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"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah teh berpengaruh terhadap daya kelarutan email. Besar sampel bubuk email yang akan diteliti adalah 18, dan masing-masing sampel dibuat dari 5 lempeng email gigi premolar yang dicabut untuk keperluan perawatan meratakan gigi. Sebelum dihaluskan lempeng email dipisahkan secara acak menjadi 3 kelompok percobaan T1, T2, T3 dan 3 kelompok kontrol K1, K2, K3. Setiap kelompok ini dibagi lagi menjadi 3 kelompok kecil sebagai sampel yang masing-masing terdiri dari 5 lempeng email. Masing-masing sampel direndam 3x/hari 3 menit untuk kelompok T1 dan Kl direndam selama l minggu, kelompok T2 dan K2 direndam selama 2minggu, dan kelompok T3 dan K3 direndam selama 3 minggu.Sampel kelompok percobaan direndam teh, dan sampel kelompok kontrol direndam aquabidestilata Setelah proses perendaman selesai masing-masing sampel dihaluskan, dan diayak dengan kehalusan - 250 mesh, diambil seberat 500 mg, dan dititrasi dengan 100 ml asam asetat 0,01 mol/L pH 4. Bubuk email dari masing-masing sampel yang tidak larut setelah dititrasi disaring dengan kertas saring, dikeringkan dengan oven, dan ditimbang kembali. Data bubuk email yang larut dianalisis secara statistik untuk melihat kelarutan email.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna ( p"

"Penelitian in vitro ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi morfologi gigi insisif, caninus, premolar dan molar pada penampang melintang 1/3 servikal, 1/3 tengah dan 1/3 apikal akar.Metode: Penelitian dengan desain observasi deskriptif ini menggunakan 128 gigi yang telah dicabut. Sampel ditandai dengan spidol permanen pada 1/3 servikal (garis batas CEJ), 1/3 tengah dan 1/3 apikal akar. Selanjutnya dilakukan pemotongan secara melintang menggunakan diamond disc dengan low speed straight hand piece pada 1/3 servikal. Saluran akar dipreparasi dengan file kemudian diirigasi dengan larutan NaOCl 2,5%. Setelah saluran akar bersih, dilanjutkan dengan pemotongan secara melintang pada 1/3 tengah dan 1/3 apikal akar. Penampang melintang yang mempunyai 2 saluran akar dipisahkan untuk kemudian dideteksi adanya isthmus dengan pengaplikasian methylene blue. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan stereomicroscope perbesaran 10x dengan digital camera.Hasil: 100% gigi anterior hanya memiliki 1 saluran akar dengan variasi bentuk oval, long oval dan bulat pada penampang melintangnya. 80% P1 atas memilki 2 saluran akar dan 100% gigi premolar bawah memiliki 1 saluran akar dengan dominasi bentuk oval, long oval dan bulat pada penampang melintangnya. Gigi molar mayoritas memiliki 3 saluran akar dan bentuk saluran akar bervariasi mulai dari oval, long oval, bulat dan flat/pipih. Isthmus ditemukan pada gigi P1 atas, P bawah, akar mesiobukal M1 atas, dan akar mesial molar bawah dengan berbagai tipe. Pada gigi molar 2 bawah ditemukan saluran akar berbentuk C (c-shaped) walaupun sangat sulit membedakan c-shaped dengan menyatunya 2 atau 3 saluran akar akibat berfusinya akar.Kesimpulan: Berbagai variasi morfologi saluran akar yang ditemukan pada potongan melintang 1/3 servikal, 1/3 tengah dan 1/3 apikal akar harus menjadi pertimbangan dalam melakukan perawatan saluran akar.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the root canal morphological variations of insisive, caninus, premolar and molar using the cross section method.Methods: 128 extracted teeth were collected and stored in NaCl solution. The teeth were equally divided into a coronal, middle, and apical third. To divide it, the exact lengths of the root canals were determined. The root were resected using diamond disc with low speed straight hand piece. The resected root surface were polished, rinse and dried. The cross-sectional root surfaces that have two canals stained with methylene blue to investigate root canal isthmus classification. All the cross-sectional root surface examine using a stereomicroscope with digital camera.Results: 100% of the anterior teeth demonstrated a single canal, 80% of maxillary first premolar demonstrated two canals and 100% of mandibular molar had single canal. The shaped of canal was varied from oval, long oval or round in the coronal, middle and apical third. The molar teeth showed a high incidence of three root canals and the shaped more varied from oval, long oval, round or flat in the coronal, middle, and apical third. Isthmus frequently presence between two root canals within one root. It can observed in the maxillary first premolar, mandibular premolar, mesiobuccal roots of maxillary first molar and mesial roots of mandibular molar with different type. C-shaped mostly found in mandibular second molar. It may be difficult to distinguish between a C-shaped canal and a mandibular second molar with single or three canals joining apically.Conclussion: These root canal morphological variations should be considered during root canal treatment."

