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Tatang Mitra Setia
"Komunikasi suara memainkan peran penting dalam sistem sosial primata. Dalam kehidupan sosial, orangutan berkomunikasi jarak jauh dengan individu lain melalui seruan panjang (long call). Kemampuan mengeluarkan seruan panjang yang dapat terdengar jauh ini terbatas hanya pada orangutan jantan berpipi. Studi jangka panjang telah dilakukan sejak tahun 1988 di Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, Aceh Tenggara mengenai seruan panjang ini.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah:
Pertama, mengidentifikasi interaksi antara orangutan jantan berpipi dan antara orangutan jantan berpipi dengan betina.
Kedua, menentukan fungsi seruan panjang bagi asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association).
Ketiga, menentukan pola seruan panjang orangutan jantan, apakah mengeluarkan seruan panjang di lokasi tertentu misalnya pohon Ficus spp., pohon nonFicus spp., dan pohon sarang.
Asosiasi jangkauan suara yang digunakan oleh jantan berpipi adalah suatu strategi jantan untuk menjaga jarak dekat dengan betina dan menolak kehadiran jantan lain yang berada di sekitarnya. Meskipun strategi seperti ini pernah diamati oleh para peneliti sebelumnya, kejadiannya di lapangan belum pernah secara kuantitatif diverifikasi. Data dikumpulkan dengan mengikuti individu target menggunakan metode Ad Libitum untuk merekam interaksi yang terjadi.
Berdasarkan studi jangka panjang ini, telah dikonfirmasi ada hirarki non-linier antara jantan berpipi dan ada satu jantan dominan. Selain itu, status sosial yang tinggi dari orangutan jantan berpipi adalah tidak permanen. Selanjutnya, betina dewasa diketahui paling sering ditemukan di sekitar jantan berpipi yang dominan, sehingga membentuk asosiasi di sekitar jantan yang dominan. Respon jelajah jantan terhadap seruan panjang saling menjauhi, sebaliknya respon jelajah betinan terhadap seruan panjang saling mendekati.
Penelitian yang juga menunjukkan bahwa, asosiasi bergerak mengikuti di sekitar lokasi dan posisi seruan panjang yang dikeluarkan oleh jantan yang dominan telah membuktikan ada asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association). Seruan panjang lebih sering dipancarkan di tepi studi area dan juga di pohon sarang tidur. Hasil ini menyimpulkan bahwa seruan panjang berfungsi menjaga dan memandu betina yang tinggal dalam radius jangkauan suara terdengar.

Vocal communication plays an importan role in primate social system. In a social life, orangutans communicate with other individual through long calls. However, this behavior is limited to the flanged males orangutan. The long-term studies were conducted since 1988 in Ketambe Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park, Southeast Aceh regarding this behavior; nonetheless, the reasons of long calls are still unclear.
Therefore, the purposes of the study are:
First, identify the interactions of males and females orangutan while long-calls are emitted.
Second, determine the function of long-calls as a guidance to keep earshot association.
Third, determine the pattern of male orangutans long call at a specific locations e.g. fig tree, non-fig tree, and nest tree.
Earshot association is a spacing strategy employed by the flanged males to keep close distance to females, while repelling other males orangutan. Although this strategie has been observed by previous researchers, its existence in the field has never been quantitatively verified before. Data were collected by following the individual target using Ad Libitum method to record their interaction.
Based on this long-term study, a non-linear hierarchy between flanged males and a dominant flanged male is confirmed. In addition, the high social status of flanged males orangutan is not permanent. Furthermore, adult females are most frequently found around the dominant flanged male, thus forming associations around the dominant male.
This study also shows the association is moving around to follow the location and position of long call emitted by the dominant male confirming earshot association. Long calls act as a guidance to keep the association between flanged male and other individuals. When the long-calls emitted by a dominant male, other flanged males are generally keep their distance whereas females are approaching the long-calls? source. The dominant male spend a long time in the fig trees than other males. In addition, males spend their time in the middle of the study area in which overlapped with adult females. Based on the rate of long calls, flanged males more frequently emitted the long calls on the edge of study area and also in the nest tree. These results conclude the long-calls could maintain the association with adult females who live in the similar range with the flanged male (earshot association).
