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"Latar Belakang. Komplikasi tindakan revaskularisasi pasca suatu periode iskemik mulai menjadi perhatian kalangan medis sejak awal abad ke-20. iskemik tungkai akut merupakan masalah kegawatan kardiovaskular dan tindakan reperfusi terhadap jaringan yang iskemik ternyata sexing memperburuk cedera jaringan yang ada, bahkan sampai dilakukan amputasi. Pada ceders reperfusi iskemik (R-1) terjadi perubahan sifat hemoreologi darah (hematokrit, viskositas, dan deformitas set darah merah). Pentoksifilin (PTXF) mempunyai kemampuan memperbaiki cedera reperfusi dengan meningkatkan aliran darah perifer, memperbaiki deformitas sel darah merah, menurunkan viskositas darah, dan menekan agregasi platelet.Tujuan Penelitian. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian PTXF terhadap faktor hemoreologi darah pada cedera R-I tungkai akut.Metode. Penelitian dilakukan pada kelinci jantan ras New Zealand White Rabbit (NZW) yang berasal dari 1 galur sebanyak 10 ekor usia 5 bulan dengan berat badan rata-rata 2,5-3 kg. Kemudian hewan coba dibagi dalam 2 kelompok, yakni 5 ekor kelinci kelompok perlakuan diberi PTXF dengan dosis 40 mglkgBB yang diikuti dosis rumatan 1 mglkgBBljam dan 5 ekor kelinci sebagai kontrol diberi cairan NaCl 0,9% dengan kecepatan yang sama seperti kelompok perlakuan. Dilakukan oklusi arteri iliaka komunis sinistra dan setelah 2,5 jam iskemik diambil darah untuk pemeriksaan hematokrit dan viskositas, setelah itu segera diberikan PTXF. Pada jam ke-3 dilakukan reperfusi (membuka oklusi) dan 2 jam setelah reperfusi diambil darah untuk pemeriksaan hematokrit dan viskositas. Data hasil pemeriksaan dianalisis dengan statistik program SPSS 13 dengan menggunakan uji parametrik General Linear Model (GLM) untuk pengukuran berulang.Hasil. Nilai rerata hematokrit kelompok PTXF fase iskemik 37,06+3,88% dan fase reperfusi 34,20+1,90% dengan delta penurunan 2,86%. Nilai rerata hematokrit kelompok nonPTXF fase iskemik 35,88+5,31% dan fase reperfusi 32,90+4,61% dengan delta penurunan 2,98%. Antara pengukuran pertama dan kedua, baik kelompok PTXF dan nonPTXF tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna (per, i 9 dan p=0,37). Analisis statistik nilai rerata hematokrit antara kelompok PTXF dan nonPTXF tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p=0,74).Nilai rerata viskositas kelompok PTXF fase iskemik 5,25+0,77 ep dan fase referfusi 4,69+0,70 cp dengan delta penurunan 0,558 cp. Nilai rerata viskositas kelompok nonPTXF fase iskemik 4,54+0,48 cp dan fase reperfusi 4,48+1,31 cp dengan delta penurunan 0,066 cp. Antara pengukuran pertama dan kedua, baik, kelompok PTXF dan nonPTXF tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik (p~,26 dan p=0,92). Analisis statistik pada nilai rerata viskositas antara kelompok PTXF dan nonPTXF tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p=0,53).Kesimpulan. Pemberian PTXF pada kelompok perlakuan memperlihatkan hasil tidak bermakna dalam menurunkan nilai hematokrit dan viskositas darah dibanding kelompok kontrol pads keadaan ceders R-I tungkai akut.