"Latar Belakang: Kebocoran mikro dipengaruhi oleh jenis semen saluran akar. Tujuan: menganalisis tingkat kebocoran mikro pengisian saluran akar menggunakan semen resin epoksi (SRE) dan Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (SMTA). Metode: Tiga puluh dua gigi premolar bawah, dibagi dua kelompok sama besar, yaitu kelompok SRE dan SMTA. Setelah pengisian saluran akar, sampel diinkubasi (370C, 24 jam), kemudian direndam dalam tinta India selama 7 X 24 jam. Sampel didekalsifikasi sampai dengan transparan. Kedalaman penetrasi tinta dievaluasi dengan mikroskop stereo. Skor 1 untuk penetrasi tinta 0-0,5 mm, skor 2 untuk penetrasi tinta 0,51-1 mm, dan skor 3 untuk penetrasi tinta >1 mm. Hasil: Distribusi proporsi kebocoran terbesar kelompok SRE terdapat pada skor 1, yaitu sebesar 37,5%. Sedangkan distribusi proporsi kebocoran terbesar kelompok SMTA terdapat pada skor 1, yaitu sebesar 21,9%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok SRE dan SMTA. Kesimpulan: Semen resin epoksi dan semen MTA memiliki tingkat kebocoran yang sama.

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Background: The microleakage affected by type of root canal sealer.

Purpose: to analyze the microleakage of obturation using epoxy resin-based (SRE) and mineral trioxide aggregate-based (SMTA) as root canal sealer.

Methods: Thirty two mandibular first premolars were equally divided into two groups. They were SRE group and SMTA group. After obturation, the specimens were incubated (370C, 24 h), immersed in Indian ink for 7 days, decalcified, dehydrated, and made transparent. Dye penetration were evaluated under stereomicroscope and given score 1-3. Specimen with 0-0,5 mm dye penetration was given score 1, while 0,51-1 mm penetration was given score 2, and > 1 mm was given score 3. The results were statistically analyzed with Kolmogorov Smirnov test.

Results: The largest proportion distribution in SMTA group was score 1 (37,5%), whilst the largest proportion distribution in SMTA group was score 1 (21,9%). There was no significant difference between the microleakage of epoxy resin-based and mineral trioxide aggregate-based sealer, observed from the one-third apical leakage.

Conclusion: The microleakage of mineral trioxide aggregate based sealer and epoxy resin-based sealer was relatively similar."

"Resin komposit merupakan material tumpat yang sensitif dan membutuhkan area kerja yang kering. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek kontaminasi saliva dan darah setelah bonding terhadap kekuatan ikat geser resin komposit dengan email dan membandingkan beberapa metode pembersihan kontaminan. 25 spesimen gigi premolar dibagi ke dalam 5 kelompok berdasarkan tipe kontaminasi dan metode pembersihan kontaminan. Kelompok kontrol menunjukkan rerata kekuatan ikat tertinggi dan rerata nilai paling rendah terdapat pada kelompok kontaminasi darah-alkohol. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok kontaminasi saliva dan darah. Dapat disimpulkan, kontaminasi saliva dan darah setelah bonding menurunkan kekuatan ikat geser resin komposit dengan email.

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Composite resin is sensitive material that needs dry operative area. This study aimed to determine the effect of saliva and blood contamination after bonding on shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel and to compare several cleansing methods. 25 samples of human premolars were divided into 5 groups based on type of contamination and cleansing procedures. The highest bond strength was seen in control group, while group blood-alcohol showed the lowest bond strength. Significant differences were seen between control group, compared to contamination groups. In conclusion, contamination of saliva and blood after bonding decreased the shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel."

"Tingginya permintaan akan restorasi estetik, membuat pentingnya kontrol kontaminasi membutuhkan perhatian khusus karena komposit sensitif terhadap kontaminasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek dari kontaminasi sarung tangan, darah, dan saliva terhadap kekuatan tekan resin komposit nanohybrid. 24 spesimen dikelompokkan secara acak ke dalam empat kelompok berdasarkan tipe kontaminasi. Hasil nilai rerata dan standar deviasi (MPa) dari setiap grup adalah Grup 1= 151.57±17.97, Grup 2= 159.94±18.55, Grup 3= 134.91±25.53, Grup 4= 151.72±17.34. Secara statistik, tidak ada perbedaan secara signifikan (p>0.05) pada nilai kekuatan tekan di semua kelompok. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kontaminasi sarung tangan, darah, dan saliva tidak mempengaruhi kekuatan tekan resin komposit nanohybrid.

