 (tiga tingkat sensualitas dan dua jenis penggunaan model). Dengan jumlah total responden 210 responden yang keseluruhannya adalah wanita dengan 35 reponden pada masing-masing sel, diketahui adanya perbedaan rata-rata yang signifikan terhadap Ab, Ad, dan minat beli dengan keterangan bahwa semakin rendah tingkat sensualitas maka semakin tinggi rata-rata yang diperoleh untuk ketiga variabel tersebut. Sementara itu untuk hasil perbandingan rata-rata antara model single dan couple banyak variabel yang dinyatakan tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Hal ini dikarenakan penggunaan model mengarah pada bagian dari source yang merupakan variabel kognitif. Sementara itu diketahui bahwa pengaruh variabel-variabel kognitif terhadap variabel sikap tidak mempunyai pengaruh yang cukup besar apabila dibandingkan pengaruh sikap terhadap minat beli untuk kasus iklan dengan sensual appeals menurut sudut pandang wanita.

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This research discusses how the sensuality level in an advertisement which is reflected in high, medium, and low sensuality along with the utilization of single and couple sensual model affects the variables, which refer to cognitive response model consisting of source thought, message thought, ad execution thought, attitude toward brand (Ab), attitude toward ad (Ad), and purchase intention. This is an experimental research which is applying group separation through factorial design 3x2 (three levels of sensuality and two types of model utilization). After receiving answers from 35 respondents in each cell, the research found that there is an average significant difference toward Ab, Ad, and purchase intention, with additional information that the lower the sensuality levels, the higher the average value to the three variables mentioned above. Furthermore, the comparison between the single and couple model shows that there are many variables which are not significantly different. This is caused by the model utilization which is directed to the source part which is a cognitive variable. In addition, the research also shows that there is no significant effect of the cognitive variables toward attitude variable, comparing to the effect toward purchase intention for the case of sensual appeals advertisement in woman's point of view."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Kebocoran mikro dinding gingiva restorasi resin komposit proksimal sering terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan tingkat kebocoran mikro dinding gingiva antara RK flowable konvensional dan modifikasi dengan teknik precured dan cocured. Metode: 120 kavitas kelas II Black gigi premolar RA dibagi menjadi empat kelompok. Setelah dipreparasi berbentuk boks, kelompok 1 direstorasi dengan teknik precured (liner konvensional dan modifikasi) , kelompok 2 dengan teknik cocured (liner konvensional dan modifikasi), kelompok 3 dengan liner RK flowable konvensional (teknik precured & cocured),dan kelompok 4 dengan liner RK flowable modifikasi (teknik precured & cocured). Pengukuran penetrasi zat warna biru metilen 1% dilakukan setelah thermocycling. Gigi kemudian dibelah mesiodistal dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop stereo 2 pembesaran 25x. Analisis data dengan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antarkelompok teknik satu dan dua dengan tingkat kebocoran teknik cocured lebih rendah (p= 0.047) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok tiga dan empat (p= 0.985). Kesimpulan: Teknik cocured memiliki tingkat kebocoran lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan teknik precured. Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok dengan liner RK flowable konvensional dan modifikasi.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Microleakage of composite restoration in proximal often occurs on gingival wall. The purpose of this study to analyze the microleakage of gingival wall in composite restoration using technique cocured and precured with conventional and modification liner. Methods: Standardized class II were prepared on 60 extracted human upper premolar mesial and distal into 4 groups. Within a box-like cavities, the first group is restored with precured technique (conventional & modification liner), second group is restored with cocured technique (conventional & modification liner), third group is restored with conventional liner (precured & cocured technique), and fourth group is restored with modification liner (precured & cocured technique). The specimens were subjected to thermocycling, followed by immersion in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The teeth were sectioned mesio-distally and evaluated for microleakage under 25x magnification steremicroscope and score in ordinal scale (0-3). Statistical analysis was performed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: There was significant difference between first and second group, which is microleakage in second group lower than first (p= 0.047). There was no significant difference between third group and fourth (p= 0.985). Conclusion: Cocured technique have lower microleakage than precured technique. But there is no significance difference between conventional liner group and modification liner.;Background: Microleakage of composite restoration in proximal often occurs on gingival wall. The purpose of this study to analyze the microleakage of gingival wall in composite restoration using technique cocured and precured with conventional and modification liner. Methods: Standardized class II were prepared on 60 extracted human upper premolar mesial and distal into 4 groups. Within a box-like cavities, the first group is restored with precured technique (conventional & modification liner), second group is restored with cocured technique (conventional & modification liner), third group is restored with conventional liner (precured & cocured technique), and fourth group is restored with modification liner (precured & cocured technique). The specimens were subjected to thermocycling, followed by immersion in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The teeth were sectioned mesio-distally and evaluated for microleakage under 25x magnification steremicroscope and score in ordinal scale (0-3). Statistical analysis was performed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: There was significant difference between first and second group, which is microleakage in second group lower than first (p= 0.047). There was no significant difference between third group and fourth (p= 0.985). Conclusion: Cocured technique have lower microleakage than precured technique. But there is no significance difference between conventional liner group and modification liner., Background: Microleakage of composite restoration in proximal often occurs on gingival wall. The purpose of this study to analyze the microleakage of gingival wall in composite restoration using technique cocured and precured with conventional and modification liner. Methods: Standardized class II were prepared on 60 extracted human upper premolar mesial and distal into 4 groups. Within a box-like cavities, the first group is restored with precured technique (conventional & modification liner), second group is restored with cocured technique (conventional & modification liner), third group is restored with conventional liner (precured & cocured technique), and fourth group is restored with modification liner (precured & cocured technique). The specimens were subjected to thermocycling, followed by immersion in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The teeth were sectioned mesio-distally and evaluated for microleakage under 25x magnification steremicroscope and score in ordinal scale (0-3). Statistical analysis was performed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: There was significant difference between first and second group, which is microleakage in second group lower than first (p= 0.047). There was no significant difference between third group and fourth (p= 0.985). Conclusion: Cocured technique have lower microleakage than precured technique. But there is no significance difference between conventional liner group and modification liner.]"