"
Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2015
D2113
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Endah Wulandari
"Latar belakang: Sitoglobin (Cygb) adalah protein pengangkut O2 yang diekspresikan oleh fibroblas dan fibroblast like cells aktif. Keperluan O2 dan energi meningkat pada fibrosis akibat proliferasi fibroblas dan sintesis kolagen. Pada fibrosis terjadi hipoksia yang ditandai oleh stabilisasi hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), yang kemudian membentuk HIF-1 yang merupakan faktor transkripsi untuk ekspresi protein adaptasi (termasuk Cygb). Diduga Cygb berperan dalam suplai O2 pada fibrosis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai peran Cygb pada hipoksia jaringan fibrosis dengan keloid sebagai model.
Metode: Penelitian bersifat observasional deskriptif. Sampel keloid diperoleh melalui biopsi, sedangkan kontrol preputium diperoleh melalui sirkumsisi, masing-masing 10 sampel jaringan. Pengukuran ekspresi mRNA Cygb, HIF-1α, kolagen I dan III dilakukan dengan real time RT-PCR; kadar protein Cygb dan HIF-1α dengan ELISA; dan ekspresi protein Cygb, HIF-1α, FGF, kolagen I dan III di lapisan dermis dengan imunohistokimia (IHK). Pengukuran kadar MDA dan GSH (tingkat stres oksidatif) serta kadar hidroksiprolin (untuk pematangan kolagen) dengan spektrofotometri, sedangkan pengukuran kepadatan kolagen dengan pewarnaan Van Gieson. Data dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji-t.
Hasil: Pada keloid dibandingkan preputium, ekspresi mRNA Cygb meningkat 8,7 kali, protein Cygb meningkat bermakna (1,196 Vs 0,779 ng/mg protein dan 95% Vs 63% ; p <0,05). Ekspresi mRNA HIF-1α meningkat 5,1 kali, protein HIF-1α meningkat bermakna (0,201 Vs 0,122 ng/mg protein dan 80% Vs 38%; p <0,05). Terdapat korelasi kuat antara ekspresi protein HIF-1α dan mRNA Cygb (Pearson; R = 0,649; p <0,01). Ekspresi protein FGF keloid meningkat bermakna (78% Vs 41%; p <0,05). Demikian pula ekspresi mRNA prokolagen I dan III keloid meningkat bermakna (35 kali dan 27,1 kali), serta ekspresi protein kolagen I dan III (61% Vs 37% dan 39% Vs. 16%; p <0,05). Juga terdapat korelasi kuat antara protein HIF-1α dengan FGF, prokolagen I dan III (Pearson; R= 0,878; R=0,960; dan R=0884; p<0,01). Kadar hiroksiprolin lebih tinggi pada keloid (0,297 Vs 276 ng/mg protein; p >0,05) dan pematangan kolagen lebih tinggi bermakna (1,2 kali; p <0,05). Cygb berkorelasi kuat dengan pematangan kolagen (kadar hidroksiprolin) (Pearson; R = 0,790; p <0,001).
Kesimpulan: Cygb berperan pada hipoksia jaringan fibrosis yang ditandai dengan peningkatan ekspresinya. Peran Cygb terkait dengan ekspresi HIF-1α yang berkorelasi dengan peningkatan FGF, pro/kolagen I dan III yang merupakan faktor penting pada fibrosis. Cygb juga berperan pada pematangan kolagen.

Background: Cytoglobin (Cygb) is an O2 carrier protein expressed by fibroblasts and active fibroblast like cells. O2 and energy demand increased in fibrosis due to proliferation of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen. In fibrosis hypoxia occurred which is characterized by stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which later forming the HIF-1, a transcription factor for the expression of adaptation protein (including Cygb). Cygb alleged role in the supply of O2 in fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about Cygb role in fibrosis hypoxia with keloid tissue as a model.
Methods: This was an observational descriptive study. Keloid samples were obtained from biopsy, while the preputium as control were obtained from circumcision, 10 tissue samples each. Measurement of Cygb, HIF-1α, collagen I and III mRNA expression were carried out by real time RT?PCR. Cygb and HIF-1α protein level were measured by ELISA; while Cygb, HIF-1α, FGF, and collagen I and III protein expressions in the dermis layer by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Measurement of MDA and GSH levels (oxidative stress) and hydroxyprolin concentration (marker of mature collagen) by spectrophotometry, while the collagen density measurement with van Gieson staining. Data were analyzed statistically using t-test.