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Background: Complications of revascularization after an ischemic period has attract attention from clinicians since the beginning of 20th century. Acute limb ischemia is an emergency cardiovascular problem and revascularization procedures of ischemic tissue has been documented to worsen tissue damage to the extend of a need for limb amputation. In ischemic reperfusion injury, changes in blood hemorheology occurs (hematocrit, viscosity and eryhtrocyte deformities). Pentoxifylline (PTXF) has the ability to repair reperfusion injury by increasing peripheral blood flow, repairing eryhtrocyte deformities, decreasing blood viscosity dan suppressing platelet agregation.Objectives: To investigate the effect of pentoxifylline administration toward hemorheology changes in acute limb ischemic reperfusion injury.Methods: We studied 10 pure strain New Zealand White Rabbit (NZW) age 5 months with mean weight of 2.5-3 kg. The subjects were divided in two groups; 5 of the experimental rabbit were given PTXF 40 mg/kg body weight followed by a maintenance dose of 1 mg/kg body weight/hour, while subjects in the control group received a similar administration of NaCl 0.9%. We performed occlusion of the left common iliac artery and after an ischemic period of 2.5 hours blood samples were taken for hematocrit and viscosity measurement. PTXF were given soon afterward. On the third hour the artery occlusion were opened and after another two hours blood samples were again taken for hematocrit and viscosity measurement. Data analysis were performed by SPSS 13, using parametric test with general linear model (GLM) for repeated measurements.Results: The mean hematocrit value for the PTXF group in the ischemic period were 37.0613.88%, and in the reperfusion period were 34.2011.90%, with a decrease of 2.86%. The mean hematocrit value for the control group in the ischemic and reperfusion period were 35.8815.31% and 32.90±4.61% , respectively, with a decrease of 2.98%. There were no significant difference between the first and second hematocrit measurements both in the experimental and control group (p-0.19 and p=0.37). Statistical analysis of mean hematocrit value between the two groups also showed no significant difference (p=0.74).The mean viscosity value for the PTXF group in the ischemic period were 5.2510.77 cp and in the reperfusion period were 4.6910.70 cp with a difference of 0.558 cp. The mean viscosity value for the control group in the ischemic and reperfusion period were 4.54±0.8 cp and 4.4811.31 cp, respectively, with a decrease of 0.066 cp. There were no statistically significant difference between the first and second viscosity measurements both in the experimental and control group (p=0.26 and p=0.92). Statistical analysis of mean viscosity value between the two groups also showed no significant difference (p=0.53).Conclusion: PTXF administration in the experimentally induced acute limb ischemic reperfusion injury in rabbits have no benefits to decrease hematocrit and viscosity values compared to control group."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Mikrosirkulasi memiliki fiingsi autoregulasi yaltu kemampuanmelebarkan dan menyempitkan pembuluh darah untuk mempertahankan perfusi jaringanDiabetes melitus melalui proses biokimiawi menyebabkan penurunan fiingsi autoregulasitersebut dan selanjutnya berperan dalam terbentuknya ulkus diabetik (selain neuropatidan infeksi) Penanganan yang sulit terhadap ulkus menyebabkan timbulnya berbagaiusaha terapi diantaranya pemberian oksigen hiperbank Mekanisme yang timbul akibatoksigen tlnggl dalam penyembuhan luka yang utama adalah pemberian oksigenhngkungan sekitar luka sehingga dapat membunuh kuman sedangkan efek lain masihdiperdebatkan dan diteliti Studi mi untuk melihat pengaruh oksigenasi hiperbank selama5 hari terhadap TcP02 dan venule arteriole reflex (VAR) sebagai mndikator fungsimikrosirkulasi pasien ulkus diabetik.Tujuan: Penehtian Mengetahum penrngkatan TCP02 dan VAR sebagai petanda fiingsimikrosirkulasi pada pendenta ulkus diabetik yang dilakukan terapi oksigen hiperbarikselama 5 harm.Metode Penelitian: dilakukan terhadap 21 pasien ulkus diabetik Kelompok perlakuansebanyak 11 orang dengan usia rata-rata 58,0 ± 92 tahun sedangkan kelompok kontrolsebanyak 10 orang dengan usia rata-rata 592 ± 84 tahun Kedua kelompok mendapatterapi antidiabetik antibiotik dan perawatan luka Oksigenasi hiperbarmk dilakukandengan cara menghisap oksigen 100% sebanyak 3X 30 menit dengan selang pembenanudara biasa (oksigen 20%) selama 5 memt di dalam ruang bertekanan 24 ATA dandilakukan selama 5 han berturut-turut Pemermkaan TcPO2 dan VAR dilakukan pada hanpertama sebelum TOHB dan han kelima setelah TOHB Data hasil pemenksaandianalisis dengan statistik menggunakan up non parametrik Wilcoxon signed rank danMann whitneyHasil: Nilai median TcPO2 han pertama kelompok OHB 16 70(7 58-59 73) mmHg danhan kelima 41 83(8 9-61 55) mmHg Nilai median TcPO2 han pertama kelompok NOHB34 54(3 66-65 48) mmHg dan han kelima 33 84(12 66-78 69) mmHg Tidak adaperbedaan bermakna perubahan di dalam kelompok (p= 0,06 p= 0 72) maupun antarakedua kelompok (p=0 8) Nilai median VAR han pertama kelompok OHB 28 98 (10,68-6404) mmHg dan hari kelima 23 92( 53 05-84 23) mmHg Nilai median VAR hanpertama kelompok NOI-1B 6057 (8 04 75 47) mmHg dan harm kelima 34 51(-12 82-5028) mmHg Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna perubahan di dalam kelompok OHB tetapibermakna pada kelompok kontrol (p=0 02) sedangkan perbedaan antara keduakelompok tidak bermakna secara statistik (p0 88)Kesimpulan: Terapi oksigen hiperbank selama 5 hari, tidak berpengaruh pada TcPO2 danVAR

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ABSTRACTBackgroundMicrocirculation to maintain its tissue perfusion is autoregulated by vasodilating andvasoconstricting the blood vessels Lochemical processes in diabetes mellitus dysregulatethe microcirculatory function to maintain tissue perfusion This dysregulation inconjunction with neuropathy and infection may resulted in the formation of diabeticulcer Various method have been proposed to better manage diabetic ulcers and oxygenhyperbaric (HBO) therapy is one of such method Hyperbanc oxygen will increase tissueoxygen concentratin and its parsial pressure surrounding ulcers resulted in eradication ofmicrobes The effects of HBO therapy in microcirculatory function is still debatedAim of the study: To evaluate the influence of five days HBO therapy on TcP02 and venule-arteriole reflex(VAR) as indicators of microcirculatory function in diabetic ulcersMethod: The study was performed in 21 patients with diabetic ulcers which divided into 2 groupsIn HBO group there are II patients with mean age 58 0+9 2 years old and in controlgroup there were 10 patients with mean age 59 2+8 4 years old Both group receivedantidiabetic therapy, antibiotic and wound care HBO therapy was performed inpressurized room with 2,4 ATA by inhaling 100% oxygen for 30 minutes with 5 minutes20% oxygen (room air) intervals This procedures was repeated for 5 days TcP02 andVAR were measured per and post }{BO therapy The results were statistically analyzedusing Non Parametric Wilcoxon Signed Rank and Mann Whitney U testResult: The pre-TcP02 median of the HBO group was 16 70(7 58-59 73) mmHg and the post-TcP02 median was 41 83(8 9-61 55)mmHg (p0 06) The pre-TcP02 median of theNHBO group was 34 54(3 66-65 48) mni}lg and the post-TcP02 median was33 84(12 66-78 69)mmHg (p=O 72) There were no significant difference TcP02 betweentwo groups (p=0 81) The pre-VAR median of the HBO group was 28 98(10 68-64 04)%and the post VAR median was 23 92(-53 05-84 23)% (p=O 59) The pre-VAR median ofthe NHBO group was 60 57(8 04-75 47)% and the post-VAR median was 34 51(12 82-50 28)% (p=O 02) There were no significant difference VAR between two groups(p-088)Conclusion: In diabetic ulcers five days of hyperbaric oxygen therapy did not influence the TcP02and VAR"