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Enterococcus Faecalis merupakan bakteri yang sering ditemukan pada kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Hal ini berhubungan dengan sifat resistensi dari E.faecalis terhadap antibakteri. Klorheksidin 2 % merupakan bahan irigasi yang terbukti efektif dalam menghilangkan bakteri Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis), akan tetapi klorheksidin memiliki toksisitas terhadap sel tertentu. Teh hijau merupakan salah satu bahan alami yang banyak dikonsumsi di dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Ekstrak teh hijau terbukti memiliki daya antibakteri terhadap E.faecalis. Namun belum banyak penelitian yang meneliti daya antibakteri dari ekstrak teh hijau dan klorheksidin 2% terhadap E.faecalis dalam biofilm dengan menggunakan metode Real-time PCR. Tujuan: Membandingkan daya antibakteri ekstrak teh hijaudengan klorheksidin 2 % terhadapEnterococcus faecalisdalam biofilm. Metode: koloni E. faecalis ATCC 29212 di kumpulkan dengan loop dari biakan 1 malam E.faecalis di BHI agar, lalu dimasukkan kedalam 10 ml saline steril. Densitas dari suspensi di standarisasi dengan 0.5 McFarland untuk mendapatkan jumlah 10 8 CFU/ml. 50 μl suspensi bakteri diokulasi pada membran filter nitrat selulosa yang diletakkan pada permukaan agar lalu inkubasi selama 3 hari untuk membentuk biofilm, Larutanekstrak teh hijau, CHX 2 % dan kontrol dimasukkan kedalam tabung uji. biofilmE. faecalisdi membran nitrat selulosa dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji dan paparkan masing masing bahan uji. Semua tabung lalu dimasukkan ke dalam inkubator dengan suhu 37 °C selama 10 menit. Kemudian dilakukan penghitungan jumlah E.faecalis yang hidup dengan menggunakan Real-time PCR.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermaknadiantara kelompok ekstrak teh hijau, klorheksidin 2 %,dan kontrol. Kesimpulan:Esktrak teh hijau memiliki daya antibakteri terhadap E.faecalis dalam biofilm, namun tidak seefektif klorheksidin 2%.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Enterococcus faecalis is most commonly isolated bacteria in failed root canal treatment. This is due with resistency of E. faecalis to antimicrobial agent. 2% chlorhexidin is proven to be effecive against Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis). However chlorhexidin is known to have toxicity againts several particular cells. Green tea is one of the most widely narutal comsumed beverage in the world, also in Indonesia. Green tea extract is proven to have antibacterial efficacy against E.faecalis,but not many research has investigated green tea extract and chlorhexidin 2% antibacterial efficacy againtsE.faecalis biofilm by using real-time PCR method. Aim. To compare antibacterial efficacy of green tea extract solution with chlorhexidin 2 % againts E.faecalis biofilm.Methods : E. faecalis ATCC 29212 colonies collected from overnight culture of bacterial grown on BHI agar plate. The density of the suspension was standardized by comparison with 0,5 Mcfarland Standar to give an approximate count of 108 CFU/ml. Aliquos (50μl) bacterial suspension were then inoculated on steril disks place on the surface of BHI agar and incubated at 37°C for 72 h aerobically. After 72 h of incubation, the discs were removed and transferred into 10 ml PBS to loose attached bacterial. Then the disks were transferred to 10 ml of green tea extract solution, chlorhexidin 2% and PBS steril as control then exposed for 10 minutes in an aerobic incubator at 37 °C.thenall living E. faecalis cells was quantified by using Real-time PCR methods.Results : There were significant differences statistically between green tea extract, chlorhexidin 2 % and control groups.Conclusion.Green tea extract was effective againts E.faecalis biofilm butnot as effective as chlorhexidin 2%., Background:Enterococcus faecalis is most commonly isolated bacteria in failed root canal treatment. This is due with resistency of E. faecalis to antimicrobial agent. 2% chlorhexidin is proven to be effecive against Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis). However chlorhexidin is known to have toxicity againts several particular cells. Green tea is one of the most widely narutal comsumed beverage in the world, also in Indonesia. Green tea extract is proven to have antibacterial efficacy against E.faecalis,but not many research has investigated green tea extract and chlorhexidin 2% antibacterial efficacy againtsE.faecalis biofilm by using real-time PCR method.Aim.To compare antibacterial efficacy of green tea extract solution with chlorhexidin 2 % againts E.faecalis biofilm.Methods :E. faecalis ATCC 29212 colonies collected from overnight culture of bacterial grown on BHI agar plate. The density of the suspension was standardized by comparison with 0,5 Mcfarland Standar to give an approximate count of 108 CFU/ml. Aliquos (50μl) bacterial suspension were then inoculated on steril disks place on the surface of BHI agar and incubated at 37°C for 72 h aerobically. After 72 h of incubation, the discs were removed and transferred into 10 ml PBS to loose attached bacterial. Then the disks were transferred to 10 ml of green tea extract solution, chlorhexidin 2% and PBS steril as control then exposed for 10 minutes in an aerobic incubator at 37 °C.thenall living E. faecalis cells was quantified by using Real-time PCR methods.Results. There were significant differences statistically between green tea extract, chlorhexidin 2 % and control groups.Conclusion.Green tea extract was effective againts E.faecalis biofilm butnot as effective as chlorhexidin 2%.]"

