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"The advanced development of information and communication technologybrings a significant impact on the way of how human learn. The e-learning orInternet-based and online learning has been widely used in a variety of learning activities as a suplement to the conventional in-class learning, flipped classroom etc. The term e-learning refers to learning activities conducted by the use ofInternet. Universitas Terbuka (UT) utilizes e-learning program in the form of online tutorial. The online tutorial is basically a form of learning support provided by UT to facilitate student to learn. The online tutorial consists of three major learning activities including reading, discussion and assignment. During online tutorial student must complete the assigned activities and interaction with peers, tutor and digital learning resources. Online tutorial can be seen as an instrumental tool that provide an opportunity for students to expandhis/her knowledge and skills beyond the provided printed and digital module. Tutors should be able to design online learning programs that can be used to facilitate students in expanding their knowledge and skills. The purpose of this study is to elaborate conceptually the use of constructivism learning theory in online tutorial of the open and distance learning higher institution."

"Background: This study aims to determine the association between neuroinflammation and oxidative stress with prognosis of brain injury patients and the association between neurosurgical procedure with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress condititons.

Methods: The study design is a prospective observation of 40 brain injury patients who underwent surgery. IL-6, uric acid, MDA, NR2A antibodies and GSH serum level of pre- and 1 day post-operation on brain injury patients were measured, and their association with GCS, GOS and neurosurgical procedures were analyzed.

Results: The post-operative IL-6 serum level showed a downward trend compared to pre-operative value (mean decrease: -190.61 pg/mL). The post-operative IL-6 level was significantly associated with GCS 7 days post-operation (p = 0.006), with OR 24. The post-operative IL-6 serum level was significantly associated with GOS 3 months post-trauma (p = 0.016) with OR 11.6. The post-operative uric acid serum level showed a downward trend compared to pre-operative value (mean decrease: -0.26 mg/dL). There was a significant difference between the mean value of post-operative uric acid serum level in patients with 7 days post-trauma with GCS ≤ 8 (mean: 4.16 mg/dL) and GCS > 8 (mean: 2.71 mg/dL), (p = 0.042). The post-operative MDA serum level showed a downward trend compared to pre-operative value (mean decrease: -0.08 nmol/mL). There is no significant association between MDA serum level, GCS and GOS and no significant association of NR2A antibody and GSH serum level with GCS, GOS and neurosurgical procedure. From the multivariate analysis, the most important neuroinflammatory variable associated with GCS and GOS is IL-6.

Conclusion: Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may have prognostic values in brain-injured patients, in particular IL-6. Neurosurgical procedures may decrease the neuroinflammation process."

"Objective: Garcinia xanthochymus extract has been reported to have several pharmacological properties. This study was conducted to evaluate cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of G. xanthochymus extracts on cell lines. Methods: The roots and stem barks of plant were extracted using maceration method with n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol, successively. Cytotoxic activity of the extracts was tested against MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma using MTT assay. Anti-inflammatory study was evaluated using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. The nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated cells was measured using Griess reagent. Results: The results of cytotoxic and anti- inflammatory study showed that dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts of root and stem bark exhibited cytotoxic activity in dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, for anti-inflammatory study, all root extracts together with stem bark dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts reduce NO production in LPS-stimulated cells in dose dependent manner. Conclusions: This finding indicated that G. xanthochymus extracts might become interesting candidate for treatment of cancer and inflammation.;"