Results: In keloid compared preputium, Cygb mRNA expression increased 8.7 times compared to preputium, Cygb protein increased significantly (1.196 Vs 0.779 ng/mg protein and 95% Vs 63%, p <0.05). HIF-1α mRNA expression increased by 5.1 times in keloid tissue, and protein HIF-1α increased significantly (0.201 Vs 0.122 ng/mg protein and 80% Vs 38%, p <0.05). There is a strong correlation between the expression of HIF-1α protein and Cygb mRNA (Pearson; R = 0.649, p <0.01). Keloid FGF protein expression increased significantly (78% Vs 41%; p <0.05). Similarly, mRNA expression of procollagen I and III keloid increased significantly (35 times and 27.1 times), and protein expression of collagen I and III (61% Vs 37% and 39% Vs 16%, p <0.05). There is also a strong correlation between HIF-1α protein with FGF, procollagen I and III (Pearson, R = 0.878, R = 0.960; and R = 0.884, p <0.01). Hydroxyprolin concentration were higher in keloid (0.297 Vs 0.276 ng/mg protein; p >0.05) and collagen maturation was significantly higher (1.2 times, p <0.05). Cygb is correlated with maturation of collagen (hydroxyproline levels) (Pearson, R = 0.790, p <0.001).
Conclusion: Cygb play role in fibrosis hypoxia which is characterized by its increased expression. Cygb role is associated with the expression of HIF-1α which are correlated with increased FGF, pro/collagen I and III, which are important factor in fibrosis. Cygb also play a role in the maturation of collagen."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2016
D-Pdf
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Dyah Haryuningtyas Sawitri
"ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan :Trypanosoma evansi adalah protozoa berflagella yang bersirkulasi
di dalam darah secara ekstraseluler sebagai agen penyakit Surra serta menyerang
seluruh hewan vertebrata, serta berpotensi sebagai zoonosis. Informasi virulensi
isolat T. evansi sangat dibutuhkan untuk penentuan strategi pengobatan Surra di
daerah wabah dan endemis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi
virulensi isolat T. evansi yang dikoleksi dari berbagai wilayah di Indonesia
termasuk memperoleh marka genetik serta mengetahui profil sitokin pada mencit.
Disamping itu, dilakukan juga uji serologis pada peternak di daerah wabah Surra
Metode : Sebanyak 32 isolat lokal T. evansi dikonfimasi dengan PCR multiplex
(ITS-1; Te Ro Tat 1,2 VSG dan ESAG6/7), selanjutnya diuji virulensinya dengan
menginfeksikan104 parasit pada mencit galur DDY. Studi genotyping populasi
T. evansi dievaluasi dengan 8 marka mikrosatelit Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10,
MORF2-CA, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT. Dua isolat yang berbeda
virulensi (tinggi-Bang87 dan rendah-Pml 287) dipilih untuk uji imunopatogenitas
sedangkan serum peternak diuji dengan metode FELISA dan CATT T. evansi.
Hasil : Dari 32 isolat tersebut terbagi menjadi 17 isolat bervirulensi tinggi, 11
isolat bervirulensi moderat dan 4 isolat bervirulensi rendah dengan 8 pola tingkat
parasitemia. Analisis Neigbour Joining (NJ) terhadap 8 lokus berdasarkan Multi
Lokus Genotipe (MLG) mikrosatelit terbagi menjadi 4 populasi, yaitu MLG A,
MLG B, MLG C dan MLG D. Analisis terhadap struktur populasi juga
memberikan hasil yang sama dengan terbentuknya 4 klaster. Hasil ini juga
membuktikan bahwa marka yang digunakan bersifat spesifik lokasi. Sebanyak
tiga marka mengindikasikan adanya asosiasi antara virulensi dan MLG (Tbb-1,
M6C8-CA dan MEST-19). Kadar IFN-γ meningkat secara tajam pada mencit
yang diinfeksi isolat Bang 87 pada 4hpi berkorelasi negatif yang signifikan
(p<0,05) dengan kadar IL-10, sedangkan pada mencit yang diinfeksi isolat Pml
287, peningkatan kadar IFNγ berkorelasi positif dengan kadar IL-10. Kematian
dini pada mencit yang diinfeksi isolat Bang 87 disebabkan oleh sindrom respon
inflamasi sitemik. Hasil uji serologis menunjukkan bahwa 4 dari 24 serum
peternak (16,67%) didaerah wabah positif dan seluruh serum negatif untuk
daerah non wabah.