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Due to highly demand of aesthetic restorations, the importance of contamination control needs a special concern since composites are sensitive to contamination. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of gloves, blood, and saliva contamination on the compressive strength of nanohybrid composite resin. 24 specimens were randomly divided into four groups based on the type of contamination.

The mean and standard deviation values (MPa) for compressive strength were Group 1= 151.57±17.97, Group 2= 159.94±18.55, Group 3= 134.91±25.53, Group 4= 151.72±17.34. All groups did not show statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the compressive strength. In conclusion, gloves, blood, and saliva contamination do not affect the compressive strength of nanohybrid composite resin."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Ketahanan ikatan antara resin komposit dengan dentin merupakan penentu keberhasilan restorasi resin komposit.Tujuan: Menganalisis EBA terhadap kekuatan ikat resin-dentin.Metode: 48 sampel dentin dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok. Kemudianseluruh kelompok di ukur kekuatan ikat gesernya menggunakan UTM.Data dianalisa statistik dengan uji hipotesis Kruskal Wallis yangdilanjutkan dengan uji Mann Whitney. Hasil: Median tertinggikelompok 3, sedangkan median terendah kelompok 5. Kesimpulan:Ekstrak biji anggur yang diaplikasikan sebelum etsa dapatmeningkatkan kekuatan ikat gesek namun tidak dapat menghambatbiodegradasinya.ABSTRACT Background: Resilience of resin-dentin bonding known as one ofsuccess composite resin restoration determinants. Aim: To analyze theeffect of grape seed extract on resin-dentin shear bond strength.Methods: 48 dentin sample were divided into 6 groups. Shear bondstrengths measured using UTM. Statistical analysis was done byKruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test. Results: The highestmedian value was highest on group 3, and the lowest was group 5.Conclusion: Grape seed extract can improve the shear bond strengthbut not have effect on reducing the biodegradation.;Background: Resilience of resin-dentin bonding known as one ofsuccess composite resin restoration determinants. Aim: To analyze theeffect of grape seed extract on resin-dentin shear bond strength.Methods: 48 dentin sample were divided into 6 groups. Shear bondstrengths measured using UTM. Statistical analysis was done byKruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test. Results: The highestmedian value was highest on group 3, and the lowest was group 5.Conclusion: Grape seed extract can improve the shear bond strengthbut not have effect on reducing the biodegradation."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: MTA bersifat biokompatibel dan dapat digunakan untuk perawatan kaping pulpa. Saat ini dikembangkan semen berbasis kalsium silikat sama seperti MTA dengan penambahan steroid, yaitu Odontocem. Tujuan:Membandingkan efek toksisitas odontocem dan MTA-Angelus terhadap viabilitas sel fibroblas. Metode:Sel fibroblast embrio ayam direndam dalam larutan odontocemdan dan MTA-Angeluspada 24 dan 72 jam. Viabilitas sel dihitung menggunakanMTT Assay. Hasil:Pada kelompok odontcemdan MTA-Angelus, terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p≤0,05 ) dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Pada paparan 24 jam, tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara odontocem dengan MTA-Angelus. Kesimpulan:Odontocem dan dan MTA-Angelus menurunkan viabilitas sel pada 24 jam dan meningkatkan pada 72 jam.ABSTRACT Background:MTA is proved tobe biocompatible and can be used for pulp capping treatment.Currently, calcium silicate based cement similar to MTA with steroid,called Odontocem has been developed.Objective:To compare effects of odontocem and MTA-Angelus toxicity towards fibroblast cells viability.Method:Fibroblast cells of chicken embryonic were immersed separately in odontocem and MTA-Angelus solution for 24 and 72 hours.Cells viability was analyzed with MTT Assay.Result:There was a significant difference (p>0.05) in Odontocem and MTA-Angelus group compared to control.At the24-hour immersion, there was nosignificant difference between odontocem and MTA-Angelus.Conclusion:Odontocem and MTA-Angelus decreased the viability of fibroblast at 24 hours and increased them at 72 hours.;Background:MTA is proved tobe biocompatible and can be used for pulp capping treatment.Currently, calcium silicate based cement similar to MTA with steroid,called Odontocem has been developed.Objective:To compare effects of odontocem and MTA-Angelus toxicity towards fibroblast cells viability.Method:Fibroblast cells of chicken embryonic were immersed separately in odontocem and MTA-Angelus solution for 24 and 72 hours.Cells viability was analyzed with MTT Assay.Result:There was a significant difference (p>0.05) in Odontocem and MTA-Angelus group compared to control.At the24-hour immersion, there was nosignificant difference between odontocem and MTA-Angelus.Conclusion:Odontocem and MTA-Angelus decreased the viability of fibroblast at 24 hours and increased them at 72 hours.;Background:MTA is proved tobe biocompatible and can be used for pulp capping treatment.Currently, calcium silicate based cement similar to MTA with steroid,called Odontocem has been developed.Objective:To compare effects of odontocem and MTA-Angelus toxicity towards fibroblast cells viability.Method:Fibroblast cells of chicken embryonic were immersed separately in odontocem and MTA-Angelus solution for 24 and 72 hours.Cells viability was analyzed with MTT Assay.Result:There was a significant difference (p>0.05) in Odontocem and MTA-Angelus group compared to control.At the24-hour immersion, there was nosignificant difference between odontocem and MTA-Angelus.Conclusion:Odontocem and MTA-Angelus decreased the viability of fibroblast at 24 hours and increased them at 72 hours.;Background:MTA is proved tobe biocompatible and can be used for pulp capping treatment.Currently, calcium silicate based cement similar to MTA with steroid,called Odontocem has been developed.Objective:To compare effects of odontocem and MTA-Angelus toxicity towards fibroblast cells viability.Method:Fibroblast cells of chicken embryonic were immersed separately in odontocem and MTA-Angelus solution for 24 and 72 hours.Cells viability was analyzed with MTT Assay.Result:There was a significant difference (p>0.05) in Odontocem and MTA-Angelus group compared to control.At the24-hour immersion, there was nosignificant difference between odontocem and MTA-Angelus.Conclusion:Odontocem and MTA-Angelus decreased the viability of fibroblast at 24 hours and increased them at 72 hours."