"Latarbelakang. Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP) dilaporkan oleh beberapa peneliti dapat meningkatkan aliran darah perifer yang selanjutnya menimbulkan shear stress tinggi dan pada gilirannya mempengaruhi fungsi sel sel endotel yang berperan langsung didalam penurunan resistensi pembuluh darah, melalui peningkatan pembentukan substrat vasodilatasi NO (nitrogen monoksida). Secara teori peningkatan NO menginduksi terjadinya dilatasi pembuluh darah, dikenal sebagai flow mediated dilation (FMD). Sampai saat ini belum ada laporan tentang perubahan FMD pasca EECP. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuktikan apakah FMD arteri brakhialis mengalami perubahan pada penderita PJK yang menjalani EECP. Metodologi. Dilakukan penelitian prospektif eksperimental dengan desain pra pasca pada 20 penderita PJK laki-laki, umur 42 - 71 th di Rumah Sakit Jantung Harapan Kita selama periode Mei - Juli 1999. Semua penderita telah menjalani pemeriksaan angiografi koroner. Lima penderita dengan satu penyempitan pembuluh koroner utama (1-VD), 5 penderita dengan 2-VD, 9 penderita dengan 3-VD. Satu penderita dikeluarkan dari penelitian karena operasi tumor paru Seluruh penderita mendapat perlakuan EECP selama 1 jam sekali perhari selama 36 kali, minimal 5 kali seminggu. Pada semua penderita dilakukan pengukuran diameter arteri brakhialis memakai scan Duplex ultrasonografi perifer, sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan EECP. Untuk menilai FMD, diukur diameter (mm) baseline arteri dan saat hiperemia. FMD adalah persentase perubahan diameter akibat induksi peningkatan aliran darah. Analisa statistik Data disajikan dalam nilai rerata + SD. FMD pra dan pasca disajikan dalam satuan persen (%). Analisa perubahan variabel pra dan pasca EECP dilakukan dengan pair-t test. Nilai bermakna bila p<0,05.Hasil penelitian. Usia rerata 58,1±7,72 thn. Peningkatan FMD pra (4.57±7,72%) dan pasca EECP (5,96±5,49%) pada penderita PJK secara statistik tidak bermakna (p>0,05). Uji statistik yang dilakukan pada 3 subkelompok VD dan 2 subkelompok umur (dibawah 60 th dan > 60 th), secara statistik tidak bermakna. Pada kelompok pra EECP (6 penderita) yang dengan kegagalan FMD (0%), pasca EECP terjadi peningkatan bermakna (p<0,05). Pada 2 penderita subkelompok usia lanjut (umur 60 th) FMD pasca EECP masih tetap menunjukkan penurunan, hal ini mungkin terjadi disfungsi endotel berat. Pembahasan. FMD adalah salah satu parameter untuk menilai perubahan biologis fungsi endotel pembuluh darah. Semakin tinggi respon FMD menunjukkan fungsi endotel semakin baik. Pada penelitian ini, FMD menunjukan peningkatan tidak bermakna, mungkin shear stress yang dihasilkan EECP secara mekano hemodinamik tidak cukup untuk merangsang pelepasan NO, walaupun D/S ratio yang optimal. Penderita dengan gangguan fungsi endotel berat, pelepasan NO kedalam darah sangat menurun, sehingga sehingga terjadi peningkatan rasio ET-1/NO atau terjadi pelepasan ET-1 dari smooth muscle cell (SMC) yang selanjutnya menyebabkan vasokonstriksi pembuluh darah perifer. Kesimpulan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa: 1. Peningkatan FMD pada penderita lelaki dengan PJK yang menjalani EECP secara statistik tidak bermakna. 2. Subkelompok penderita lelaki usia lanjut dengan PJK kemungkinan EECP menyebabkan kecendrungan penurunan FMD."

"Latar belakang. Hubungan antara inflamasi dan koagulasi telah banyak dijelaskan, dimana molekul adhesi memiliki peranan penting dalam inflamasi. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) dan soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) tampak berkaitan dengan trombosis pada beberapa penelitian sebelumnya. Molekul-molekul tersebut meningkat pada stenosis mitral (SM) namun bagaimana hubungannya dengan derajat trombosis atrium kiri belum diketahui. Metode. Pasien SM derajat sedang-berat (tanpa adanya regurgitasi mitral signifikan) yang menjalani pemeriksan ekokardiografi transesofageal diikutsertakan secara konsekutif sejak September-Oktober 2013. Penilaian gradasi trombosis atrium kiri dilakukan untuk mengkategorikan mereka menjadi kelompok non-trombus dengan left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (LASEC) tebal, dan kelompok non-trombus tanpa LASEC tebal, dan kelompok trombus. Kadar sICAM-1 dan sVCAM-1 dari vena perifer diukur dengan teknik enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Hasil. Sebanyak 39 subyek penelitian dengan rerata usia 40,97±9,61 tahun, 71,8% berjenis kelamin perempuan, dan 67,7% memiliki irama fibrilasi atrium. Evaluasi terhadap gradasi trombosis atrium kiri (kelompok non-trombus tanpa LASEC tebal, kelompok non-trombus dengan LASEC tebal, dan kelompok trombus) menunjukkan kadar sICAM-1 sebesar 284,74 (218,79-321) ng/mL, 346,86 (125,68-698,12) ng/mL, dan 395,93 (171,44-1021,53) ng/mL secara berurutan (p=0,280). Kadar sVCAM-1 pada 3 kelompok tersebut sebesar 729,01 (543,93-967,8) ng/mL, 1066 (581,36-2470,6) ng/mL, dan 1158 (668,66-2498,3) ng/mL secara berurutan (p=0,016). Analisis multivariat menunjukkan fibrilasi atrium dan area katup mitral yang mempengaruhi gradasi trombosis. Kesimpulan. Terdapat perbedaan kadar sVCAM-1 pada kelompok menurut gradasi trombosis atrium kiri pada SM, namun pengaruh sVCAM-1 terhadap gradasi trombosis atrium kiri dipengaruhi oleh fibrilasi atrium dan area katup mitral.

