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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Intrusi air laut ke daratan telah menjadi fenomena alam global. Salah satu dampak yang ditimbulkan dari kejadian tersebut adalah perubahan komunitas mikroba. Perubahan komunitas mikroba sangat berpengaruh pada tingkat kesuburan tanah. Pemanfaatan daerah pesisir untuk kegiatan pertanian akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh dampak perubahan tersebut. Pemanfaatan mikroba halotoleran sebagai biofertiliser diharapkan dapat meningkatkan hasil pertanian. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai isolasi dan seleksi kapang halotoleran pelarut fosfat dan penghasil IAA serta aplikasinya pada tanaman padi varietas Ciherang untuk mendapatkan isolat kapang halotoleran yang dapat digunakan sebagai agen biofertiliser dalam kondisi lingkungan salin. Diisolasi sebanyak 74 isolat kapang dari lingkungan mangrove Pulau Laki, Kepulauan Seribu dan Suwung, Bali. Tujuh isolat memiliki kemampuan pelarutan Ca-P yang tinggi. Pengujian ketahanan pertumbuhan pada variasi konsentrasi NaCl (0, 2, 5, 10, dan 20%) diperoleh satu isolat, yaitu PBB 3.1 yang mampu tumbuh sampai konsentrasi 20%. Isolat tersebut mampu melarutkan Ca-P sebanyak 68,97 mgL-1 pada konsentrasi 2% NaCl pada inkubasi 72 jam. Produksi IAA tertinggi dicapai pada konsentrasi 0% NaCl, pada inkubasi 48 jam sebesar 0,533 mgL-1. Isolat PBB 3.1 diidentifikasi secara molekular sebagai Aspergillus niger (van Tieghem 1867). Aplikasi inokulan Aspergillus niger PBB 3.1 dilakukan pada skala rumah kaca pada tanaman padi (Oryza sativa L.) varietas Ciherang, dengan variasi konsentrasi salinitas 0; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 dan 2,5%. Pemberian inokulan Aspergillus niger PBB 3.1 sebanyak 200 g/10 kg pada media tanam berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman padi. Indikasi ini terlihat dari meningkatnya nilai FDA, populasi kapang, tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan, dan bobot 1000 butir. Pemberian inokulan pada salinitas 0% mampu meningkatkan bobot 1000 butir sebesar 52%. Sedangkan pada salinitas 1,0% terjadi peningkatkan produktivitas sebesar 144%. Mekanisme pengaruh inokulan Aspergillus niger PBB 3.1 masih perlu terus dikaji. Namun, fenomena tersebut membuktikan bahwa isolat Aspergillus niger PBB 3.1 berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai inokulan biofertiliser pada tanaman padi varietas Ciherang yang ditanam dalam kondisi salin sampai 1,0%.;Intrusion of sea water into terrestrial environment is global phenomenon. One of the possible impacts of the sea water intrusion is the soil microbial community structures disturbances. The Change of soil microbial community structure will affect greatly soil fertility, and thus influence utilization of coastal areas for agricultural activities. The use of halotolerant microbes as biofertilizer in coastal areas are expected to increase agricultural yield.

