Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara rivalitas geopolitik AS-Cina dan pengaruhnya terhadap proses formulasi norma siber global PBB (UN GGE dan UN OEWG) tepatnya setelah tahun 2017-2021. Sejak awal Cina mendapatkan kemerdekaannya di tahun 1949 hingga saat ini, hubungan yang terjalin antara AS dengan Cina selalu diwarnai oleh konflik dan kompetisi, termasuk dalam domain siber. AS berkeinginan untuk mempertahankan posisi hegemoninya (status quo) dengan mengajukan pendekatan multi-stakeholder dalam tata kelola domain siber. Sementara Cina berkeinginan untuk menghapus hegemoni AS dengan cara mengubah pendekatan tata kelola domain siber menjadi pendekatan multilateral. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan analisis dari data-data primer layaknya sumber utama dan hasil wawancara bersama narasumber ahli, juga data-data sekunder dari penelitian-penelitian terdahulu. Selanjutnya, berdasarkan variabel-variabel teori konstruktivisme dalam keamanan siber, tesis ini menemukan bahwa: 1) status AS dan Cina sebagai great power merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang menghambat terbentuknya norma siber hingga saat ini; dan 2) kecenderungan negara-negara dalam mengembangkan kapabilitas sibernya, yang berpotensi terhadap perkembangan insiden siber di antara negara-negara membuat pengaruh dari norma siber yang sudah ada menjadi berkurang.

---

This study analyzes the relationship between the US-China geopolitical rivalry and its influence on the formulation process of the UN global cyber norms (UN GGE and UN OEWG) in 2017-2021. Since the beginning of China's independence in 1949 until now, the relationship between the US and China has always been colored by conflict and competition, including in the cyber domain. The US wants to maintain its hegemonic position (status quo) by proposing a multi-stakeholder approach in cyber governance. Meanwhile, China wants to abolish US hegemony by changing the cyber governance approach to a multilateral approach. This paper uses a qualitative method with analysis from primary data such as primary sources and the results of interviews with expert sources, as well as secondary data from previous studies. Furthermore, based on the variables of constructivism theory in cybersecurity, this thesis finds that: 1) the status of the US and China as great powers is one of the main factors that hinder the formation of cyber norms until now; and 2) the tendency of countries to develop their cyber capabilities, which has the potential to affect the development of cyber incidents among countries to reduce the influence of existing cyber norms."

"ABSTRACTThe Balkan conflict which shocked the international community during the 1990's has now marked history as one of the greatest humanitarian tragedies during of that decade. The basic principle of self-determination by the republic states within the Yugoslav Federation was responded with armed conflict by the ruling Serbs. Bosnia Herzegovina as one of the many republic states that attempted to separate itself from the Yugoslav Federation, faced direct military aggression from the Serbian-controlled Yugoslavian National Army (JNA), desperately trying to maintain integrity of the disintegrating Yugoslavian Federation.This military aggression instigated ethnic conflict within the territories of Bosnia Herzegovina into the following opposite ethic factions: Bosnian Serbs, Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Muslims. The escalating conflict gained the attention of the international community, which opted to mediate a peaceful solution for the conflicting parties. The European Community, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Western European Union (WEU) were the key regional organizations in Europe that supported the United Nations (UN) effort of peacekeeping operations in the Bosnian conflict area.History has recorded the UN peacekeeping operations in Bosnia as a continued polemic in regard to its effectiveness and implementation. The internal bureaucracy of the United Nations, specifically the UN Security Council and its mandates has shown ambiguities affecting the overall outcome of the peacekeeping operations.This thesis attempts a qualitative study to further analyze the dynamics within the United Nations, and its effectiveness in implementing peacekeeping operation efforts during the Balkan crisis in Bosnia."