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Background. The relationship between inflammation and coagulation has been widely described while adhesion molecules takes important role in inflammation. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) seemed to be related to thrombosis in previous studies. Those molecules increase in mitral stenosis (MS) but their relationship with left atrial thrombosis gradation is still unknown.

Methods. Patients with moderate-severe MS (without any significant mitral regurgitation) who underwent transesophageal echocardiography were recruited consecutively in September-October 2013. They were divided into three categories of left atrial thrombosis gradation: non-thrombus without dense LASEC group, non-thrombus with dense LASEC group, and thrombus group. sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels in peripheral vein were determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay technique.

Results. A total of 39 subjects were enrolled in this study with a mean age of 40,97±9,61 year, 71,8% of them were female, and 67,7% of them had atrial fibrillation. Evaluation on left atrial thrombosis gradation (non-thrombus with dense LASEC group, non-thrombus without dense LASEC group, and thrombus group) showed that sICAM-1 levels were 284,74 (218,79-321) ng/mL, 346,86 (125,68-698,12) ng/mL, and 395,93 (171,44-1021,53) ng/mL, cosecutively (p=0,280). sVCAM-1 levels were 729,01(543,93-967,8) ng/mL, 1066 (581,36-2470,6) ng/mL, and 1158 (668,66-2498,3) ng/mL, consecutively (p=0,016). Multivariate analysis showed that AF and MVA influence thrombosis gradation.

Conclusion. Difference in sVCAM-1 levels was found among left atrial thrombosis gradation groups in mitral stenosis, but its effect on thrombosis gradation was influenced by atrial fibrillation and mitral valve area."

"Latar Belakang. Trombosis arteri merupakan salah satu komplikasi yang dapat terjadi pada pasien penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) pasca tindakan kateterisasi jantung yang konsekuensinya dapat berat sampai mengancam nyawa. Kejadian ini dilaporkan bervariasi, sekitar 1%-30% oleh beberapa penelitian dengan faktor-faktor risiko yang ditemukan berkaitan dengan prosedur kateterisasi, usia dan berat badan. Hipoksemia pada PJB sianotik memicu berbagai abnormalitas yang meningkatkan risiko trombosis sesuai Trias Virchow, yaitu perubahan aliran darah, komposisi darah, dan integritas dinding pembuluh darah. Apakah faktor predisposisi ini yang merupakan faktor utama penyebab kejadian trombosis pada pasien PJB sianotik pasca kateterisasi belum diketahui dengan jelas. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara hipoksemia pada sianotik dengan terjadinya trombosis arteri pasca kateterisasi. Metode. Studi potong lintang ini dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita (RS PJNHK) pada pasien PJB yang menjalani kateterisasi. Subyek dipisahkan dalam kelompok sianotik dan asianotik berdasarkan jenis kelainan jantung dan dilakukan pengukuran saturasi darah yang diambil secara langsung dan pemeriksaan dengan oximetry perifer dengan titik potong 95% untuk mengetahui hipoksemia dan hipoksia. Pasca kateterisasi dilakukan pemeriksaan duplex ultrasonografi (USG) untuk melihat adanya trombosis arteri. Kejadian trombosis dinilai dengan temuan berupa trombus dan perubahan gelombang doppler sampai ke distal ekstremitas. Hasil Penelitian. Sebanyak 86 pasien PJB yang diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini, dengan proporsi kelompok sianotik sebanyak 53 (61.6%) dan asianotik 33 (38.4%). Pada kelompok sianotik, trombosis terjadi pada 24.4%, sedangkan pada kelompok asianotik didapatkan 4.7%. Didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara hipoksemia pada PJB sianotik dengan terjadinya trombosis arteri pasca kateterisasi dengan risiko yang tinggi (OR 4.758; 95% IK 1.460-15.505; p= 0.006). Kesimpulan. Penelitian prospektif ini menemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara hipoksemia pada PJB sianotik dengan terjadinya trombosis arteri pasca kateterisasi. Risiko terjadinya trombosis lebih tinggi pada PJB sianotik.

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Background. Arterial thrombosis is one of complication that can happen to congenital heart disease patient post catheterization which consequence can be life threathening. According to many studies, the incidence varies between 1% to 30% and the risk factors are related to catheterization procedure, age and weight. Hypoxemia in cyanotic stimulates various abnormalities which based on Trias Virchow will increase the risk for thrombosis which are change in blood flow, blood composition and endothelial integrity. Whether this predisposition factor is the main factor causing post catheterization thrombosis is still uncertain. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find the association between hypoxemia in cyanotic and the occurrence of post catheterization arterial thrombosis.

Methods. This cross sectional study is conducted in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita (NCCHK) to congenital heart disease patients undergoing catheterization. The subjects are divided into 2 groups: cyanotic and acyanotic based on the abnormality of the heart and the degree of saturation that measured directly from the blood and peripheral oxygen saturation with oximetry. Hypoxemia was defined as oxygen saturation less than 95%. Duplex sonography is conducted post chateterization to find the arterial thrombosis. Thrombosis is diagnosed with the appearance of thrombus and the change of Doppler waveform from proximal to distal extremity.

