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Abstrak :
Serelah adanya krisis moneter pada tahun 1991 yang mana salah satu penyebabnya adalah kekurang hati-hatian dari banyak pemaahaan besar dalam mengelola keuangannya pada saat tersebut banyak peruqahaan mengambil pinjaman dalam valuta asing terutama USD, walaupun pendapatan yang diperoleh untuk membayar hutangnya tersebut dalam mata uang rupiah. Hal ini disebabkan oleh karena besarnya selisih tingkat bunga rupiah dengan tingkat bunga pinjaman valuta asing dan dilain pihak kurs rupiah terhadap mata uang asing sangatlah kuat. Krisis ekonomi mengakibatkan perusahaan- perusahaan mengalami kesulitan dalam membayar hutangnya yang dalam valula asing tersebut, dan pada akhirnya mengakibatkan kebangkitan. Belajar dari hal tersebut diatas, timbul kebutuhan akan instrument derivatif guna menutup resiko yang diakibatkan oleh perubahan kurs mata uang asing dan juga perubahan tingkat bunga. Pada saal ini banyak jenis-jenis derivatif yang digunakan oleh perbankan dan perusahaan-perusahaan lainnya dalam mengelola resikonya. lnstrument derivatif dirasakan semakin cepat variasi nya demikian juga jumlah transaksinya. Dilain pihak salah satu tujuan ulama dari pajak adalah untuk meningkatkan penerimaan negara Untuk ini diperlukan peraturan perpajakan yang memberikan kepastian hukum, bersifat adil, tidak menimbulkan distorsi dalam perekonomian atau tidak menggangu arus modal masuk yang dibutuhkan hagi pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pada akhirnya juga haruslah ekonomis dalam hal administrasinya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara studi kepustakaan yang diperoleh melalui buku, artikel penelitian. peraturan-peraluran perpajakan yang berlaku , Selain itu juga dilakukan pencarian informasi kepada pejabat dibidang perpajakan, konsulen pajak dan wajib pajak. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, menunjukkan belum adanya peraturan perpajakan yang komprehensif dalam hal derivalif. Hal ini disebabkan karena demikian majunya instrument derivatif, sehingga kebanyakan lebih melihat hakekat ekonominya dan menggunakan prinsip-prinsip akuntansi yang berlaku saja untuk memperhitungkan pajak atas transaksi derivatif. Selain itu juga dari uraian dapat dilihat peraturan-peraturan yang dibuat terkadang lebih mementingkan penerimaan pajak dan kurang memperhatikan hakikat ekonomi dari derivatif itu sendiri. Pada akhirnya disarankan untuk melakukan penelitian yang Iebih mendalam dan komprehensif untuk perpajakan atas transaksi derivalif yang mana melibatkan ahli-ahli dalam instrument derivatif seperti Bank Indonesia. Sehingga dapat diciptakan peraturan perpajakan yang dapat meningkaikan penerimaan negara dan dilain pihak hakekat ekonomi tetap diperhatikan sehingga tidak menggangu penumbuhan perekonomian.

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Alier financial crisis in 1997, in which one of the causes is imprudence of big companies in managing their financial matter, many companies have taken loan in foreign currency whereas their income for paying their debt is in rupiah. This happen due to interest rate of rupiah higher than interest rate of foreign currency and also exchange rate of rupiah is relatively strong compare to other currency. The economic crisis caused many companies face difficulty in paying their debt in foreign currency and finally resulted in bankruptcy. Learning from this problem, there is a need of derivative instruments to mitigate risk offoreign exchange rate and interest rate. Currently there are many types of derivatives used by banks and other companies for risk management. Derivative instruments growth so fast both in types and amount of transactions. On the other side, one of the main objectives of tax is increase the government revenue. Due to that, there is a need for tax regulation which give certainty in law, equality, and not distorting economic or incoming fund which is needed for economic growth and linally should be efficient in administrative matter. This research was done through library study from books, articles and current tax regulations. In addition to that, searching of information was also done by interviewing tax officer, tax consultant and companies. Result of the research shows that there are no comprehensive tax regulation for derivative. This is due to the advances of derivative instrument therefore mostly look at the economic substance and using accounting principle in calculating tax on derivative. On the other hand, from the analysis it is found that in some taxes regulation that has been made occasionally put the importance ofgetting the tax revenue and less attention to the economic substance of derivative itsellf. Finally, it suggests that a comprehensive research should be conducted for taxation on derivatives transaction which shall involve expetts in derivative instruments such the Central Bank. This will result in creating tax regulation that will increase govemment revenue and on the other side will as well put attention to the economic substance, so that will not distort the economic growth.

