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"Sebanyak 15% persen pasangan mengalami kemandulan. Sebanyak 30% di antaranya disebabkan oleh faktor pria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kekerapan mikrodelesi kromosom Y dan mengetahui mikrodelesi kandidat gen mana pada kromosom Y yang paling sering dijumpai pada pria penderita oligozoospermia di Jakarta 2007 ? 2008. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian bentuk deskriptif molekuler cross sectional. Besarnya sampel pria infertil dengan kriteria oligozoospermia berat yang akan diteliti sebanyak 50 orang. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan gen yang paling sering mengalami mikrodelesi pada pria penderita oligozoospermia di Jakarta 2007 ? 2008 adalah gen pada regio sY254 dan sY255 kromosom Y.

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As many as15% couples have an infertility problem. 30% problems among them are caused by male factor. This research is objected to measure the Y chromosome microdeletion frequency and to know the gen candidate of Y chromosome with the highest frequency among oligozoospermia patient in Jakarta from 2007 until 2008. This research uses cross sectional molecular descriptive design. From this research, we can conclude that the genes with the highest microdeletion frequency in oligozoospermia patient in Jakarta from 2007 until 2008 are genes in sY254 and sY255 region of Y chromosome."

"Pendahuluan Kehilangan pendengaran adalah problem yang sering diderita pekerja yang terpajan bising, diantaranya adalah masinis kereta api. Pajanan bising dapat menyebabkan kondisi stres oksidatif yang menyebabkan kematian pada sel rambut melalui proses nekrosis atau apoptosis. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, tubuh manusia memiliki mekanisme pertahanan endogen dengan membentuk enzim antioksidan, salah satunya glutathione peroxidase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk korelasi antara aktivitas glutathione peroxidase dengan hasil pemeriksaan audiometri dan mengetahui akurasi aktivitas glutathione peroxidase sebagai prediktor hasil pemeriksaan audiometri yang dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi dini kehilangan pendengaran akibat bising. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional pada masinis kereta api. Variabel prediktor mencakup aktivitas glutathione peroxidase, indeks brinkman, indeks massa tubuh, dan usia. Variabel respon adalah nilai rerata ambang pendengaran pada frekuensi 3000, 4000, dan 6000 Hz. Hasil Subyek penelitian terdiri dari 46 orang masinis yang memiliki rerata nilai ambang pendengaran pada frekuensi 3000, 4000, 6000 Hz < 25dB. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas glutathione peroxidase berhubungan dengan nilai ambang pendengaran (p = 0,03) dengan kekuatan korelasi negatif yang lemah (r = -0,312). Dari analisis regresi linier didapatkan bahwa aktivitas glutathione peroxidase, indeks brinkman, indeks massa tubuh, dan usia melalui sebuah persamaan regresi (p = 0,018) dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi nilai ambang pendengaran = 15,104 – 0,019 (glutathione peroxidase) - 0,002 (indeks brinkman) – 0,474 (indeks massa tubuh) + 0,237 (usia) dengan nilai adjusted R2 = 0,175. Kesimpulan Aktivitas glutathione peroxidase bersama indeks brinkman, indeks massa tubuh, dan usia dapat memprediksi nilai ambang pendengaran sesuai dengan persamaan regresi yang didapatkan dalam penelitian ini. Namun, masih terdapat beberapa variabel lain yang mungkin dapat memengaruhi nilai ambang pendengaran yang harus diperhitungkan.

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INTRODUCTION Hearing loss is a common problem among workers, including train drivers exposed to loud noise. Noise exposure results in oxidative stress that damages hair cells permanently. One of the antioxidant enzymes produced by the human body’s endogenous defense mechanism is glutathione peroxidase. This study aims to determine the correlation between glutathione peroxidase activity and hearing threshold level, as well as the accuracy of glutathione peroxidase activity as a predictor of the hearing threshold for the early detection of noise-induced hearing loss.