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This research focused on the isolation and selection of halotolerant fungi and their application for biofertilizer of paddy (Oryza sativa L.) var. Ciherang. The special objective was to obtain halotolerant fungus which is capable of stimulating phosphate solubilization and producing growth hormone (IAA) in saline condition. Seventy four isolates fungi were obtained from mangrove and coastal environment of Laki Island in the Kepulauan Seribu and Suwung, Bali. Seven isolates were having good Ca-P solubilizing capacity. These isolate were further evaluated for their ability to grow under various NaCl concentration 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20%. One isolate Aspergillus (PBB.3.1) was proven to grow at 20% salinity. The strain was able to solubilize Ca-P of 68.97 mgL-1 at salinity 2% after 72 hours, whereas IAA produced maximum 0.533 mgL-1 at 0% salinity after 48 hours. Based on the ITS1 and ITS2 of LSU analyses, this strain was identified as Aspergillus niger (van Tieghem 1867). Application of Aspergillus niger PBB 3.1 as biofertilizer for paddy (Oryza sativa L.) var. Ciherang was conducted in greenhouse. Five concentration of salinities were evaluated 0; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 2.5%. Using 200 g/10 kg inoculant Aspergillus niger (PBB.3.1) stimulated the growth of paddy as indicated by an increase in FDA, population of fungi, plant height, panicle production and weight of seeds. Using 200 g/10 kg inoculant clearly affected the weight of 1000 grains, which can be seen on the 0% achieved 52% increase, whereas at 10% the weight of 1000 grains was much more stimulated, namely about 144%. The mechanism by which Aspergillus niger PBB 3.1 affect the growth and yield of paddy need further verification.Our experiment clearly noted that Aspergillus niger PBB 3.1 has the potential to be developed as biofertilizer for Oryza sativa L. var. Ciherang grown under saline conditions up to 1.0%.;Intrusion of sea water into terrestrial environment is global phenomenon. One of the possible impacts of the sea water intrusion is the soil microbial community structures disturbances. The Change of soil microbial community structure will affect greatly soil fertility, and thus influence utilization of coastal areas for agricultural activities. The use of halotolerant microbes as biofertilizer in coastal areas are expected to increase agricultural yield.

Abstrak :
Penurunan produktivitas tanah akibat penggunaan pupuk kimia berlebih menjadi permasalahan umum yang terjadi pada tanah marginal. Pertanian cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.) menjadi salah satu sektor pertanian yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap roda perekonomian di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan pupuk kimia dalam mendukung pertumbuhan cabai rawit yang diinokulasikan fungi mikoriza arbuskular Funneliformis mosseae. Parameter pengujian meliputi kimia edafik tanah, agronomi tanaman, kejadian penyakit tanaman, kolonisasi mikoriza, biokimia tanah, sporulasi fungi mikoriza, hingga kelimpahan bakteri pelarut fosfat dan penambat nitrogen di tanah. Hasil menunjukkan adanya beda nyata dalam peningkatan biomassa tanaman cabai rawit yang diinokulasi dengan F. mosseae di berbagai dosis pupuk fosfat dan urea. Hasil analisis statistik DMRT menunjukkan kolonisasi fungi mikoriza F. mosseae berpengaruh dalam mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman cabai pada tanah defisiensi unsur hara nitrogen. Fungi Funneliformis mosseae mampu mereduksi kejadian penyakit cabai rawit di berbagai dosis pupuk fosfat dan urea. Aktivitas enzim fosfatase dan mikroba total di tanah meningkat pada tanaman cabai rawit yang diinokulasi F. mosseae. Asosiasi F. mosseae dengan tanaman cabai rawit memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap populasi mikroba penambat nitrogen dan pelarut fosfat di tanah. Pemberian fungi F. mosseae dapat menekan penggunaan pupuk fosfat sebesar 75% serta memberikan hasil terbaik pada dosis normal pupuk urea. Fungi F. mosseae dapat menekan penggunaan pupuk kimia dan mendukung pertanian cabai rawit yang berkelanjutan. ......Excessive use of chemical fertilizers results in a decrease in soil fertility, a common problem in marginal soils. Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) farming is one of Indonesia’s most important agricultural industries. The research aimed to optimize the use of chemical fertilizers to support the growth of chili inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Funneliformis mosseae. Soil edaphic chemistry, plant agronomy, plant disease incidence, mycorrhizal colonization, soil biochemistry, mycorrhizal fungi sporulation, and the colony of phosphate solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil also were included in the test parameters. The results revealed that the increase in plant biomass of chili inoculated with F. mosseae was significantly different regardless of the amount of phosphate and urea fertilizer applied. The mycorrhizal fungi colonization of F. mosseae was successful in supporting the growth of chili plants in nitrogen-deficient soils, according to the results of DMRT statistical analysis. At various phosphate and urea fertilizer dosages, the F. mosseae fungi reduced the incidence of chili disease. When chili plants were inoculated with F. mosseae, phosphatase enzyme activity and total microorganisms in the soil increased. The presence of F. mosseae in the soil increases the population of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Funneliformis mosseae fungi can reduce the use of phosphate fertilizers by up to 75% while producing the highest performance with standard urea fertilizer dosages. The F. mosseae fungi can help the farmers cultivate chilis more sustainably by reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers.