Abstrak :
Sejalan dengan semakin berkembangnya perdagangan antar negara dan semakin intesifnya transaksi antar negara, maka transaski perdagangan dan arus investasi dari satu negara ke negara lain juga semakin banyak, di sisi lain masing-masing negara mempunyai yuridiksi perpajakan yang berbeda sehingga mengakibatkan terhambatnya interaksi antar negara tersebut yang berarti menghambat penciptaan iklim investasi yang kondusif bagi investor asing. Setiap negara mempunyai undang-undang pajak yang berbeda dalam hal menentukan hak pemajakan internasionalnya, baik yang menyangkut obyek maupun subyek pajak. Hal ini mengakibatkan terjadinya pengenaan pajak berganda apabila dua yuridiksi pajak tersebut berinteraksi sebagai akibat dari terjadinya economical cross boorder transaction. Oleh karena itu suatu perjanjian penghindaran pajak berganda (tax treaty) antara dua negara sangat penting untuk memecahkan permasalahan tersebut. Melihat kenyataan tersebut, diperlukan suatu proses kompromi untuk membagi hak pemajakan antar dua negara tersebut terhadap economical cross boorder transaction yang dalam bentuk perjanjian dimana pada hakikatnya merupakan distributive rules. Perjanjian perpajakan yang semula bertujuan untuk menghindari pengenaan pajak berganda pada akhirnya justru dimanfaatkan oleh wajib pajak, khususnya perusahaan multinasional untuk memaksimalkan laba karena berpotensi dilakukannya praktik penghindaran pajak internasional (internasional tax avoidance) yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan isi dari setiap perjanjian antara treaty partner yang dikenal sebagai treaty shopping atau treaty abuse. Dalam hubungan inilah muncul istilah: tax avoidance, treaty shopping, dan beneficial owner, dimana tax avoidance merupakan tindakan menghindari pajak dengan cara yang tidak sesuai dengan original spirit perumus kebijakan pajak, akan tetapi karena ketentuan pajaknya belum diatur dengan jelas, maka terhadap praktik penghindaran pajak tersebut, pihak otoritas pajak tidak dapat berbuat apa-apa, kecuali diatur mengenai anti avoidance rule. Fakta di lapangan tentang praktik treaty shopping yang sempat menjadi isu publik dan dimuat di media massa, antara lain dilakukan oleh PT Indofood Sukses Makmur melalui pembentukan Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) bernama Indofood International Finance, Ltd. di Mauritius sebagai sebuah negara berpredikat Tax Heaven Country (THC). Selain itu terdapat juga beberapa perusahaan yang mempraktikkan treaty shopping, yaitu: PT Indosat, PT Excelcomindo Pratama, Paiton Energy, ArindoGlobal, PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa, anak perusahaan HeidelbergCement AG. Pokok permasalahan dalam tesis ini adalah kajian Anti Treaty Shopping Rule didalam tax treaty Indonesia dengan tax haven country, dengan menjelaskan definisi Beneficial owner didalam setiap treaty. Dampak dari tidak adanya Anti Treaty Shopping Rule tersebut terhadap tax avoidance melalui rekayasa transaksi bisnis dari dan ke luar negeri, dengan menutupi informasi tentang identitas sebenarnya dari pelaku utama yang sebetulnya mempunyai hak yaitu Beneficial Owner. Hal ini yang menyebabkan suburnya SPV-SPV yang bermunculan yang tidak sesuai dengan spirit pembuat kebijakan perpajakan tetapi hanya untuk menghindari pajak. Dalam rangka menganalisis pokok masalah tersebut, Penulis merumuskannya dalam bentuk pertanyaan sebagai berikut : (i) Bagaimana teknik-teknik treaty abuse dilakukan sehubungan dengan pembentukan Special Purpose Vehicle di Tax Haven Country? (ii) Apakah konsep Limitation On Benefits dalam OECD, United Nation dan USA Model untuk menentukan beneficial owner bisa diterapkan didalam pembuatan tax treaty antara Indonesia dengan Tax Haven Country sehingga mempunyai peranan dalam mencegah treaty abuse? Untuk menjawab rumusan pertanyaan di atas. Penulis melakukan penelitian dengan pendekatan analisis data kualitatif dengan tipe penelitian deskriptif (descriptive research) dimana penulis menguraikan data yang berupa informasi dan teori yang diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan, kemudian melakukan analisis data tersebut untuk memecahkan pokok permasalahan yang telah dirumuskan sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan memberikan saran dan pemahaman atas konsep Anti Treaty Shopping dalam upaya pencegahan treaty abuse dalam perpajakan internasional. Dengan demikian penelitian ini tidak menguji sebuah teori atau mencari korelasi dari dua atau lebih variabel, tetapi mendeskripsikan suatu permasalahan yang diangkat dari suatu masalah pokok. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari literatur, buku, dokumen, dan jurnal penelitian yang memiliki relevansi dengan tema penelitian ini. Untuk mencapai tingkat obyektifitas yang optimal, wawancara dilakukan terhadap narasumber sebagai berikut: Direktorat Jenderal Pajak selaku otoritas pajak di Indonesia, praktisi perpajakan internasional serta masyarakat pembayar pajak (dalam hal ini pendapatnya diwakili oleh konsultan pajak). Dalam penelitian ini Penulis dapat menarik kesimpulan bahwa penyebab utama terjadinya praktik treaty shopping adalah karena di dalam tax treaty Indonesia dengan THC tidak didefinisikan dengan jelas pengertian mengenai Beneficial Owner serta tidak terdapat definisi dan syarat sebagai pengujian untuk menentukan siapa yang berhak menikmati treaty benefit tersebut. Oleh karena itu Penulis menyarankan bahwa sudah saatnya Direktorat Jenderal Pajak, memperjuangkan Anti Treaty Shopping Rule dengan memasukkan konsep Limitation on Benefit ayat-ayat dalam pasal 4 tentang pengertian ?Residence? sebagai bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari setiap tax treaty Indonesia dengan tax haven country.

