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"ABSTRACTThis study aims to investigate the moderating role of corruption on the effect of government R&D expenditure on enterprise innovation in China, using the annually data over the period 2002-2013 in a panel of 30 provinces. A dynamic panel system GMM model was used to explore the relationship among government R&D expenditure, corruption, and innovation. Our finding shows that though government R&D expenditure has no significant effects on patent applications, it does exhibit significantly positive effects on patents granted. However, when considering official corruption, the interaction term of government R&D expenditure and corruption has a statistically significantly positive effect on patent applications and patents granted, with corruption presenting significantly positive effects on the ratio of the number of patents granted to patent applications. It demonstrates that corruption is still a shortcut for overcoming red tapes and administrative intervention, especially in an economy in transition with lower institution quality and anti-corruption."

"AbstrakPURPOSE:Claudin-4 has been reported to function as a paracellular sodium barrier and is one of the 3 major claudins expressed in lung alveolar epithelial cells. However, the possible role of claudin-4 in bronchial asthma has not yet been fully studied. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of claudin-4 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.METHODS:We determined claudin-4 levels in blood from asthmatic patients. Moreover, using mice sensitized and challenged with OVA, as well as sensitized and challenged with saline, we investigated whether claudin-4 is involved in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Der p1 induced the inflammatory cytokines in NHBE cells.RESULTS:We found that claudin-4 in blood from asthmatic patients was increased compared with that from healthy control subjects. Plasma claudin-4 levels were significantly higher in exacerbated patients than in control patients with bronchial asthma. The plasma claudin-4 level was correlated with eosinophils, total IgE, FEV1% pred, and FEV1/FVC. Moreover, lung tissues from the OVA-OVA mice showed significant increases in transcripts and proteins of claudin-4 as well as in TJ breaks and the densities of claudin-4 staining. When claudin-4 was knocked down by transfecting its siRNA, inflammatory cytokine expressions, which were induced by Der p1 treatment, were significantly increased.CONCLUSIONS:These findings thus raise the possibility that regulation of lung epithelial barrier proteins may constitute a therapeutic approach for asthma."