Results. There are 86 post catheterization congenital heart disease patients involved in this study. They are subsequently divided into 2 groups: 53 (61.6%) in cyanotic group, and 33 (38.4%) in acyanotic group. Post catheterization arterial thrombosis is found in 24.4% of cyanotic subjects, and 4.7% in that of acyanotic subjects. Significant association between hypoxemia in cyanotic congenital heart disease and post catheterization arterial thrombosis is found. The risk for cyanotic congenital heart disease with hypoxemia to have arterial thrombosis is high. (OR 4.758; 95% IK 1.460-15.505; p= 0.006).

Conclusion. This prospective study has demonstrated the significant association between hypoxemia in cyanotic congenital heart disease with post catheterization arterial thrombosis. The risk for having thrombosis is high in cyanotic congenital heart disease."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Insulin receptor substrate-1 IRS-1 merupakan protein adaptor yang berada di sitoplasma dan memiliki peran penting dalam insulin signaling pathway. Adanya perubahan informasi genetik berupa polimorfisme pada gen IRS-1 diduga kuat berkontribusi terhadap kejadian resistensi insulin akibat terganggunya kaskade insulin signaling di sejumlah jaringan. Gangguan kaskade insulin signaling di pembuluh darah, terutama yang melibatkan PI3K menyebabkan penurunan sintesis NO yang selanjutnya akan berdampak terhadap kejadian disfungsi endotel. Polimorfisme gen IRS-1 berupa varian Gly972Arg menjadi predisposisi genetik terhadap kejadian disfungsi endotel dan penyakit kardiovaskuler.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara polimorfisme gen IRS-1 berupa varian Gly972Arg dengan kejadian disfungsi endotel yang dinilai dengan flow mediated dilation FMD .Metode: Suatu studi potong lintang dengan subjek penelitian adalah karyawan RSJPDHK yang telah menjalani penelitian IRS-1 di Divisi Litbang RSJPDHK. Didapatkan besar subjek penelitian adalah 81 orang. Data primer adalah hasil pemeriksaan FMD, sedangkan data sekunder diambil dari rekam medis. Genotyping IRS-1 rs1801278 diperiksa menggunakan alat Real Time PCR Applied Biosystem tipe ABI 7500 menggunakan metode Taq Man Assay dan pemeriksaan FMD dengan alat Aloka Prosound yang dilakukan di Divisi Vaskuler RSJPDHK.Hasil: Terdapat 81 subjek yang diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Subjek dibagi dalam 3 kelompok, yakni grup wildtype/CC 14 orang , heterozigot/CT 52 orang , dan homozigot mutan/TT 15 orang . Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara polimorfisme gen IRS-1 berupa varian Gly972Arg dengan disfungsi endotel p= 0,019 . Setelah dilakukan penyesuaian terhadap merokok, hipertensi, diabetes melitus dan sindroma metabolik terdapat kecenderungan meningkatnya risiko disfungsi endotel berdasarkan pola polimorfisme OR 12,8; IK 95 1,5-106; p 0,018 pada grup CT dan OR 18; IK 95 1,8-183,3; p 0,015 pada grup TT .Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara polimorfisme gen IRS-1 berupa varian Gly972Arg dengan disfungsi endotel yang dinilai menggunakan FMD. Kata kunci: Insulin receptor substrate-1, polimorfisme gen, varian Gly972Arg, disfungsi endotel, flow mediated dilation

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ABSTRACT<>br>Background Insulin receptor substrate 1 functions as one of the key downstream signaling molecules in the insulin receptor signaling pathways. Insulin has multiple physiological effects on the vascular tissues including regulation of the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase eNOS . This regulatory effect of insulin on endothelial function is mediated via the activation of the signaling pathway involving the insulin receptor insulin receptor substrate 1 IRS 1 phosphoinositide 3 kinase PI3K . Thus genetic changes in IRS 1 may potentially contribute toward the development of insulin resistance. Gly972Arg IRS 1 variant may contribute to the genetic predisposition to develop endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the interaction between Gly972Arg IRS 1 variant and endothelial dysfunction in vivo.Objective To investigate the genetic polymorphism and its relationship with endothelial dysfunction measured by flow mediated dilation FMD .Methods 81 subjects were genotyped for the Gly972Arg IRS 1 polymorphism using Taq Man method. FMD was performed using Aloka Prosound at the Vascular clinic.Results 81 subjects were clustered into three groups CC 17,3 , CT 64,2 and TT 18,5 . There was a significant relationship between Gly972Arg IRS 1 variant and endothelial dysfunction measured by FMD p 0,019 . After adjustment of smoking status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, there was an increased risk between Gly972Arg IRS 1 variant with endothelial dysfunction OR 12,8 95 CI 1,5 to 106 p 0,018 in CT group and OR 18 95 CI 1,8 to 183,3 p 0,015 in TT group .Conclusion Gly972Arg IRS 1 variant may be a significant genetic determinant for endothelial dysfunction measured by FMD."

"Latar belakang. Perubahan fungsi endotel mendahului proses perubahan morfologi dan berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan lesi aterosklerosis dan progresinya. Evaluasi dengan menggunakan metode non invasif FMD (flow mediated dilation) brakial memberikan informasi inkonsisten mengenai ekstensi dan beratnya aterosklerosis koroner terkait disfungsi endotel. Penelitian ini akan melihat korelasi nilai FMD brakial dengan derajat beratnya stenosis arteri koroner. Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu penelitian potong lintang. Evaluasi dilakukan pada 85 pasien yang menjalani angiografi koroner elektif di Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita dan memenuhi kriteria inklusi sejak Januari hingga Oktober 2012. Korelasi nilai FMD brakial dengan beratnya stenosis penyakit arteri koroner (PAK) menggunakan Skor Gensini dinilai dengan analisis regresi linier. Hasil. FMD brakial memiliki korelasi negatif dengan Skor Gensini (R= -0,227; P= 0,037). Hipertensi memiliki korelasi negatif dengan nilai FMD brakial (R= -0,235; P= 0,032). Jenis kelamin laki-laki memiliki korelasi positif dengan nilai FMD brakial (R= 0,220; P= 0,040). Kesimpulan. Nilai FMD brakial memiliki korelasi negatif yang lemah dengan Skor Gensini.