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In line with the development of inter-state trade and more intensive of inter-state transaction, then trade transaction and investment flow from one state to other one also increase, on the other hand each country also has different jurisdiction of taxation so that causing impediment of inter-state interaction which means to cause trouble for the creation of conducive investment climate for foreign investor. Each country has different law of taxation in the case of determining its right of international taxation both relating to object and subject of tax. This case causes the occurrence of imposition of double taxation in the event that those two tax jurisdictions carry out interaction caused by the occurrence of economical cross border transaction. Therefore, an agreement for prevention of double taxes (tax treaty) between two states is very important in order to solve such problem. Based on such condition, compromise process is needed in order to divide taxation right between such two countries against economical cross border transaction in the form of agreement that in principle constitutes distributive rules. Taxation agreement that originally has purpose to prevent imposition of double taxation, but further is even utilized by tax payer, especially by multinational company in order to optimize profit because it has potency for conducting practice of international tax avoidance caused by the different of content of each agreement between treaty partner known as treaty shopping or treaty abuse. In this context, then the terms appear like: tax avoidance, treaty shopping, and beneficial owner, where tax avoidance constitutes action to avoid tax by method that is not pursuant to the original spirit of formulator of tax policy, but due to its tax provision has not been adjusted clearly, then against such practice of tax avoidance, tax authority can do nothing, except if it is adjusted concerning anti avoidance rule. The fact in field concerning the practice of treaty shopping that once became public issue and published in mass media, was conducted among others by PT Indofood Sukses Makmur through the establishment of Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) called Indofood International Finance, Ltd., in Mauritius as a country well known with its designation as Tax Heaven Country (THC). Besides, also there are some companies practicing treaty shopping i.e.: PT. Indosat, PT. Excelcomindo Pratama, Paiton E nergy, Arindo Global, PT. Indocement Tunggal Perkasa, subsidiary of Heidelberg Cement AG. The main issue in this thesis is the study concerning Anti Treaty Shopping Rule in tax treaty of Indonesia with tax heaven country, by explaining definition concerning Beneficial owner in each treaty. The impact of absence of Anti Treaty Shopping Rule against tax avoidance through business transaction engineering from and to abroad, by hiding information concerning actual identity of the main player that actually has right i.e., Beneficial Owner. It is this case that has caused fertility for the appearance of many SPVs the growth of which is not pursuant to the spirit of tax policy maker but it is only a tax avoidance. In the framework to analyze such main issue, the writer formulates it in the form of questions as follows: (1) How about the technique of treaty abuse is conducted relating to the establishment of Special Purpose Vehicle in Tax Heaven Country? (ii) What is the concept of Limitation On Benefits in OECD, United Nations and USA Model in order to determine that beneficial owner can be applied in the establishment of tax treaty between Indonesia and Tax Heaven Country so that having role in the prevention of treaty abuse? In order to answer the formulation of the above questions, the writer has carried out research by the approach of qualitative data analysis with the type of descriptive research where the writer describes data in the form of information and theory obtained from study of literature, then conducting analysis against such data in order to solve the main issue that has been formulated so that conclusion can be made for the purpose to provide suggestion and understanding concerning the concept of Anti Treaty Shopping in the effort to prevent treaty abuse in international taxation. Thereby, this