MATERIALS AND METHODS This population study of train drivers used a cross-sectional design. Predictor variables include age, glutathione peroxidase activity, the Brinkman index, and the body mass index. The response variable is the mean hearing threshold at 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz.

RESULTS 46 train drivers with a mean hearing threshold below 25 dB at 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz were included as subjects. The correlation test showed that glutathione peroxidase activity was associated with a hearing threshold value (p = 0.03) with a relatively weak negative correlation (r = -0.312). According to linear regression analysis, age, glutathione peroxidase activity, Brinkman index, and body mass index can be used to predict the hearing threshold value = 15.104 + 0.237 (age) - 0.019 (glutathione peroxidase) - 0.002 (Brinkman index) - 0.474 (body mass index) with adjusted r squared = 0.175.

CONCLUSION This study reveals that age, glutathione peroxidase activity, Brinkman index, and body mass index can predict hearing threshold values. However, there are additional variables that must be considered."

"Kejadian stunting pada masa anak-anak masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat, khususnya di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Berdasarkan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas, 2013) prevalensi stunting pada anak usia 5-12 di Indonesia sebesar 30,7%. Faktor nutrisi telah diketahui sebagai penyebab kejadian stunting. Namun, beberapa penelitian menemukan adanya kontribusi genetik terhadap penyerapan kalsium yang akan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan, yaitu gen vitamin D receptor (VDR). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor genetik dan nutrisi terhadap height-for-age Z-core (HAZ) pada anak sekolah dasar di kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang dan dilakukan pada tahun 2018. Penelitian ini melibatkan 142 anak sekolah dasar berusia 8-10 tahun. Pengukuran tinggi badan dilakukan untuk menghitung HAZ pada anak-anak. Asupan energi, protein, kalsium dan vitamin D diperoleh dengan 24-hour dietary recall selama 4 hari. Dua SNP yang terletak pada daerah promoter dari gen VDR dipilih (rs11568820 dan rs4516035); dan distribusi genotipnya dianalisis menggunakan Real Time PCR. Faktor lain seperti karakteristik sosiodemografi, riwayat penyakit menular dan skor paparan sinar matahari diperoleh dengan kuesioner terstruktur, dan kuesioner paparan sinar matahari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi stunting sebesar 21,8%. Asupan makan sebagian besar kurang terpenuhi, khususnya asupan kalsium dan vitamin D. Distribusi genotip rs11568820 adalah TT (19%), CT (43,7%) dan CC (37,3%). Sedangkan distribusi genotip rs4516035 adalah TT (90,8%) dan CT (9,2%). Analisis bivariat menunjukkan adanya korelasi yang signifikan antara asupan energi dan protein terhadap HAZ (p=0,030 dan p=0,016), tetapi tidak pada asupan kalsium dan vitamin D. Selain itu, tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara polimorfisme kedua SNP gen VDR dengan HAZ (p>0,05). Setelah disesuaikan dengan faktor-faktor lainnya, asupan protein secara signifikan berkolerasi dengan HAZ (β=0,034, 95% CI 0,016 – 0,053, p<0,001, adj. R2=0,077). Efek dari aktivitas gen VDR kemungkinan tidak terlihat karena rendahnya asupan vitamin D yang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan penyerapan kalsium yang kemudian akan mempengaruhi HAZ.