"Latar Belakang: Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) adalah bahan restorasi yang terdiri dari bubuk kaca kalsium fluoroaluminosilikat dan asam oliakrilik. Pada tahap awal reaksi setelah dilakukan pencampuran, SIK sensitif terhadap udara dan air yang dapat menghambat reaksi pengerasan, sehingga perlu diberikan perlindungan dengan material yang kedap air dan salah satu material tersebut adalah bonding agent.Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan kedalaman intrusi air terhadap kekerasan SIK.Metode: 12 spesimen SIK dengan diameter 5 mm dan tebal 2 mm, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kelompok 1 tanpa bahan pelindung, kelompok 2 diaplikasikan varnis, dan kelompok 3 diaplikasikan bonding agent. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam methylene blue 0,1% selama 24 jam dan di masukkan ke dalam inkubator dalam suhu 370C. Selanjutnya setiap sampel dibelah menjadi 2 bagian, pada satu bagian dilakukan pengukuran terhadap kedalaman intrusi air menggunakan measuring microscope sedangkan pada satu sisi lainnya dilakukan pengukuran terhadap kekerasan menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester. Kemudian hasilnya dianalisis secara statistik.Hasil: Pada tiap kelompok terdapat hubungan korelasi yang kuat antara kedalaman intrusi air dan kekerasan SIK dengan nilai korelasi -0,868 dan nilai p < 0,05 .Kesimpulan: Semakin dalam intrusi air pada SIK, semakin rendah kekerasan SIK.

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Background: Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) is a restorative material consisting of calcium fluoroaluminosillicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid. At the initial reaction after mixing, GIC is sensitive to the air and water which can inhibit the setting reaction, therefore it is needed a protection by materials which are watertight and one of them is bonding agent.Aim: To analyze the relation of the depth water intrusion to the hardness of GIC.Method: 12 specimen with 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness, were divided into 3 groups: the first group wasn?t given a coating, the second group was given varnish, and the third group was given bonding agent. All specimen were soaked in methylene blue 0,1% during 24 hours and placed in incubator with 370C in temperature. Furthermore, each sample was cut into 2 parts, one part was measured to know the depth of water intrusion by measuring microscope while the other part was measured to know its hardness by Knoop Microhardness Tester. Afterwards, the result is analyzed statistically.Result: There is a strong correlation between the depth of water intrusion and the hardness of GIC in each group with correlation value -0,868 and p value < 0,05.Conclusion: The deeper the water intrusion of GIC, the lower the hardness of GIC."