research does not evaluate theory or look for correlation from two or more variables but describing a problem obtained from main issue. The source of data in this research is that primary data obtained from the result of interview and secondary data obtained from literature, books, documents and research journal having relevancy with the theme of this research. In order to reach the level of optimum objectivity, interview was conducted against resource persons as follows: Directorate General of Tax as Tax Authority in Indonesia, practitioner of international taxation and community of tax payers (in this case their opinion is represented by tax consultant). In this research, the writer can make conclusion that the main reason for the occurrence of practice of treaty shopping because in tax treaty of Indonesia with THC there is no clear definition concerning the understanding of Beneficial Owner and the absence of definition and requirement for the purpose of evaluation in order to determine who has right to enjoy such treaty benefit. Therefore, the writer suggests that currently it is time for Directorate General of Tax to take action to establish Anti Treaty Shopping Rule by insertion of concept of Limitation on Benefit of paragraphs contained in Article 4 concerning the understanding of ?Residence? as the integral part from each tax treaty of Indonesia with tax heaven country.

Abstrak :
Lately, many industry used fuel has shifted to coal. Based on prediction, the production of oil estimated only last until 2040. Hence, there has been increased consumption of coal as one of the potential and cheaper alternative resources of energy. In 2002-2006, production of coal has been dominated by the contractor company that used Coal Contract of Work (CCoW). The mining industry has multiple effects directly or indirectly for economic. One of the influencing negative effect is activities of mining was damaging environment. In order to secure conservation of environment, mining company ought to reclamation print mining area. These reclamation emerging cost which bear by mining company allowed to be treated as deductible expense. Reclamation cost might be to reserve then for later adjust to realization cost. When the realization cost less than reserve, can be income but when realization cost more than reserve can be deductible expense. Under this condition, its importance to control the burden of reclamation cost because reclamation cost have high amount. However, reclamation cost is not mentioned at article 6 Income Tax Law (deductible expense) but in article 9 Income Tax Law (non-deductible expense). Problems of this research is why reclamation cost can be deducted from taxable income and how does the implementation of controlling has been done by government of Indonesia related to the burden of reclamation cost The type of the research used qualitative approach. This research analyzed reclamation cost by circumstantial interview with professional coal mining, bibliography study through literatures, and data collecting which is relevant to this research, taxation rules, rules of reclamation, government regulations, other supporting regulations, and also various supporting materials which are related to fundamental problems in the form of cyber media. Reclamation cost is the cost that allocated by mining company based on work plan of mining, which reclamation cost consists not only the rehabilitation cost itself but also consists of miscellaneous cost related with rehabilitation. Reclamation cost is treated as the deduction of taxable income because activity of reclamation have been realized and later adjusted with realization cost. In addition, the other reason are to increase investment and for stated interest. The form of controlling is done by Department of Energy and Mineral Resources by deciding reclamation guarantee, which consist of time deposit, guarantee of third party and accounting reserve. By using the guarantee, Department of Energy and Mineral Resources could control implementation of reclamation and also the burden of reclamation cost implemented by mining company. Guarantee of reclamation is fund provided by mining company as guarantee for implementing reclamation in public mining sector. Beside that, the burden of reclamation cost in company finance report will be audited by public accountant. Although, from Directorate General of Taxes there is no significant controlling, the controlling will be done only when there is tax audit for the company itself even it is not regularly done. When there is no tax audit, reclamation cost can be deductible expenses according to public accountant audit.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Kasus trauma oro-maksilofasial cukup banyak yang ditangani Poliklinik Bedah Mulut Rumah Sakit Umum Tangerang. Namun masih diperlukan data tentang frekwensi, distribusi jenis kelamin, umur penderita yang mengalami trauma tersebut, jenis trauma, lokasi fraktur yang sering, penatalaksanaannya, dan hasil terapinya.