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Childhood stunting remains as a major public health problem, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. According to Indonesia Basic Health Research (Riskesdas, 2013) the prevalence of stunting among children aged 5-12 years old in Indonesia was 30.7%. Nutrition factors has been known as a predominant factors associated with stunting. However, some studies discovered a genetic contribution in calcium absorption that will affect growth of the children, known as vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. The aim of this present study was to assess the association between genetic and nutritional factors related to height-forage Z-score (HAZ) of elementary school children in Malang District, East Java. The study design was a cross-sectional study which began on 2018. In this study, 142 children aged 8-10 years old were included. Height measurement was obtained to calculate HAZ of the children. Dietary intake consist of energy, protein, calcium and vitamin D intake were obtained using 4 days 24-hour dietary recall. Two SNPs located in the promoter region of VDR gene were selected (rs11568820 and rs4516035); its genotype distribution were analyzed using Real Time PCR system. Other factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, history of infectious diseases and sun exposure score were assessed using structured questionnaire and sun exposure questionnaire. The result showed that the prevalence of stunting was 21.8%. Dietary intake were mostly inadequate, especially for calcium and vitamin D intake. Genotype distribution of rs11568820 was TT (19%), CT (43.7%), and CC (37.3). While for rs4516035 the distribution was TT (90.8%) and CT (9.2%). Bivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between energy and protein intake with HAZ of the children (p=0.030 and p=0.016, respectively), but not with calcium and vitamin D intakes. There were no significant association between VDR gene polymorphism for both SNPs and HAZ of the children (p>0.05). Adjusted by other factors, protein intake was significantly correlated with HAZ (β=0.034, 95% CI 0.016 – 0.053, p<0.001, adj. R2=0.077). The effect of VDR gene promoter activity might not revealed due to very low vitamin D intake to stimulates intestinal calcium absorption which in turn affect HAZ.

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"Pajanan medan elektromagnetik dapat mengganggu sistem reproduksi pria, khususnya tahap spermatogenesis. Beberapa penelitian tentang pajanan medan elektromagnetik terhadap spermatogenesis telah dilakukan. Meskipun demikian, penelitian tersebut hanya pada satu tegangan dan satu generasi saja. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pajanan medan elektromagnetik pada beberapa tegangan dan beberapa generasi terhadap jumlah spermatogonia-A yang merupakan komponen penting spermatogenesis. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental dengan memajan mencit strain Webster jantan generasi pertama (F1), generasi kedua (F2), dan generasi ketiga (F3) menggunakan medan elektromagnetik dengan tegangan 3 kV/10 cm dengan kuat medan magnet 5,5 uT ; 4 kV/10 cm dengan kuat medan magnet 5,4 uT ; dan 5 kV/10 cm kuat medan magnet 5,3 uT. Mencit dipajan dari embrio sampai dewasa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi penurunan jumlah sel spermatogonia-A secara bermakna (analisis Kruskal-Wallis p<0,05) dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Penurunan tersebut cenderung sebanding dengan peningkatan tegangan dan sebanding dengan generasi.

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Electromagnetic field exposure can disrupt the male reproductive system, especially spermatogenesis stage. A number of research about electromagnetic field exposure to spermatogenesis have been done. However, those researchs involve only one voltage and one generation of mice. This research is to understand the effect of exposing several generation of mice to electromagnetic field in several voltage to the number of spermatogonia-A cells which is important component in spermatogenesis.

The design of this research is experimental by exposing first generation of male Webster strain mice (F1), second generation (F2), and third generation (F3) to electric field of 3 kV/10 cm and magnetic field of 5,5 uT; electric field of 4kV/10 cm and magnetic field 5,4 uT; and electric filed of 5 kV/10 cm and magnetic field of 5,3 uT. The mice were exposed from embrio until adult. Electromagnetic field exposure cause decrease in the number of spermatogonia-A cells first generation (F1), second generation (F2), and third generation (F3). Electromagnetic field exposure in a variety of voltage levels cause decrease in the number of cell spermatogonia-A cells.

Results of statistic analysis (Kruskal-Wallis Analysis) show that a significant decrease (p<0,05) in the number spermatogonia-A compared to control. The decrease in number of spermatogonia-A lean to the increasing voltage of electromagnetic field and generation of mice."