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Background. Endothelial dysfunction precedes the development of morphological changes and contributes to atherosclerotic lesion development and progression. Evaluation using non invasive method such as brachial FMD (flow mediated dilation) has given inconsistent information for extension and coronary atherosclerotic severity regarding endothelial dysfunction. This research will evaluate the correlation between brachial FMD and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) stenosis.

Methods. It was a cross sectional study. Evaluations were performed in 85 patients who had followed elective coronary angiography and fulfilled inclusion criteria in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita since January until October of 2012. Correlation between brachial FMD and severity of CAD stenosis (Gensini score) was evaluated using linear regression analysis.

Results. Brachial FMD had negative correlation with Gensini score (R= -0,227; P= 0,037). Hypertension had negative correlation with brachial FMD (R= -0,235; P= 0,032). Male gender had positive correlation with brachial FMD (R= 0,220; P=0,040).

Conclusion. There was weak negative correlation between brachial FMD and Gensini score."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang. Abnormalitas fungsi vena terkait inflamasi dan hipertensi vena merupakan dasar patofisiologi insufisiensi vena kronik. Pembuktian hubungan faktor inflamasi lokal pada jaringan vena dengan fungsional vena menjadi penting ketika vena yang diteliti akan menjadi konduit vena pada Bedah Pintas Arteri Koroner (BPAK) dan evaluasi patensinya berpengaruh pada mortalitas dan morbiditas pasien Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK).Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang dari 35 sampel jaringan vena saphena magna pasien PJK yang diambil untuk konduit vena pada BPAK dan telah diperiksa IVK menggunakan Duplex Ultrasound (DUS) dengan parameter time refluks, periode bulan September sampai November 2014 di Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita. Untuk analisa hitung jumlah leukosit dilakukan pewarnaan Hematoxyllin eosin pada jaringan vena oleh ahli patologi anatomi. Analisis statistik dilakukan untuk mencari hubungan antara hitung jumlah leukosit jaringan vena dengan time refluks vena saphena magna.Hasil. Analisa statistik dengan Chi square didapatkan perbedaan bermakna peningkatan jumlah leukosit jaringan vena pada pasien insufisiensi vena kronik dibandingkan normal (52,63 % vs 18,755) dengan nilai P 0,039. Analisa lebih lanjut dengan rasio odd, dimana pasien dengan peningkatan jumlah leukosit jaringan vena memiliki 4 kali lipat kemungkinan menderita insufisiensi vena kronik (Crude OR 4,81; CI 95% 1.02 - 22.57; P value 0.046), dan setelah dianalisa menggunakan variabel perancu usia, jenis kelamin, Diabetes mellitus, Hipertensi, Perokok, Dislipidemia, adjusted OR bertambah menjadi 6 kali lipat (Adjusted OR 6,66; CI 95% 1.16 - 38.31; P value 0.033)Kesimpulan. Terdapat hubungan antara nilai inflamasi lokal dengan parameter hitung jumlah lekosit jaringan vena dengan fungsi vena pada pasien insufisiensi vena kronik dengan parameter time refluks yang diperiksa dengan DUS.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Venous function abnormality associated with inflammation and venous hypertension is the main pathophysiology of Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI). Proving the relationship between local inflammation factors in venous tissue and its function became an important point because the veins studied are used as a conduit for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) procedure, and its patency evaluation will affect the mortality and morbidity rate in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, evaluating 35 Great Saphenous Veins (GSV) tissues taken as conduit for CABG procedure from CAD patients that have been previously examined using Duplex Ultrasound (DUS) for GSV reflux time from September-November 2014 at National Cardiac Centre Harapan Kita. Vein tissue samples were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and the vein tissue leucocyte count were evaluated by an independent anatomical pathologist. Reflux time and vein tissue leukocyte count results were then grouped into 2 categories each and analysed with chi-square test to assess the relationship between the two variablesResult: There was significant difference of elevated leukocyte count evaluated in patients with CVI according to DUS reflux time (52,63%) compared to normal ones (18.75%) (p=0.039). The risk for patients with elevated total leukocyte count to develop CVI was 4 times greater than those who have normal count (crude OR 4.81; 95% CI 1.02 to 22.57; p=0.046) and after adjusted for confounding factors, such as age, sex, and history of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidaemia, the risk was increased into 6 times (adjusted OR 6.66; 95% CI 1.16 to 38.31; p=0.033).Conclusion: There is significant relationship between local inflammatory factors, evaluated using total leukocyte count, with venous functions, evaluated using DUS reflux time, in CVI patients.;Background: Venous function abnormality associated with inflammation and venous hypertension is the main pathophysiology of Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI). Proving the relationship between local inflammation factors in venous tissue and its function became an important point because the veins studied are used as a conduit for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) procedure, and its patency evaluation will affect the mortality and morbidity rate in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, evaluating 35 Great Saphenous Veins (GSV) tissues taken as conduit for CABG procedure from CAD patients that have been previously examined using Duplex Ultrasound (DUS) for GSV reflux time from September-November 2014 at National Cardiac Centre Harapan Kita. Vein tissue samples were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and the vein tissue leucocyte count were evaluated by an independent anatomical pathologist. Reflux time and vein tissue leukocyte count results were then grouped into 2 categories each and analysed with chi-square test to assess the relationship between the two variablesResult: There was significant difference of elevated leukocyte count evaluated in patients with CVI according to DUS reflux time (52,63%) compared to normal ones (18.75%) (p=0.039). The risk for patients with elevated total leukocyte count to develop CVI was 4 times greater than those who have normal count (crude OR 4.81; 95% CI 1.02 to 22.57; p=0.046) and after adjusted for confounding factors, such as age, sex, and history of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidaemia, the risk was increased into 6 times (adjusted OR 6.66; 95% CI 1.16 to 38.31; p=0.033).Conclusion: There is significant relationship between local inflammatory factors, evaluated using total leukocyte count, with venous functions, evaluated using DUS reflux time, in CVI patients., Background: Venous function abnormality associated with inflammation and venous hypertension is the main pathophysiology of Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI). Proving the relationship between local inflammation factors in venous tissue and its function became an important point because the veins studied are used as a conduit for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) procedure, and its patency evaluation will affect the mortality and morbidity rate in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, evaluating 35 Great Saphenous Veins (GSV) tissues taken as conduit for CABG procedure from CAD patients that have been previously examined using Duplex Ultrasound (DUS) for GSV reflux time from September-November 2014 at National Cardiac Centre Harapan Kita. Vein tissue samples were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and the vein tissue leucocyte count were evaluated by an independent anatomical pathologist. Reflux time and vein tissue leukocyte count results were then grouped into 2 categories each and analysed with chi-square test to assess the relationship between the two variablesResult: There was significant difference of elevated leukocyte count evaluated in patients with CVI according to DUS reflux time (52,63%) compared to normal ones (18.75%) (p=0.039). The risk for patients with elevated total leukocyte count to develop CVI was 4 times greater than those who have normal count (crude OR 4.81; 95% CI 1.02 to 22.57; p=0.046) and after adjusted for confounding factors, such as age, sex, and history of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidaemia, the risk was increased into 6 times (adjusted OR 6.66; 95% CI 1.16 to 38.31; p=0.033).Conclusion: There is significant relationship between local inflammatory factors, evaluated using total leukocyte count, with venous functions, evaluated using DUS reflux time, in CVI patients.]"