Abstrak :
Kerusakan ekosistem laut akibat kejadian tumpahan minyak mematikan bagi sebagian biota laut dan mengubah struktur komunitas mikroorganisme. Kelompok bakteri laut pendegradasi hidrokarbon terdeteksi meningkat jumlahnya ketika terjadi pencemaran. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mempelajari konsorsium mikroorganisme yang memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon dari air laut dan sedimen pasir berasal dari pesisir Teluk Jakarta, Cilincing, Jakarta Utara. Penapisan konsorsium dilakukan menggunakan medium ONR7 dengan kandungan minyak bumi 0,5% untuk memperoleh konsorsium mikroorganisme dengan kemampuan degradasi terbaik. Uji degradasi dilakukan selama 10 hari menggunakan fenantrena 100 ppm pada medium dengan yeast extract 0,1% sebagai faktor pembatas. Parameter diukur adalah OD540, TPC, aktivitas total mikroba (ATM), analisis GC-MS dan pH. Hasil menunjukkan kemampuan biodegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon tertinggi dimiliki oleh konsorsium mikroorganisme AL3 dengan persentase degradasi minyak bumi sebesar 90,37% dan terhadap fenantrena sebesar 100%, nilai OD540 dan penurunan pH paling tinggi ditemukan pada medium tanpa suplementasi yeast extract. Aktivitas total mikroba konsorsium paling besar ditemukan pada medium suplementasi. Pengujian kemampuan pada isolat tunggal penyusun konsorsium AL3 menghasilkan persentase degradasi tertinggi sebesar 56,74% oleh isolat AL3-8. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan yeast extract tidak meningkatkan persentase degradasi dan bahwa konsorsium mikroorganisme memiliki kemampuan degradasi lebih tinggi daripada isolat tunggal. ......Damage of marine ecosystem due to oil spill is deadly to some of marine creatures and changed the microbial community structure. Population of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms detected increasing in number slowly after the accident. This research aim to study microbial consortia that has the ability to degrade hydrocarbon compound from oil spill-contaminated coastal area in Teluk Jakarta, Cilincing, Jakarta Utara. The ability of degrading hydrocarbon by microbial consortia was screened by using ONR7 medium containing 0,5% crude oil. Biodegradation ability was tested using 100 ppm phenanthrene to the selected consortia by using 0,1% yeast extract as limiting factor, incubation was held in 10 days. Parameter of the study was OD540, TPC, total microbial activity (TMA), GC-MS analysis and pH. Results shows microbial consortia AL3 has the highest degradation rate which is 90,37% in crude oil and 100,00% in phenanthrene, highest absorbance of OD540 and most acidic pH was found in non-supplemented medium. Highest total microbial activity of the microbial consortia detected in the supplemented medium. Biodegradation ability confirmation test of single strains from the AL3 microbial consortia shows the maximum degradation rate of 56,74% by strain AL3-8. This research reported yeast extract does not increase biodegradation rate of phenanthrene and degradation rate by microbial consortia was higher than a single strain.

