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Abstrak :
Tujuan penelitian awal lni adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian laktoferin sapi terbedap jumlah limfosit CD4+ penderita HIV positif dewasa. Penelitian dilakukan di POKDISUS AIDS RSUPNCM Jakarta, mulai bulan Februari 2010 sampai dengan bulan April2010. Dua puluh delapan subyak yang diseleksi dari pasien HIV positif dengan metode consecutive sampling mengikuti penelitian ini dari awal sampai akhir. Semua subyek diberi kapsul berisi 200 mg laktoferin sapL Kapsul diminum setiap hari satu butir selama enam minggu. Data dikumpulkan sebelum dan sesudah pemberian kapsul laktoferin melalui wawanoara, pengukuran antropometrik, dan pemerikarum laboratorium darah untuk penentuan jumiah limfosit CD4'. Data asupan makanan direntukan dengan menggunakan metode food recall lx24 jam dan food record 3x24 jam pada awal dan akhir penelitian. Nilai rerata jumlah limfosit CD4+ sebelum pemberian laktoferin adalah 231,85 ± 122,89 seVL (50,00-731,00 seVf!L) sesudah enam minggu perlakuan. Uji Wilcoxon terhadap kadua nilai tersebut, tidak berbeda bermakna (p=0,22). Sahelum diberikan laktoferin, nilai rerata jumlah limfusit CD4+ subyek yang belum mendapat ARV adalah 302,33 ± 132,79 seV tL dan meningkat menjadi 345,33 ± 202,33 sell tL pada akhir penelitian. Respon serupa ditemukan pula pada subyek yang telah mendapat ARV di mana jumiah limfosit CD4' sebelum pemberian laktoferin adalah 178,00 ± 84,77 seii L, 122,66 seV tL. Uji t be!pasangan terhadap peningkatan jumlah Jimfosit CD4+ antara subyek yang sudah dan belum mentiapat ARV, temyata tidak berbeda bermakna (p=0,12). Perbaikan jumlah limfosit CD4+ sesudah pemberian laktoferin terjadi pada 7 (58,33%) dari 12 subyek yang belum mendapat ARV dan pnda 9 (56,25%) dari 16 subyek yang mendapat ARV. Uji Chi-Square menunjukkan bahwa perbaikan jumlah limfosit CD4+ pada kedua kelompok. ......The aim of this preliminary study is to find out the effect of bovine lactoferin administration on CD4+ lymphocyte count of adult H!V-infected patients. "!he study was conducted from February to April 2010, at POKDJSUS AIDS Department of Internal Medicine, Central District Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital (RSUPNCM) Jakarta. Subjects were selected from HIV-positive patients and only 2& were fully participated in the study. Capsules containing 200 mg of bovine lactoferrin were taken orally by all subjects once a day fur six weeks. Data were collected before and after bovine lactoferrin administration by interview, anthropometric measurement, and laboratory examination of blood for determining CD4+ lymphocyte count. Daily dietary intake data were determined by using I x 24 hour food recall and 3 x 24 hour food record at the beginning and at the end of the study. Mean value of CD4.._ lymphocyte count before lactoferrin administration was 231.85 ± 122.89 cells/j.tL and increased to median value of 236.50 cells/j.tL (50.00-731.00 cellslj.tL) after six weeks intervention. Wilcoxon test on the above values showed no significant difference (IF0.22). Mean value of CD4+ lymphocyte count of untreated subjects with ARV before lactoferrin administration was 302.33 ± 132.79 cellsiJ.lL and increased to 345.33 ± 202.33 cells/j.!L at the end of study. 1he same response was also found in treated subjects with ARV where the mean value of CD4'" lymphocyte count increased from 78.00 ± 84.77 cells/).IL before lactoferrin administration to 204.38 ± 122.66 cells/J.tL, thereafter. Paired t-test on the increased CD4+ lymphocyte count between treated and untreated subjects with ARV showed no significant difference (JFO.I2). The improvement of CD4+ lymphocyte count after lactoferrin administration was seen in 7 out of 12 untreated subjects (58.33%) and in 9 out of 16 treated subject? with ARV (56.25%). Chi-Square's test showed that the improvement on both groups was not significant (p 0.91).