"Peningkatan penggunaan alat elektronik di lingkungan meningkatkan risiko pajanan terhadap kesehatan termasuk sistem reproduksi. Belum terdapat studi yang melihat perbedaan efek pajanan terhadap tiga generasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemajanan medan elektromagnetik frekuensi rendah ekstrim pada mencit strain Swiss Webster terhadap jumlah sel Leydig populasi jantan sampai didapatkan generasi F3 Mencit dibagi ke dalam tiga kelompok pajanan dengan medan elektromagnetik bertegangan 3 kV 4 kV dan 5 kV serta kelompok kontrol tanpa pajanan. Pengamatan histopatologi testis mencit dewasa masing masing kelompok pemajanan menunjukkan penurunan jumlah sel Leydig yang bermakna p 0 05 dibandingkan kontrol. Didapatkan pula penurunan yang bermakna pada generasi F1 F2 dan F3 dibandingkan dengan jumlah sel Leydig kelompok kontrol p 0 05. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan pajanan medan elektromagnetik frekuensi rendah ekstrim berpengaruh terhadap jumlah sel Leydig sehingga mempengaruhi kapastitas reproduksi jantan.

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Widespread use of electronic technology increase risk of future health including reproductive system Animal model studies has not yet provided effect of electromagnetic field on three different generations. The present study investigate the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure EMF ELF continously towards leydig cells on three generation of male Swiss Webster mice. Mices are distributed into three exposed group 3 kV 4 kV and 5 kV and one control population without exposure. Number of Leydig cells reduce significantly compared to control p 0 05. There is significant decreased of leydig cell count in every generations compared to control population p 0 05 It is concluded that ELF EMF exposure affects leydig cells population therefore reducing their spermatogenic capacity."

"Latar Belakang : Monosodium glutamat (MSG) mengandung glutamat yang apabila terakumulasi akan mengakibatkan kerusakan berbagai sel dan organ, salah satunya adalah sel Leydig. Sel Leydig memiliki kemampuan regenerasi setelahmengalami kerusakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kemampuan regenerasi sel Leydig tikus dewasa yang rusak akibat pajanan MSG.Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan 27 ekor tikus putih jantan strain Sprague Dawley usia 10-12 minggu yang dibagi menjadi 9 kelompok. Kelompok kontrol (K) diberikan aquadest 1,5 ml, kelompok PI diberikan MSG 4g/kgBB, dan kelompok PII diberikan MSG 6g/kgBB. Perlakuan diberikan secara oral selama 30 hari. Dari masing-masing perlakuan akan dibagi menjadi kelompok yangdimatikan 1 hari, 14 hari, dan 28 hari pasca perlakuan terakhir dihentikan. Testis kanan dan hipofisis dibuat sajian histologi menggunakan pewarnaan HE dan PAS. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah sel Leydig, sel berinti lonjong intersisial tubulus seminiferus, dan sel basofil adenohipofisis.Hasil : Peningkatan dosis MSG menyebabkan penurunan jumlah sel Leydig, serta peningkatan jumlah sel berinti lonjong intersisial tubulus seminiferus yang diduga merupakan sel progenitor Leydig. Pajanan MSG juga menyebabkanpenurunan jumlah sel basofil adenohipofisis. Setelah pajanan MSG dihentikan selama 14 hari dan 28 hari, tejadi peningkatan jumlah sel Leydig, penurunan jumlah sel berinti lonjong, dan peningkatan jumlah sel basofil.Kesimpulan : Sel leydig memiliki kemampuan regenerasi yang berlangsung antara 14 hingga 28 hari setelah penghentian pajanan MSG.

