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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Ketika Hillary Rodham Clinton memutuskan untuk menjadi presiden, salah satu tantangan terbesarnya adalah mengatasi representasi-representasi negatif tentang dirinya yang beredar di berbagai media di Amerika. Salah satu cara yang ditempuhnya adalah dengan membangun representasi yang baru sebagai seorang tokoh politik perempuan yang berpotensi menjadi pemimpin politik melalui penulisan autobiografinya, Living History (2003). Namun setahun menjelang pemilu 2008, dua biografi tentang Hillary diterbitkan, A Woman in Charge dan Her Way. Kedua teks ini banyak mengacu dan melakukan reinterpretasi terhadap Living History. Dengan memakai analisis framing berperspektif retorika, penelitian ini membandingkan bagaimana Hillary merepresentasikan dirinya dan bagaimana ia direpresentasikan untuk menyingkapkan bagaimana posisi kandidat presiden perempuan dalam tatanan politik Amerika yang bias gender. Analisis framing dilakukan dengan menganalisis diksi, mitos, stereotip gender dan ikatan ganda yang dipergunakan dalam teks. Dari pembingkaian-pembingkaian yang terkumpul ditentukan pola pembingkaian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketika membangun representasi dirinya dalam autobiografi, kandidat presiden perempuan harus memperhitungkan dan bernegosiasi dengan beberapa aspek, yaitu konvensi penulisan autobiografi yang bergender karena pola-pola repesentasi dalam autobiografi bersifat maskulin dan jebakan-jebakan ikatan ganda (double binds). Penelitian terhadap representasi Hillary dalam kedua biografi memperlihatkan bahwa bingkai stereotip gender, bingkai standar ganda, bingkai pencitraan dan bingkai karakter negatif dipakai dalam mengisahkan kehidupan Hillary. Dengan pembingkian ini keduanya membangun representasi yang negatif tentang subyek dan menyimpulkannya belum layak dipilih sebagai presiden karena memiliki karakter dan kepribadian negatif. Terlepas dari persoalan-persoalan yang memberatkan Hillary (seperti keinginannya untuk menjadi First Lady non-konvensional, kecurigaan dan ketertutupannya pada media, dan skandal-skandal seks suaminya, serta keputusannya mendukung resolusi Irak Bush dan kejenuhan publik akan pemerintahan suaminya yang penuh intrik), penggunaan stereotip gender, standar ganda, ikatan ganda dalam strategi resistensi terhadap pencalonannya sebagai presiden memperlihatkan bahwa ketidaksetaraan gender masih kuat beroperasi dan masih harus disiasati oleh kandidat presiden perempuan. ;

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ABSTRACT
When Hillary Rodham Clinton decided to enter the presidential election in 2008, the biggest challenge she had to face was the negative representations circulating in the media. Writing a campaign autobiography, Living History (2003) was one of the ways she chose to portray herself as a potential presidential candidate. A year prior to the election, two biographies on Hillary was published, A Woman in Charge and Her Way. The two texts reread and reinterpreted Living History. By using framing analysis method with rhetorical perspective, the research compares how Hillary represents herself and how she is represented in order to reveal the position of female presidential candidate within American political order. Framing analysis is conducted by analyzing the diction, myths, gender stereotypes, and double binds to identify the patterns of framing used in the texts. The result of the research indicates that female presidential candidates should consider and negotiate the gendered conventions of autobiographical narratives as well the double binds in gender inequality. The representation of Hillary Clinton in the two biographies indicates the use of particular framings perpetuating gender stereotypes, sexual double standard and double binds. With these framings, the two texts construct negative representations of the subject that lead to a conclusion that the subject has not met the criteria to hold the position as president due to her lack of integrity and capabilities. Despite the fact that Hillary has her own baggage (from her insistence of performing a non-conventional role as first lady, the Whitewater and Travel Office cases, her husband’s sex scandals up to her decision to support Iraq Resolution that lead to Iraq war and Clinton fatigue syndrome), the use of gender stereotypes, sexual double standars and double binds in resisting Hillary’s candidacy as president in 2008 shows that female presidential candidate still have to face gender inequality and discrimination which are entrenched in American