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"The main purpose of the study was to investigate the influences of urbanism, schooling and gender on intelligence. An additional purpose was the investigation of the influences of urbanism and gender on school achievement. The first question pertinent to the problems in this investigation is: What is the impact of urban culture as compared to rural culture on the development of abilities? Will there be differences in the abilities of urban and rural children, not only in terms of level or quantity but also in terms of the kinds of strategies used in solving problems? The term urbanism in this study is taken from Wirth (1938) and has the meaning of way of live that is characteristic of people living in the cities. According to Wirth the study of urbanism can be approached from three inter-related perspectives: (1) as a physical structure, (2) as a system of social organization, and (3) as a set of attitudes and ideas and a "constellation of personalities". In the discussion he paid much attention to the last two perspectives. Defined as a way of life, urbanism then is identical to urban culture, because culture is defined as including a material aspect, as well as values, norms and knowledge that is made by humans for the regulation of social interaction and the enhancement of group living (Selo Soemardjan and Soelaeman Soemardi, 1964). Recent developments in social psychology are paying much attention to the non-material aspect which is given the name subjective culture, i.e. "... a cultural group's characteristic way of perceiving the man-made part of its environment. The perception of rules and the group's norms, roles, and values are aspects of subjective culture." (Triandis, 1972, p. 4). Based on the studies of anthropologists on urban (e.g. Basham, 1978) and rural (e.g. Koentjaraningrat, 1964) communities it can be concluded that the way of life in the cities is different from the way of life in the villages. The supposition in this study is that urban and rural people would develop different abilities and skills."

"At the same time he emphasized the 'appalling neglect' of the study of creativity by psychologists. Examining the index of the Psychological Abstracts since its origin, he found that of the approximately 121.000 titles listed in 23 years, only 186 were indexed as definitely bearing on the subject of creativity. The major interest in the creativity disposition and the recognition of its importance for knowledge came from the fields outside of psychology. Large industries recognized the enormous value of new ideas. Various branches of the government are asking for individuals who have inventive potentialities. These needs have found psychology ill prepared. One of the major conceptual blocks for the study of creativity has been the conception of creativity as an inherited property of the genius (Razik 1967): 'Assumebly ... creativity is where one finds it, and little can be done through education to affect it' (p. 301). Another conceptual block for the 'creativity movement' centered in the measurement instruments commonly used in the schools: the traditional intelligence tests to assess the capacity of students for learning and the achievement tests to judge the progress students make on their way through the school program. Both intelligence and achievement tests were mostly limited to tasks for which there were single, predetermined 'right' answers (convergent thinking). "