"Latar Belakang: Perempuan dengan preeklampsia memiliki resiko tinggi terhadap penyakit kardiovaskuler 5-15 tahun pasca kehamilan. Disfungsi endotel diperkirakan menjadi patogenesis manifestasi klinik preeklampsia dan penghubung antara preeklampsia dan kejadian kardivaskular setelah kehamilan. Nilai flow mediated vasodilation (FMD) dari arteri brakhialis pada sebagian subset preeklampsia tetap rendah 3-10 tahun pasca-melahirkan. Proteinuria pada preeklampsia secara etiologi juga berhubungan dengan disfungsi endotel glomerulus. Namun, tidak seperti pada populasi hipertensi dan diabetes mellitus, sampai saat ini belum diketahui bagaimana korelasi antara nilai proteinuria dengan nilai FMD pada populasi preeklampsia. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan/korelasi antara proteinuria terhadap nilai FMD pada preeklampsia sebelum dan sesudah melahirkan. Metode: Studi prospektif dilakukan di tiga rumah sakit. Subyek preeklampsia yang akan diterminasi dan sesuai kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi diperiksa nilai FMD dan rasio protein-kreatinin urinnya (RPKU) sebelum melahirkan, 48-72 jam setelah melahirkan dan pasca-nifas. Data kemudian diolah dengan analisis bivariat dan multivariat untuk mengetahui korelasi antara rasio protein-kreatinin urin dengan nilai FMD dan perubahannya sebelum dan setelah melahirkan. Hasil Penelitian: Sebanyak 30 perempuan preeklampsia diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Rerata nilai FMD sebelum melahirkan, 48-72 jam pasca-melahirkan dan follow up pasca-nifas adalah 5.46 ± 0.27 ,, 6.10 ± 0.35 dan 8.14 ± 2.48 ( p <0.001). Ditemukan 40 % subyek masih dengan FMD < 7 saat pemeriksaan pasca-nifas (40-60 hari). Uji korelasi bivariat menunjukkan korelasi dengan arah negatif yang kuat antara proteinuria (RPKU) pasca-nifas dengan nilai FMD pascanifas (r= -0.73, p <0.001) , dan nilai RPKU sebelum melahirkan berhubungan dengan rendahnya FMD pasca-nifas dan perubahan (delta) FMD sebelum-sesudah melahirkan. Tidak diperoleh korelasi bermakna antara proteinuria dan nilai FMD sebelum melahirkan. Analisis multivariat dengan regresi linier membuktikan korelasi yang independen antara proteinuria dan nilai FMD pasca-nifas dan delta FMD. Kesimpulan: Studi ini menegaskan korelasi yang kuat yang arahnya negatif antara nilai proteinuria pasca-melahirkan dengan nilai flow mediated dilation pasca melahirkan pada subyek preeklampsi dan semakin tinggi nilai proteinuria sebelum melahirkan berhubungan dengan rendahnya perubahan FMD sebelum dan sesudah melahirkan.

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Background: Endothelial dysfunction was associated with both of the predisposition of preeclampsia and the later development of vascular disease. Flow mediated dilation (FMD) was reduced in preeclamptic women and persist after delivery in several cases. Proteinuria in preeclampsia was also a manifestation of endothelial dysfunction in kidney, but there was no data untill now showing the correlation of FMD and the level of proteinuria in preeclamptic woman.

Objectives: To asses the correlation between urine protein-creatinine ratio and flow mediated dilation (FMD) before and after delivery in preeclamptic women.