Dalam penelitian yang dilakukan selama 12 bulan ini yaitu sejak 1 oktober 1992 sainpai dengan 30 September 1993 diperoleh angka penderita trauma oro-maksilofasial di Rumah Sakit Umum Tangerang sebanyak 108 orang. Dari penelitian ini terungkap bahwa penderita terbanyak adalah laki-laki, kelompok umur yang terbanyak mengalami trauma ini adalah 21-30 tahun, sedangkan jenis trauma yang terbanyak adalah campuran jaringan lunak dan keras, serta lokasi fraktur yang paling sering adalah di daerah sepertiga tengah muka.

Dari penelitian ini juga diperoleh hasil bahwa kecelakaan lalu lintas paling banyak menyebabkan trauma oro-maksilofasial. Dan korban tersebut ternyata lebih banyak dialami oleh laki-laki. Kelompok umur yang paling banyak mengalami trauma oro-maksilofasial akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas adalah 21-30 tahun, sedangkan lokasi fraktur di regio oro-maksilofasial akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas paling banyak terjadi di daerah sepertiga tengah muka.

Pada pengamatan terlihat terapi yang dilakukan pada penderita bervariasi mulai dari pemberian obat-obatan saja, penjahitan luka, pencabutan gigi, alveolektomi, serta reposisi dan fiksasi. Kemudian dilakukan evaluasi dari terapi yang berupa tindakan. Hasilnya 69% dari penderita yang mengalami trauma jaringan lunak dan mendapat tindakan penjahitan dinyatakan sembuh. Sementara itu 64.6% penderita yang mengalami fraktur dan mendapat tindakan fiksasi dinyatakan sembuh.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Flap mukoperiosteal dan penutupannya sering dilakukan dalam praktek bedah mulut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh 2(dua) jenis bahan jahitan yaitu "synthetic absorbable polyester suture" dan "non absorbable suture" terhadap penyembuhan luka flap mukoperiosteal sesudah tindakan odontektomi molar ketiga rahang bawah impaksi kelas I posisi B mesioangular. Penilaian tingkat penyembuhan dari kedua kelompok, yang masing-masing terdiri dari 15(lima belas) dan 16(enam belas) sampel, didasarkan atas pengamatan klinis. Dengan menggunakan test Chi-square sebagai uji statistik, terungkap bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna mengenai lama penyembuhan luka flap mukoperiosteal yang dijahit dengan benang "synthetic absorbable polyester" dan "non absorbable".