politics. , When Hillary Rodham Clinton decided to enter the presidential election in 2008, the biggest challenge she had to face was the negative representations circulating in the media. Writing a campaign autobiography, Living History (2003) was one of the ways she chose to portray herself as a potential presidential candidate. A year prior to the election, two biographies on Hillary was published, A Woman in Charge and Her Way. The two texts reread and reinterpreted Living History. By using framing analysis method with rhetorical perspective, the research compares how Hillary represents herself and how she is represented in order to reveal the position of female presidential candidate within American political order. Framing analysis is conducted by analyzing the diction, myths, gender stereotypes, and double binds to identify the patterns of framing used in the texts. The result of the research indicates that female presidential candidates should consider and negotiate the gendered conventions of autobiographical narratives as well the double binds in gender inequality. The representation of Hillary Clinton in the two biographies indicates the use of particular framings perpetuating gender stereotypes, sexual double standard and double binds. With these framings, the two texts construct negative representations of the subject that lead to a conclusion that the subject has not met the criteria to hold the position as president due to her lack of integrity and capabilities. Despite the fact that Hillary has her own baggage (from her insistence of performing a non-conventional role as first lady, the Whitewater and Travel Office cases, her husband’s sex scandals up to her decision to support Iraq Resolution that lead to Iraq war and Clinton fatigue syndrome), the use of gender stereotypes, sexual double standars and double binds in resisting Hillary’s candidacy as president in 2008 shows that female presidential candidate still have to face gender inequality and discrimination which are entrenched in American politics. ]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan memperlihatkan kompleksitas representasi masyarakat Belanda New York yang terlihat dalam AHONY yang merefleksikan perebutan ruang spasial dan budaya antara Inggris dan Belanda di Amerika Serikat dari abad ke 17-19. Kompleksitas representasi ini ditunjukkan melalui lapisan multi dimensi AHONY yang membangun mitos bangsa Amerika sebagai sebuah bangsa baru melalui penggambaran masyarakat Belanda di New York abad ke-17. Pada saat yang sama disertasi ini menunjukkan bagaimana AHONY melontarkan kritik pada kebijakan politik abad ke-19, dan bagaimana parodi politik ini menunjukkan ambivalensi antara upaya memunculkan kontribusi masyarakat Belanda di New York dan bias pengarang. Kajian ini menggunakan representasi dan inventing tradition sebagai konsep untuk menganalisis teks, dan metode pendekatan New Historicism (Sejarah Baru) untuk meletakkan teks pada konteks zamannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teks mengungkapkan gagasan kebangsaan dan masalah kemanusiaan. Gagasan kebangsaan berkaitan dengan pluralisme berbangsa, sementara itu masalah kemanusiaan yakni kritik terhadap disingkirkannya sebuah etnis minoritas. Namun demikian, hasil penelitian juga memperlihatkan bahwa teks A History of New York memberi bias etnis, ?ras?, dan kelas

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ABSTRACT
This study aims to demonstrate the complexity of the representation of the Dutch New York in AHONY reflecting spatial and cultural struggle between England and the Netherlands in North America from 17-19 century. The complexity of the representation is demonstrated through multidimensional layers of AHONY building the American myth as a new nation through the depiction of the Dutch New York in the 17th century. At the same time this dissertation shows how AHONY through parody criticizes on the political policy of the 19th century, and how this political parody shows the ambivalence between the effort to reveal the contribution of the Dutch New York and the bias of the author. This study uses the representation and inventing tradition as concepts for analyzing the text, and the approach of New Historicism puts the text on the context of its time. The results indicate that the text expresses the idea of nationality and humanitarian issues. The idea of nationality related to the pluralism of the nation, while the humanitarian problem is a critique of marginalization of an ethnic. However, the result also shows that the text, A History of New York, implies ethnic bias, "race", and class.