Methods: Women with a diagnosis of preeclampsia and planned for termination were enrolled for the study. History of hypertension before 20 weeks of gestation, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease became exclusion criterias. The FMD was studied through the use of high resolution vascular ultrasound examination of brachial artery for 3 times; before delivery, 48-72 hours after delivery and 40-60 days after delivery. Urine protein-creatinine ratio (UPCR) was measured twice; prior to delivery and 40-60 days after delivery. Correlation between them was then evaluated.

Results: Thirty patients were enrolled in this study. The mean ages was 29.5±6,4 years old. FMD was improved after delivery, 5.46 ± 0.27 % (before delivery) & 8.14 ± 2.48 % ( p <0.001) 40-60 days after delivery. Bivariates analysis showed that after delivery, there was an inverse correlation between UPCR with FMD (r=0,735 p<0,0001). UPCR prior to delivery also has inverse correlation with FMD after delivery (r= -0.55.p=0.002) and with the change of FMD before and after delivery (r= -0.45 with p =0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that correlation between UPCR after delivery with FMD after delivery was independent.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated there was a moderate-strong correlation between urinary protein prior and after delivery with flow mediated vasodilatation of brachial artery after delivery."

"Tujuan : Mengetahui peranan NAC sebagai proteksi terjadinya penurunan fungsi ginjal pada penderita yang menjalani operasi BP AK Latar Belakang : Gangguan ginjal akut (GgGA) merupakan salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas pada pasien-pasien yang menjalani operasi bedah pintas arteri koroner (BP AK). Penurunan fungsi ginjal yang terjadi paska operasi jan tung bersifat multifaktoral antara lain : instabilitas hemodinamik perioperatif, gangguan perfusi ginjal, gangguan iskemia reperfusi, dan teraktivasinya jalur inflamasi yang pada akhirnya menimbulkan nekrosis tubular akuL Intervensi fannakologis dengan pemberian N-asetilsistein (NAC) sebagai profilaksis GgGA paska operasi BP AK masih banyak diperdebatkan. Namun efikasi NAC cukup menjanjikan sebagai profilaksis GgGA paska operasi berkaitan dengan efek vasodilator dan anti oksidan yang poten. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan percobaan klinik tersamar tunggal dengan randomisasi (Randomized clinical trial = RC1) pada penderita yang menjalani operasi BPAK di Departemen Kardiologi dan Kedokteran Vaskular FKUII PJNHK. dari bulan Mei 2011 sampai dengan bulan Agustus 2011 yang mernnuhi kriteria penerimaan. Subjek penelitian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok antara kelompok perlakuan (NAC) yang mendapat NAC sebelum dan sesudah operasi BP AK dan kelompok kontrol. Dilakukan penghitungan nilai rerata dan simbang baku maupun nilai median hila sebaran data tidak normal. Pengujian kemaknaan statistik dilakukan dengan uji Student t bagi hubungan antara variabel kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hubungan antara dua variabel kualitatif diuji dengan Chi Square test. Pengambilan kesimpulan statistik didasarkan pada batas kemaknaan sebesar < 0.05. Hasil : Dari 124 subjek yang berpartisipasi pada studi ini, angka kejadian GgGA didapatkan sebanyak 27 subjek (21.8%). NAC yang diberikan pada kelompok perlakuan temyata hanya bermanfaat secara bermakna menurunkan risiko GgGA selama 6 jam paska operasi (RIFLE- Risk) dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol masing-masing dengan 5 (8 .1%) vs 18 (29.0%), P= 0.003 . Selanjutnya selama pengamatan penurunan fungsi ginjal dalam 12 jam (RIFLE-Injury) sampai 48 jam (RIFLE-Failure) tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol masing-masing dengan 4 (6.5%) vs 3 (4.8%), P= 1.000 dan 4 (6.5%) vs 1 (1.6%), P= 0.365.

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Aim of the study : To analyze the role ofN- Acetylcysteine (NAC) as the prophylaxis against Acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Background : AKI is one of the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who underwent CABG. AKI following CABG had multifactoral causes namely : perioperative haemodynamic instability, renal perfusion mismatch, ischemia reperfusion injury, and activation of inflammation pathway which consequently causing acute tubular necrosis. Pharmacological intervention by the administration of NAC as the prophylaxis of AKI following CABG surgery was still the matter of controversy. However, it's still promising regarding its own efficacy as vasodilator and potential anti oxidant Methode : A prospective randomized clinical trial, placebo-controlled, singl~blind study was conducted in patients who underwent CABG surgery at the Department Of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia/ National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita Jakarta from May 2011 until August 2011. After being approved by the local ethic committee and written informed consents, subjects were randomly assigned to receive NAC before and after surgery or placebo. All data were analyzed with the calculation of either mean and standard deviation or median whenever abnormal variance was noted. Statistical analyze was performed with Student t test to qualitative and quantitative variables. The association of two qualitative variables was analyzed using Chi Square test. Statistical conclusion was based on the P value ofless than 0.05 Result : There were 124 subjects participating in this study. The incidence of AKI was found in 27 (21.8%) subjects. NAC only showed significantly efficacious in reducing AKI within 6 hours after CABG (RIFLE- Risk) with 5 (8.1 %) subjects with NAC vs 18 (29.0%) subjects with placebo consecutively with P value 0.003. Further observation in the presence of AKI within 12 hours (RIFLE-Injury) till24 hours post operative (RIFLE-Failure) showed no significant difference between NAC and placebo with 4 (6.5%) patients vs 3 (4.8%) patients with P= 1.000 and 4 (6.5%) patients vs 1 (1.6%) with P = 0.365 consecutively. Conclusion : The administration of NAC did not significantly prevent AKI following CABG surgery but only lowered the risk of AKI within 6 hours post operative (RIFLE-R)"