Abstrak :
Menarche dini merupakan salah satu faktor risiko kanker payudara yang berhubungan dengan lama pajanan estrogen. Penelitian mengenai faktor-faktor risiko menarche dini belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan gizi, antropometri dan komposisi tubuh, serta aktivitas fisik dengan kadar estradiol dan menarche dini. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang dengan subjek remaja putri 13-15 tahun di Jakarta, sejak Januari 2014 sampai Januari 2015. Analisis asupan gizi dilakukan dengan metode 24-hour recall dan Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) semikuantitatif. Variabel antropometrik dan komposisi tubuh meliputi berat badan, tinggi badan, indeks massa tubuh (IMT), dan persentase lemak tubuh. Namun ditambahkan pengukuran lingkar lengan atas (LLA) dan lingkar pinggang (LP). Aktivitas fisik dinilai dengan Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ). Kadar estradiol serum diukur pada fase folikuler. Menarche dini adalah usia saat menstruasi pertama kali kurang dari 12 tahun. Terdapat 189 remaja putri usia13-15 tahun yang dilibatkan dari 8 SMP di Jakarta. Asupan gizi remaja putri berdasarkan PUGS cukup karbohidrat, kurang protein, tinggi lemak, dan rendah serat. Berdasarkan kriteria z-score IMT/U dari WHO, ditemukan sebanyak 3,2% gizi kurang, 73,5% normal, 18% mengalami overweight dan 5,3% mengalami obese. Lebih dari 90% subjek penelitian memiliki aktivitas fisik rendah. Proporsi menarche dini pada penelitian ini 22,8%. Kadar estradiol berkorelasi positif dengan asupan energi, protein, dan lemak. Berdasarkan kategori asupan, median estradiol berhubungan dengan asupan karbohidrat dan lemak. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara kadar estradiol dan LLA, LP serta z-score IMT/U. Terdapat hubungan antara menarche dini dan variabel-variabel antropometrik LLA dan LP serta z-score IMT/U. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara menarche dini, asupan gizi, aktivitas fisik, dan kadar estradiol. Faktor determinan kadar estradiol adalah asupan energi, protein, lemak dan zscore IMT/U, sedangkan faktor determinan menarche dini adalah LP. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa untuk menurunkan faktor risiko kanker payudara, perlu memperhatikan faktor-faktor yang terkait kadar estradiol dan menarch. ......Early menarche has been known as a risk factor of breast cancer because its association with the length of exposure time to estrogen. There are not much studies has been done on risk factors of early menarche. The aim of this study was to know the association among nutritional intake, anthropometry and body composition, physical activity, estradiol level and early menarche. This was a cross-sectional study involving adolescent girls aged 13-15 years in Jakarta, between January 2014 and January 2015. Interview on nutritional intakes were done by using the 24-hour recall and semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ). The anthropometric and body composition variables included body weight, body height, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage; however, additional variables were also measured, i.e. mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and waist circumference (WC). Physical activity was assessed by using the Physical Activity Questionnaires (PAQ). Serum estradiol levels was measured during follicular phase. Early menarche was defined if the first menstruation occurred before the age of 12 years. There were 189 adolescent girls enrolled in this study from 8 junior high schools in Jakarta. Based on guidelines of balanced nutrition, nutritiotional intake of adolescent girls were adequate carbohydrate intake, low protein intake, high fat intake, and low fiber intake. based on the WHO z-scores of BMI per age, there was 3,2% underweight, 73,5% normal, 18% overweight and 5,3% obese subjects. More than 90% of the study subjects had mild physical activity. The proportion of early menarche was 22.8%. Estradiol level was positive correlated with the intakes of energy, protein, and fat. Based on the diet intake category, median estradiol level was associate with the intakes of carbohydrate and fat. There was a negative correlation between estradiol level and MUAC, WC, and z-scores BMI per age. There was an association between early menarche and antrophometric measures (MUAC and WC) and z-scores BMI per age. No association was found between early menarche and nutritional intake, physical activity, or estradiol level. Determinant factors of estradiol level were the intakes of energy, protein, fat, and z-score BMI per age; while determinant factor of early menarche was waist circumference. To conclude, in order to reduce breast cancer risk, we should paid attention on factors associated with increased estradiol level and early menarche i.e. fat intake, physical acitivity and normal body weight.