"Latar Belakang: Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) adalah bahan restorasi yang terdiri dari bubuk kaca kalsium fluoroaluminosilikat dan asam poliakrilik. Pada tahap awal reaksi setelah pencampuran, SIK sensitif terhadap udara dan air yang dapat menghambat reaksi pengerasan sehingga perlu perlindungan dengan material yang kedap air dan salah satunya adalah bonding agent.Tujuan: menganalisis efek bonding agent terhadap kedalaman intrusi air pada SIK.Metode: 12 spesimen SIK diameter 5 mm dan tebal 2 mm, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kelompok 1 tanpa pelapisan, kelompok 2 dilapis varnis, dan kelompok 3 dilapis bonding agent. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam methylene blue 0,1% selama 24 jam dan dimasukkan dalam inkubator dengan suhu 370 C. Kemudian setiap sampel dibelah menjadi 2, yang satu sisi diukur kedalaman intrusi airnya menggunakan measuring microscope dan bagian lainnya diukur kekerasan permukaannya menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester. Kemudian hasilnya dianalisis secara statistik.Hasil: Pada ketiga kelompok terlihat adanya perbedaan bermakna dengan nilai kedalaman intrusi air tertinggi ada pada kelompok tanpa perlakuan dan paling rendah pada kelompok bonding agent.Kesimpulan: Aplikasi bonding agent dapat menurunkan kedalaman intrusi air pada SIK.

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Background: Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) is a restorative material containing calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid. At initiation stage of reaction after mixing, GIC becomes sensitive with air and water which can inhibit setting reaction so it needs to be protected with waterproof material, the one is bonding agent.Aim: To analize bonding agent?s effect in depth of water intrusion in GIC.Method: 12 GIC speciments with 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height were divided into 3 groups: group 1 without any protecting layer, group 2 was coated with varnish, and group 3 was coated with bonding agent. All speciments were immersed in methylene blue 0,1% as long as 24 hours and was put into incubator 370 C. Then, each samples was cut off into 2 pieces, one side was measured for water intrusion using measuring microscope dan the other was measured for surface hardness using Knoop Microhardness Tester. After that, the result was analized statistical.Result: At 3 groups showed there was significant difference, the highest water intrusion depth score was group without any protecting layer and the lowest score was bonding agent?s group.Conclusion: Application of bonding agent could decrease the depth of water intrusion in GIC."

"Latar Belakang: Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) adalah bahan restorasi yang terdiri bubuk kaca kalsium fluoroaluminosilikat dan asam poliakrilik. Pada tahap awal reaksi setelah pencampuran, SIK sensitif terhadap udara dan air yang dapat menghambat reaksi pengerasan, sehingga perlu perlindungan dengan material yang kedap air dan salah satunya adalah bonding agent.Tujuan: menganalisis efek bonding agent terhadap kekerasan SIK.Metode: 12 spesimen SIK diameter 5mm dan tebal 2mm, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kelompok 1 tanpa pelapisan, kelompok 2 dilapis varnis dan kelompok 3 dilapis bonding agent. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam methylen blue 0,1% selama 24 jam dan di masukkan dalam inkubator dalam suhu 37oC. Kemudian setiap sampel dibelah menjadi 2, yang satu sisi diukur kedalaman intrusi airnya dengan measuring microscope dan bagian lainnya diukur ke kekerasan permukaannya dengan Knoop Microhardness Tester. Kemudian hasilnya dianalisis secara statistik.Hasil: Pada ketiga kelompok terlihat adanya perbedaan bermakna dengan nilai kekerasan SIK tertinggi ada pada kelompok bonding agent.Kesimpulan: Aplikasi bonding agent dapat meningkatkan kekerasan SIK.

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Background: Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) is a restorative material containing calcium fluoroalluminosillicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid. At the initial reaction after mixing process, GIC becomes sensitive to the air and water which can inhibit setting reaction, therefore it needs to be protected with waterproof material, such as bonding agent.Aim: Analyzing effect of bonding agent application in the hardness of GIC.Method: 12 GIC specimens with 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height were divided into 3 groups: first group were without coating, second group were coating with varnish, and third group were covering with bonding agent. All specimens were immersed in methylene blue 0,1% for 24 hours and stored into incubator 37o C. Furthermore, each sample was cut into 2 pieces, one part was measured for water intrusion using measuring microscope while the other part was measured for surface hardness using Knoop Microhardness Tester. Afterwards, the result was analized statistical.Result: At 3 groups show there was significant difference, the highest hardness score is bonding agent?s group.Conclusion: Application of bonding agent could increase the hardness of GIC."