Kesimpulan : Variasi virulensi T. evansi isolat Indonesia memiliki karakter
molekular yang berbeda serta menginduksi pola mediator sitokin pro dan
antiinflamasi yang berhubungan dengan pola manifestasi patologi yang berbeda.
Marka mikrosatelit pada studi ini mampu mengidentifikasi asal usul sumber
infeksi, dan tingkat virulensi isolat yang sedang bersirkulasi. Surra berpotensi
sebagai emerging zoonosis, terutama bagi peternak didaerah wabah dan endemis.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate of
protozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentially
as zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge to
determine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. The
aims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolates
collected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers as
well as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried out
to farmers living in a Surra outbreak area
Methods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;
Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104
parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi was
evaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CA
MORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulence
isolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysis
using ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kits
Results: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into three
different virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4
low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on Neigbour
Joining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into
4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture population
analysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These results
indicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.
Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an association
between virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in mice
infected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significant
negative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in mice
infected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10
levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 out
of 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample from
free area are negative.
Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia has
different molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatory
mediators associated with distinct patterns of pathological
manifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identify
origin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on the
outbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers or
immunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate of
protozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentially
as zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge to
determine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. The
aims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolates
collected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers as
well as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried out
to farmers living in a Surra outbreak area
Methods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;
Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104
parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi was
evaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CA
MORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulence
isolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysis
using ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kits
Results: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into three
different virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4
low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on Neigbour
Joining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into
4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture population
analysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These results
indicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.
Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an association
between virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in mice
infected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significant
negative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in mice
infected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10
levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 out
of 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample from
free area are negative.
Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia has
different molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatory
mediators associated with distinct patterns of pathological
manifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identify
origin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on the
outbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers or
immunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate of
protozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentially
as zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge to
determine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. The
aims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolates
collected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers as
well as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried out
to farmers living in a Surra outbreak area
Methods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;
Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104
parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi was
evaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CA
MORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulence
isolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysis
using ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kits
Results: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into three
different virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4
low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on Neigbour
Joining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into
4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture population
analysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These results
indicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.
Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an association
between virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in mice
infected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significant
negative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in mice
infected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10
levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 out
of 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample from
free area are negative.
Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia has
different molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatory
mediators associated with distinct patterns of pathological
manifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identify
origin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on the
outbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers or
immunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate of
protozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentially
as zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge to
determine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. The
aims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolates
collected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers as
well as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried out
to farmers living in a Surra outbreak area
Methods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;
Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104
parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi was
evaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CA
MORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulence
isolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysis
using ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kits
Results: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into three
different virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4
low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on Neigbour
Joining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into
4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture population
analysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These results
indicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.
Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an association
between virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in mice
infected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significant
negative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in mice
infected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10
levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 out
of 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample from
free area are negative.
Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia has
different molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatory
mediators associated with distinct patterns of pathological
manifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identify
origin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on the
outbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers or
immunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate of
protozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentially
as zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge to
determine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. The
aims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolates
collected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers as
well as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried out
to farmers living in a Surra outbreak area
Methods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;
Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104
parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi was
evaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CA
MORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulence
isolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysis
using ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kits
Results: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into three
different virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4
low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on Neigbour
Joining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into
4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture population
analysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These results
indicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.
Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an association
between virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in mice
infected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significant
negative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in mice
infected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10
levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 out
of 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample from
free area are negative.
Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia has
different molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatory
mediators associated with distinct patterns of pathological
manifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identify
origin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on the
outbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers or
immunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate of
protozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentially
as zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge to
determine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. The
aims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolates
collected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers as
well as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried out
to farmers living in a Surra outbreak area
Methods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;
Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104
parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi was
evaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CA
MORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulence
isolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysis
using ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kits
Results: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into three
different virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4
low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on Neigbour
Joining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into
4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture population
analysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These results
indicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.
Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an association
between virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in mice
infected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significant
negative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in mice
infected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10
levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 out
of 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample from
free area are negative.
Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia has
different molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatory
mediators associated with distinct patterns of pathological
manifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identify
origin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on the
outbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers or
immunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate of
protozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentially
as zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge to
determine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. The
aims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolates
collected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers as
well as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried out
to farmers living in a Surra outbreak area
Methods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;
Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104
parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi was
evaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CA
MORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulence
isolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysis
using ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kits
Results: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into three
different virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4
low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on Neigbour
Joining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into
4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture population
analysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These results
indicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.
Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an association
between virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in mice
infected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significant
negative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in mice
infected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10
levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 out
of 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample from
free area are negative.
Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia has
different molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatory
mediators associated with distinct patterns of pathological
manifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identify
origin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on the
outbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers or
immunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate of
protozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentially
as zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge to
determine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. The
aims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolates
collected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers as
well as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried out
to farmers living in a Surra outbreak area
Methods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;
Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104
parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi was
evaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CA
MORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulence
isolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysis
using ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kits
Results: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into three
different virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4
low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on Neigbour
Joining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into
4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture population
analysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These results
indicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.
Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an association
between virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in mice
infected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significant
negative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in mice
infected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10
levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 out
of 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample from
free area are negative.
Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia has
different molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatory
mediators associated with distinct patterns of pathological
manifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identify
origin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on the
outbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers or
immunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate of
protozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentially
as zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge to
determine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. The
aims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolates
collected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers as
well as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried out
to farmers living in a Surra outbreak area
Methods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;
Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104
parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi was
evaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CA
MORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulence
isolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysis
using ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kits
Results: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into three
different virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4
low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on Neigbour
Joining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into
4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture population
analysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These results
indicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.
Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an association
between virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in mice
infected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significant
negative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in mice
infected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10
levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 out
of 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample from
free area are negative.
Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia has
different molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatory
mediators associated with distinct patterns of pathological
manifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identify
origin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on the
outbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers or
immunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas"
2016
D-Pdf
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
I Made Setiawan
"Measles immunization has been introduced since 1960, thereby markedly reducing the number of cases in developed countries. However, measles epidemics still occur even in developed countries. In the United States, in 1988-1992 an increase in the number of measles cases reaching 50,000 cases was reported. Some of these cases occurred in previously immunized patients. This was thought to be caused by genetic mutation of the measles virus, aside from weaknesses of the vaccine and low immunization coverage.
Since measles immunization was employed in Indonesia, the number of measles patients has decreased. However, epidemics are still frequently reported. About 15-30% of reported cases occurred in those previously immunized, raising the question of whether a genetic difference exists between the wild-type measles virus circulating in Indonesia and the vaccine virus being used. Such a difference may lead to the differences in the antigenicity of the wild-type and vaccine viruses, rendering the resulting antibody incapable of neutralizing the wild-type viruses. Based on the above, this study is aimed to demonstrate the extent of genetic and antigenic differences between the wild-type and vaccine measles viruses.
We conducted an experimental laboratory study to sequence the N, H, and F genes of the wild-type measles viruses (G2, G3, and D9) and the CAM-70 vaccine virus. To show antigenic differences, the wild-type viruses (G2, G3, and D9) and the CAM-70 and Schwarz viruses were injected to BALB/c mice. Serum antibodies of the mice were analyzed using ELISA, cross-neutralization test, and immunoblotting using antigens from the respective viruses.
Results of this study showed that the wild-type and the vaccine viruses differ in the sequence of the N gene by 73-79 nucleotides, resulting in amino acid substitution of 17-24 residues; the H gene by 60-99 nucleotides, resulting in amino acid substitution of 13-29 residues; the F gene by 71-88 nucleotides, resulting in amino acid substitution of 4-3 I residues. Differences between the wild-type and the CAM-70 and Schwarz vaccine viruses were also found in the epitope site of the CTL and antibodies, which are important to virus antigenicity.
We conclude that a significant difference in antigenicity exists between the wild-type measles viruses circulating in Indonesia with the CAM-70 measles virus. We also found the immunogenicity of the CAM-70 and Schwarz vaccine viruses to be lower than that of the wild-type viruses."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2005
D760
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Luthfiralda Sjahfirdi
"Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch AUDEBERT 1797) is one of at least thirteen species of gibbons, which make up the Family Hylobatidae (Groves 2001: 289). The Javan gibbon is endemic to Java, Indonesia and now found only in fragmented forest tracts in the western and central portions of the island. As such, the conservation of this species has 'become a high priority for the government of Indonesia and the World. Habitat loss combined with illegal hunting and live capture has reduced the-Javan gibbon numbers in the wild to under 5000 individuals. Javan gibbon populations in zoos worldwide number less than 10 successful breeding pairs and live births have been extremely rare. The reasons for the low breeding success among captive Javan gibbons is not well understood but are likely to stem from a very limited knowledge of the basic reproductive biology/behavior. Expansion of genetic diversity and animal numbers in demographically isolated captive and wild populations are urgently required. Therefore, studies addressing female reproductive biology, particularly in providing data on the ovarian hormone profiles during ovarian cycle so to determine optimal mating time for assisted breeding, are a high priority.