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Background : Monosodium glutamate (MSG) contains glutamate which if accumulated will result in damage to various cells and organs, one of which in the Leydig cells. Leydig cells had the ability to regenerate after damage. This study aims to investigate the Leydig cells regeneration of adult male rats after cessation

of MSG exposure. Methods: This study was performed on twenty-seven Sprague Dawley male rats (10-12 weeks old). They were divided into 9 groups. Control group (K) was given aquadest 1,5ml/day and two treated groups (PI and PII ) were given MSG 4g/kgBB and 6 g/kgBB. Treatment was given orally during 30 days. Each group

was then divided into three groups that were sacrificed 1 day, 14 days and 28 days after the last treatment. Histological preparations of the right testes and pituitary was studied using HE and PAS staining, respectively. The number of Leydig and oval nucleated cells of the seminiferous tubules interstitial as well as basophil cells of adenohypophysis were observed.

Result : Monosodium glutamate exposure caused a dose-dependent decrease in the number of Leydig cells and an increase in the number of oval nucleated cells. It was suggested that the oval nucleated cells were leydig progenitor cells.

Monosodium glutamate exposure also caused a decrease in the number of basophil cells of adenohypophysis. After cessation of MSG for 14 and 28 day, there was an increase in the number of Leydig cells, a decrease in the number of

oval nucleated cells and an increase the number of basophil cells.

Conclusion : Leydig cells had the ability to regenerate and the regeneration took place between 14 and 28 days after cessation of MSG exposure."

"ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan populasi terpadat di dunia, namunternyata statistik menunjukan bahwa tingkat kemandulan di Indonesia mengalamipeningkatan selama 10 tahun terakhir. Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkankemandulan adalah faktor genetik pada pria. MTHFR merupakan enzim yangdikode oleh gen MTHFR dan polimorfisme pada titik A1298C telah dibuktikanmemiliki asosiasi terhadap azoospermia di berbagai negara. Tujuan dari penelitianini adalah untuk identifikasi distribusi frekuensi genotip dan alotip daripolimorfisme gen MTHFR A1298C pada laki-laki normal dan azoospermia yangdatang ke Klinik Yasmin untuk berobat. Metode yang digunakan adalah studicross sectional dan penelitian dilakukan di Klinik Yasmin dan department biologiFakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia sejak Oktober 2011 sampai Mei 2013.Sampel darah diambil dari pasien lalu diisolasi DNA dan dianalisa genotipnya.Data di analisa menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS 21 dengan tes Chi Square.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa 66,7% laki-laki normal memilikigenotip AA, 23,8% memiliki AC, dan 9,5% memiliki CC. Sedangkan pada priaazoospermia, 41,0% genotip nya adalah AA, 59,0% adalah AC, dan tidakditemukan pria bergenotip CC. Selain itu, ada asosiasi antara polimorfisme genMTHFR A1298C dengan laki-laki azoospermia (p=0,049), namun tidakditemukan asosiasi antara alotip A atau C terhadap azoospermia (p=0,340). Olehkarena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada asosiasi terhadap polimorfisme genMTHFR pada laki-laki dengan azoospermia.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is one of the densely populated countries in the world, howeverstatistics revealed that infertility in Indonesia has been increasing over the last 10years. One of the factors causing infertility is genetic predisposition in the male.MTHFR is an enzyme coded by the MTHFR gene and its A1298C polymorphismhas been proven to cause infertility in many other countries. The purpose of thisstudy was to identify the genotype and allotype distribution of A1298C genepolymorphism in normal and azoospermia men who came to Klinik Yasmin toseek for treatment. The method used in this research is cross sectional and it tookplace at Klinik Yasmin and biology department of Faculty of MedicineUniversitas Indonesia from October 2011 until May 2013. Patients blood weredrawn and DNA was isolated in order to obtain the patient’s genotype. The datawas analyzed by SPSS 21 using Chi Square test. The result of this researchshowed that the normal men’s genotype consist of 66.7% AA, 23.8% AC, and9.5% CC. While in azoospermic patients, 41.0% AA, 59.0% AC, and CCgenotype was not found. In addition, There is association between MTHFR genepolymorphism A1298C with azoospermic men (p=0.049), however associationbetween A or C allotype with azoospermia was not found (p=0.340). To conclude,there is association between MTHFR gene polymorphism A1298C withazoospermia."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Di Indonesia toluena merupakan zat kimia yang banyak digunakan dalam bidang industri saat ini. Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB) menurut Surat Edaran Menteri Tenaga Kerja No. SE-01/MEN/1997 untuk toluena adalah 50 ppm. Toluena dapat mempengaruhi seluruh organ baik secara akut maupun kronis termasuk proses spermatogenesis. Data pajanan toluena yang mempengaruhi spermatogenesis masih terbatas dan kontroversial.Metode: Disain penelitian menggunakan true experimental dengan mencari hubungan antara variabel bebas dosis pajanan (toluena) dengan variabel terikatnya yaitu kadar malondialdehyde (MDA) di dalam jaringan darah, testikel serta jumlah sel spermatogonia A tikus wistar jantan. Proses pajanan dibagi menjadi lima kelompok yang berbeda (12,5 part permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, dan kontrol dengan pemajanan dilakukan 4 jam tiap hari selama 14 hari. Penilaian MDA menggunakan metodeperiodic acid Schiff (PAS) dan perhitungan Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A menggunakan rumus Abercrombie.Hasil: Pemajanan toluena secara statistik bermakna (p=0.005) menyebabkan penurunan terhadap Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A. Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A sudah mulai mengalami penurunan pada pajanan toluena 12,5 ppm. Pada uji korelasi Spearman didapatkan r=-0.683 dan p<0.001 antara tingkat pajanan toluena dengan Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A.Kesimpulan: Pemajanan toluena selama 2 minggu sebesar 12,5 ppm sudah dapat menganggu sel Spermatogenia A.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Currently in Indonesia, toluene is a chemical that is widely used in the industrial field. Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for toluene according to the Minister of Labour Circular Letter No. SE-01 /MEN/1997 is 50 ppm. Toluene can affect all organs of both acute and chronic, including the process of spermatogenesis. The availability of data regarding the toluene exposure which can affect the spermatogenesis is still limited and therefore it is also still controversial.Methods: This study is a true experimental research design aimed to find the correlation between the independent variable, which is the exposure dose (toluene) and the dependent variable, i.e. the of level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood tissue and testicles, and the number of spermatogenia A cells of male Wistar rats. Exposure process is divided into five distinct groups (12.5 parts permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and control, where the rats are exposed 4 hours per day for 14 days). MDA level is assessed by using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method. Testical staining is done by using the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and numbers of the spermatogenia A cells are calculated by using the Abercrombie formula.Results: This study indicates that toluene exposure significantly led to a reduction of the number of spermatogenia A cells (p=0.005). Number of spermatogenia A cells has started to decline at 12.5 ppm of toluene exposure. Spearman correlation test between the toluene exposure levels and the number of spermatogenia A cells shows r=0.683 (p<0.001).Conclusion: Toluene exposure for 2 weeks at 12.5 ppm has appeared to be able to disrupt the number of spermatogenia A., Introduction: Currently in Indonesia, toluene is a chemical that is widely used in the industrial field. Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for toluene according to the Minister of Labour Circular Letter No. SE-01 /MEN/1997 is 50 ppm. Toluene can affect all organs of both acute and chronic, including the process of spermatogenesis. The availability of data regarding the toluene exposure which can affect the spermatogenesis is still limited and therefore it is also still controversial.Methods: This study is a true experimental research design aimed to find the correlation between the independent variable, which is the exposure dose (toluene) and the dependent variable, i.e. the of level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood tissue and testicles, and the number of spermatogenia A cells of male Wistar rats. Exposure process is divided into five distinct groups (12.5 parts permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and control, where the rats are exposed 4 hours per day for 14 days). MDA level is assessed by using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method. Testical staining is done by using the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and numbers of the spermatogenia A cells are calculated by using the Abercrombie formula.Results: This study indicates that toluene exposure significantly led to a reduction of the number of spermatogenia A cells (p=0.005). Number of spermatogenia A cells has started to decline at 12.5 ppm of toluene exposure. Spearman correlation test between the toluene exposure levels and the number of spermatogenia A cells shows r=0.683 (p<0.001).Conclusion: Toluene exposure for 2 weeks at 12.5 ppm has appeared to be able to disrupt the number of spermatogenia A.]"