Abstrak :
Sungai Sentiong adalah salah satu sungai di Indonesia yang telah tercemar oleh berbagai jenis senyawa organik bandel yang terakumulasi dari rumah tangga dan industri skala kecil limbah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan lima isolat jamur busuk putih dari Koleksi Budaya Indonesia (Pleurotus ostreatus InaCC F109, Agaricus campestris InaCC F126, Trametes versicolor InaCC F200, IN002 dan Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004) dalam degradasi senyawa organik bandel di Sentiong air limbah sungai. Penapisan isolat jamur dilakukan untuk mendapatkan yang terbaik isolat jamur ligninolitik pada media lignin minimal (MM-L), ftalat minimal medium (MM-F) dan media Potato Dextrose Agar dilengkapi dengan guaiacol. Metode uji kompatibilitas dilakukan secara in vitro pada PDA. Tes mikorediasi adalah dilakukan dengan dua perawatan; isolat ligninolitik terbaik dan konsorsium lima isolat jamur. Kemampuan jamur dalam mikoremediasi air limbah didasarkan pada parameter; total karbon (TC), aktivitas enzim ligninolitik (lignin peroksidase, manganese peroxidase dan laccase), dan melimpahnya senyawa bandel analisis Kromatografi Gas Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Hasil penyaringan menunjukkan bahwa Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 memiliki kemampuan ligninolitik terbaik dibandingkan dengan empat isolat lainnya. Interaksi antarspesies yang kompatibel sebagian, penghambatan (dengan dan tanpa jarak) dan invasi (tahap awal) diketahui berdasarkan uji kompatibilitas. Konsorsium jamur memiliki kemampuan untuk degradasi senyawa organik bandel melalui proses metabolisme yang lebih baik daripada Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 monokultur. Penurunan kelimpahan senyawa organik bandel di sampel sesuai dengan penurunan konsentrasi TC dan peningkatan aktivitas enzim ligninolitik.

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Sentiong River is one of the rivers in Indonesia that has been polluted by various types of recalcitrant organic compounds that have accumulated from households and small scale industries waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of five white rot fungus isolates from the Indonesian Cultural Collection (Pleurotus ostreatus InaCC F109, Agaricus campestris InaCC F126, Trametes versicolor InaCC F200, IN002 and Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004) in the degradation of recalcitrant organic compounds in Sentiong river wastewater. Screening of fungal isolates was carried out to get the best ligninolytic isolates on minimal lignin media (MM-L), minimal phthalates medium (MM-F) and Potato Dextrose agar to be equipped with guaiacol. The compatibility test method is done in vitro on a PDA. Mycorediation test is carried out with two treatments; the best ligninolytic isolates and a consortium of five fungal isolates. The ability of mushrooms in mycoremediation of wastewater is based on parameters; total carbon (TC), ligninolytic enzyme activity (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase), and an abundance of recalcitrant compounds of Gas Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) chromatography analysis. The screening results showed that Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 had the best ligninolytic ability compared to four other isolates. Partially compatible interactions between species, inhibition (with and without distance) and invasion (early stages) are known based on compatibility tests. The mushroom consortium has the ability to degrade recalcitrant organic compounds through a better metabolic process than Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 monoculture. The decrease in the abundance of recalcitrant organic compounds in the sample corresponds to a decrease in TC concentration and an increase in ligninolytic enzyme activity.

Abstrak :
Ligninolytic fungi can degrade various Laccase xenobiotic compounds, Manganese Peroxidase (MnP), and Lignin Peroxidase (LiP). The mushroom group is able to be a solution of pollution in the Sentiong River, Jakarta, under conditions contamination from recalcitrant pollutants such as dimethyl-silanediol as oximemethoxyphenyl. Ligninolytic ability screening is done on solids and minimal lignin media to obtain growth index and enzyme activity data. Remediation is done by using a mushroom consortium consisting of ligninolytic isolates. Mycorediation was observed on a laboratory scale by measuring pH, total carbon (TC), biomass, and enzyme activity parameters. The composition of volatile organic compounds was analyzed by GC-MS method. The best ligninolytic fungus among five isolates (IN001, Cyathus striatus IN005, Agrocybe pediades InaCC F1012, Microporus ochrotinctus InaCC F1017, and Trametes polyzone InaCC F1019) is Agrocybe pediades InaCC F1012. The consortium was obtained consisting of five isolates as mentioned earlier. The mycoremediation ability of a single isolate and consortium is considered to have the same ability because the parameter values ​​and the results of GC-MS analysis detect similar compounds such as: dimethyl-silanediol and oxime-methoxyphenyl. Ligninolytic mushroom isolates can be a solution for the remediation of Sentiong River, Jakarta with the aim of reducing the concentration of recalcitrant poisonous xenobiotic compounds.