This study aims to provide a detailed knowledge of basic reproductive biology in female Javan gibbons in captivity which is vital to promote population growth in captivity. This study was carried out to : (1) deine the endocrinology of the ovarian cycle in Javan gibbon by direct measurement of estradiol and progesterone in serum samples, (2) use serum hormones profiles to detennine the ovarian cycle and to predict the fertile phase of the cycle or Optimal Mating Time (GMT), (3) characterize the changes in vaginal epithelium and genital swelling, (4) evaluate cytological changes as Maturation Index (Ml), (5) correspond the similarity pattern of MI and genital swelling during ovarian cycle related to ovarian hormone profiles, and (6) monitor the time allocated to primary daily activity by captive-housed female Javan gibbons (Hylobales moloch) during their sexual cycle that live in pair to distinguish estrous period fiom anestrous one. This study was carried out from June 2003 to December 2003 for daily activity observations at Schmutzer Primate Center, Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta and Taman Sari Zoo, Bandung, and from September 2004 to April 2005 for blood sampling at Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta and Taman Sari Zoo, Bandung.
This is an exploration research that was conducted by daily observation and followed by blood sampling. Cycle status of all females was assessed daily by rating genital swelling following Czekala & Sicotte (2000: 210). Visual inspections of each gibbon sexual skin were observed daily for sign of swelling at 10 to 20 cm distance, while the animals are in caged as suggested by Heistermann et al. (1996: 845). The degree of wrinkling and the size of the labia minora will represent the primary physical features for evaluating changes in sex skin swelling during) the menstrual cycle. Four grades of were scored: 1 - no swelling; 2 - slightly swollen; 3 - nearly full swelling; 4 - fully swollen with additional coloration; Observations and sampling were conducted 2-month period that covered one complete ovarian cycle. Blood samples and vaginal swabs were taken at intervals of 3 to 4 days for the 2-month period. All sampling were conducted while the animal was under kethamine sedation; approximately 3 ml of blood was drawn from the femoral vein per sample. Blood collection was conducted by an experienced veterinarian or veterinarian technician on staff at the respective zoo in accordance with approved animal care and use protocols. Serum was drawn oif and stored in sealed vials at -20°C prior to EIA analysis to measure estrogen and progesterone levels during the ovarian cycle.
Daily observation was conducted to see how the limited area will influences their behavior including their reproductive behavior related to their hormonal regulation. Daily observations were divided into 2 (two) conditions, i.e. daily activity during esuus and during anestrus phase of the cycle. The vaginal morphology scores used to define estrus and anestrus phase. Estrous females were judged when the swelling scores were more than 1. The daily activities of 2 (two) female gibbons which were paired in each captivity were recorded base on ad-libitum method (Altmann 1974: 235). Observations were made by one observer, on an average of 5 to 6 days per week from 09:00 a.m. to 03:00 p.m. The Scan Sampling Method with five minutes duration for each sample point was used (Altmann 1974: 259), during visiting hours at both captivities. To measure the activity budgets, Dunbar (1988) methods was used. Activities of the animals were recorded, namely resting, moving, feeding, and grooming (in Matsumoto-Oda &. Oda 1998: 160), plus calling activity was added to be recorded, since gibbon?s calling is significantly spent during activity.
Results of this study were concluded as follows: The secretion patterns of estradiol and progesterone in serum Samples gave a reliable reflection of ovarian activity in captive-housed Javan gibbon. The range concentrations in cycling females of estradiol were 47.64 to 104.35 pg/ml and of progesterone were 0.5 to 10 ng/ml. The length of ovarian cycles was found to be 29 and 38 days, with follicular phase ranged from I9 to 24 days and luteal phase ranged from 7 to I2 days. The Optimal Mating Time was lasted 3 days after the day of estradiol surge or first day that progesterone levels begin to rise. From this study, two cycling females (0wa 1 and Owa 2) from Ragunan Zoo, displayed the lengths of the ovarian cycle ranging between 29 to 38 days. Two other females which live with their partners (Ulah at Schmutzer and Donna at Taman Sari Zoo) also displayed the length of the ovarian cycle by genital swelling observation. Their ovarian cycle length ranged between 29 to 30 days (for Ulah) and 26 to 36 days (for Donna). Despite the small sample and variability among animals, the limited subject animals using in this study gave an average ovarian cycle length of 315: 4.23 days, almost similar with other higher primates and human.