"ABSTRAKSebanyak 120 sampel Dried Blood Spot (DBS) malaria falciparum yang diperoleh dari studi efikasi obat DHP pada 5 wilayah di Indonesia dianalisis dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dan sekuensing, untuk melihat varian SNPs K13 dan alel FcγRIIa -131 serta hubungannya dengan densitas parasit dan efikasi Dihidroartemisinin-Piperakuin. Hasil penelitian tidak menemukan mutasi gen K13 pada seluruh isolat P. falciparum yang diperiksa. Artemisinin masih efektif untuk pengobatan malaria di Indonesia. Analisis gen FcγRIIa menunjukkan bahwa genotip RH memiliki frekuensi yang paling tinggi (50,8%) dibandingkan RR (17,5%) dan HH (31,7%). Alel R131 gen FcγRIIa menunjukkan efek protektif terhadap High Density Parasitemia (HDP) (>5000 parasit/μL; odds ratio [OR]= 0.133, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.053?0.334, P< 0.001) dan berkaitan dengan keberadaan gametosit yang lebih lama pada inang (> 72 jam.

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ABSTRACT

Relative Risk [RR]= 1,571, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1,005?2,456, P= 0.090).;A total of 120 samples of Dried Blood Spot (DBS) falciparum malaria acquired from DHP drug efficacy studies in 5 regions in Indonesia were analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing, to look at variants of K13 SNPs and FcγRIIa-131 allele and its Association with Parasite Density and Efficacy of Dihydroartemisinin- Piperaquine. No mutations in the K13 gene was found in any of the isolates examined. Artemisinin is still effective for the treatment of malaria in Indonesia. The FcγRIIa gene analysis indicated that genotype RH has the highest frequency (50.8%) compared to RR (17.5%) and HH (31.7%). Allele R131 showed a protective effect against High Density Parasitemia (HDP) (>5000 parasites/μL; odds ratio [OR]= 0.133, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.053?0.334, P< 0.001) and associated with longer gametocytes carrier clearance time (> 72 hours; Relative Risk [RR]= 1,571, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1,005?2,456, P= 0.090)."

"Varian gen TMPRSS6 berasosiasi dengan status besi diplasma, tetapi efek tersebut belum dijelaskan pada anak Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalasis apakah SNP rs855791 (G>A) dan rs4820268 (A>G) gen TMPRSS6 berhubungan dengan status besi dan hemoglobin yang rendah dengan mengontrol asupan zat besi pada anak baduta suku Sasak. Studi crossectional ini mengeksplorasi baseline data dari randomized trial di Kabupaten Lombok Timur, sebanyak 121 subyek memenuhi syarat dalam penelitian ini. Real Time PCR, metode Taqman Assay digunakan untuk menganalisis genotip. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa varian TMPRSS6 secara signifikan berhubungan dengan feritin, tetapi asupan zat besi lebih berkontribusi terhadap feritin dibandingkan genotipe.

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Variants in TMPRSS6 were associated with plasma iron, but their effects in Indonesian children remain elucidated. This study aim to analyze whether the TMPRSS6 SNPs rs855791 (G>A) and rs4820268 (A>G) were associated with low iron status and hemoglobin controlling for iron intake among Sasaknese. A crossectional study explored the baseline of a randomized trial in East Lombok district, 121 subjects were eligible in the study. Real Time PCR using Taqman-assay method was used for analysis of SNPs genotype. The researcher suggests that TMPRSS6 variants were significantly associated with plasma ferritin, but iron intake still more contribute to ferritin than genotype."