Abstrak :
Keberhasilan pemungutan pajak pada dasarnya tergantung atas tiga pilar utama yaitu undang-undang, aparat dan Wajib Pajak. Unsur pertama, undangundang harus jelas, pasti dan mudah dimengerti. Unsur kedua, aparatnya. Aparat harus profesional dan memberikan contoh yang baik dan tidak sewenang-wenang. Unsur yang ketiga adalah Wajib Pajak. Wajib Pajak harus patuh dan taat terhadap ketentuan perpajakan. Kepatuhan dan ketaatan Wajib Pajak dapat terjadi bila Wajib Pajak merasa diperlakukan adil dari segi peraturan dan memperoleh pelayanan serta penghargaan dari fiskus. Yang perlu digaris bawahi adalah besarnya tarif pajak tidak boleh mematikan objek pajak dalam menjalankan usahanya. Pajak usaha jasa penyiaran dilakukan menggunakan system withholding tax dimana pemotongan pajak terhadap rumah produksi dilakukan oleh pihak ketiga dalam hal ini stasiun televisi. Tingginya biaya produksi akibat rebutan pemain pemeran dikalangan rumah produksi terutama artis-artis populer yang punya kemampuan mengangkat rating program acara menyebabkan melambungnya honor artis yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap biaya produksi. Sedangkan harga jual produksi sulit untuk ditingkatkan akibat perolehan iklan yang terbatas dengan makin banyaknya stasiun televisi yang beroperasi. Tarip pajak penyiaran sebesar 15 % sesuai PPh 23 sangat mengganggu cashfow rumah produksi. Kenyataan dilapangan seringkali rumah produksi menolak pemotongan pajak tersebut. Hal ini seringkali mengharuskan stasiun televisi mengambil jalan tengah dengan melakukan gross up yang sesungguhnya merupakan penyimpangan dari ketentuan yang berlaku serta bila fiskus melakukan crosscheck dan terdapat perbedaan angka maka pihak stasiun televisi diharuskan membayar kekurangan beserta denda sebesar 2 % setiap bulan dengan ketentuan maksimum 24 bulan. Dampak dari kondisi diatas terlihat dilapangan, selain banyak rumah produksi yang meminta perlakuan gross up terlihat pula bergugurannya rumah produksi serta banyak keseragaman acara antar stasiun TV. Dengan demikian kreativitas rumah produksi menjadi mandeg dan pemirsa dirugikan dengan disuguhi program acara dengan kualitas rendah.Deregulasi kebijakan tarif withholding tax dapat menghidupkan usaha jasa penyiaran tanpa mengurangi pemasukan negara karena dapat dialihkan ke SPT PPh badan rumah produksi yang dampaknya sangat berarti bagi pemirsa serta perolehan pajak pemerintah dimasa yang akan datang.

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The successful of the tax holding is basically depended on three main elements there are constitutions/law, Tax officer/tax collector and taxpayer. First element, the constitutions/law have to be clearly, surely and easy to understand. Second element, the tax officer. The officer have to be professional and give a good sample and not arbitrary . The Third element is taxpayer. Taxpayer have to be obedient and meekly to the taxation rules. The Obedient and taxpayer adherence can be happened when taxpayer feel fair treated in regulation facet and get the good service and appreciation from fiscus. What requires to be underlined is the level of tax rate may not stop the tax object in running its effort. Taxation of broadcasting service is using withholding tax system where the assessment withholding tax to production house is conducted by third-hand in this case is television station. The height of production cost of effect of capture of characterization player among production house especially popular artists which have ability to lift-up the program rating cause the raise-up of artists payment is reflected to the production cost. While selling price of the production is difficult to improve by an effect of finite acquirement advertisement with the more number of television station operating. The rate of taxation broadcasting of 15 % according to PPh-23 is very bothering the production house cashfow. In field fact, the production house often to refuse the assessment withholding tax. This matter oftentimes oblige the television station take a middle way by doing a gross up that truthfully represent the deviation from the standard rule and when tax officer do the crosscheck and found a difference number, so the television station is obliged to pay for the minus with fine equal to 2 % every month (maximum 24 months). The affect of that condition is seen in field, besides a lot of production house asking for a gross-up treatment, is also have been seen the fall-off the production house and also a lot of similarity program television among the television stations. Thereby, the creativities of the production house become to desist and the audience is harmed by given with the low quality of program television. Regulation of Withholding Tax Rate policy can animate the effort broadcasting service without reduce the state income because it can be transferred to SPT PPh of production house institution which its meaningful impact for the audiences and the state acquirement of tax in a future.