"Latar belakang: Penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2 memiliki risiko yang lebih tinggi untuk mengalami karies gigi. Fosfat memegang peranan utama dalam kapasitas buffer unstimulated saliva sehingga kadar fosfat berhubungan dengan faktor risiko karies individu. Kondisi ketosis dan hiperparatiroidisme yang menyertai diabetes melitus tipe 2 dapat menyebabkan penurunan buffer fosfat tubuh yang kemudian menurunkan kadar fosfat dalam unstimulated saliva. Tujuan: Menganalisis kadar fosfat dalam unstimulated saliva pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. Metode: Unstimulated saliva 15 subjek diabetes melitus tipe 2 dan 15 subjek non diabetes melitus dikumpulkan untuk kemudian diukur kadar fosfatnya dengan metode phosphomolydate pada alat UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan kadar fosfat yang bermakna (p < 0,05) antara subjek uji dan subjek kontrol. Kesimpulan: Kadar fosfat dalam unstimulated saliva pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 (0,27 ± 0,05 mmol/L) lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan individu non diabetes melitus (2,16 ± 0,22 mmol/L) yang mana berdasarkan analisis statistik, hal tersebut berbeda bermakna secara signifikan.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients have a higher risk to suffer from dental caries. Phosphate plays a primary role in buffer capacity of unstimulated saliva so that phosphate concentration is associated with individual caries risk factors. Ketosis and Hyperparathyroidism conditions that come within type 2 Diabetes Mellitus could decrease the phosphate buffer in the body which then will decrease the phosphate concentration in unstimulated saliva.

Objective: To analyze the phosphate concentration in unstimulated saliva of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Method: Unstimulated saliva of 15 type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and 15 non-diabetic subjects were collected and then the concentration of phosphate was measured by the phosphomolydate method on UV-Vis Spectrophotometer instrument.

Result: There were significant differences in the phosphate concentration (p <0.05) between test subjects and control subjects.

Conclusion: The phosphate concentration in unstimulated saliva of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (0.27 ± 0.05 mmol / L) is lower than individuals without diabetes mellitus (2.16 ± 0.22 mmol / L), which is significantly different by statistical analysis."