This study also found that genital swelling indicated correlationwith fluctuated estradiol values and could be useful as external marker to predict fertile phase of the cycle. The pattems of vaginal cytology were not consistent in all subjects during sampling period, theneafterthe patterns of comilication did not reliably reflect the physiological status ofthe animal, in contrast to many other species. Superficial cells presented throughout the cycle during sampling period corresponded with estrogen levels which never reach basal values.
Cycling female gibbons that live with their partners, demonstrated that in eslxous period, female tended to spend more time on calling, moving, and grooming. The dominant time spent on daily activity was for moving, that include brachiating leading to accommodate consortship behavior. Time spent for moving shown significantly different between estrus and anestrus, while feeding was less significant because of the availability of the food in captivity. They were more active in estrous than in anesmous condition."
Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2006
D1229
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
I Made Setiawan
"Measles immunization has been introduced since 1960, thereby markedly reducing the number of cases in developed countries. However, measles epidemics still occur even in developed countries. In the United States, in 1988-1992 an increase in the number of measles cases reaching 50,000 cases was reported. Some of these cases occurred in previously immunized patients. This was thought to be caused by genetic mutation of the measles virus, aside from weaknesses of the vaccine and low immunization coverage.
Since measles immunization was employed in Indonesia, the number of measles patients has decreased. However, epidemics are still frequently reported. About 15-30% of reported cases occurred in those previously immunized, raising the question of whether a genetic difference exists between the wild-type measles virus circulating in Indonesia and the vaccine virus being used. Such a difference may lead to the differences in the antigenicity of the wild-type and vaccine viruses, rendering the resulting antibody incapable of neutralizing the wild-type viruses. Based on the above, this study is aimed to demonstrate the extent of genetic and antigenic differences between the wild-type and vaccine measles viruses.
We conducted an experimental laboratory study to sequence the N, H, and F genes of the wild-type measles viruses (G2, G3, and D9) and the CAM-70 vaccine virus. To show antigenic differences, the wild-type viruses (G2, G3, and D9) and the CAM-70 and Schwarz viruses were injected to BALB/c mice. Serum antibodies of the mice were analyzed using ELISA, cross-neutralization test, and immunoblotting using antigens from the respective viruses.
Results of this study showed that the wild-type and the vaccine viruses differ in the sequence of the N gene by 73-79 nucleotides, resulting in amino acid substitution of 17-24 residues; the H gene by 60-99 nucleotides, resulting in amino acid substitution of 13-29 residues; the F gene by 71-88 nucleotides, resulting in amino acid substitution of 4-3 I residues. Differences between the wild-type and the CAM-70 and Schwarz vaccine viruses were also found in the epitope site of the CTL and antibodies, which are important to virus antigenicity.
We conclude that a significant difference in antigenicity exists between the wild-type measles viruses circulating in Indonesia with the CAM-70 measles virus. We also found the immunogenicity of the CAM-70 and Schwarz vaccine viruses to be lower than that of the wild-type viruses."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2005
D620
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Sri Widia Jusman
Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2010
D1762
UI - Disertasi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Pramita Gayatri Dwipoerwantoro
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2009
D1745
UI - Disertasi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Muhammad Samsul Mustofa
"Latar belakang: Penelitian mengenai manfaat kedelai dalam penyembuhan penyakit diabetes mellitus DM sudah banyak dilakukan, namun belum diketahui pengaruh ekstrak kedelai terhadap peran protein TERT sel - pankreas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kemampuan ekstrak kedelai dalam meningkatkan ekspresi TERT sel - pankreas pada tikus diabetes melitus.
Metode Penelitian: Eksperimental dengan Randomized block design. Enam puluh tikus putih jantan galur Sprague-Dawley dikelompokkan secara acak menjadi 6 kelompok: 1 tikus normal, 2 tikus DM diinduksi aloksan , 3 tikus DM glibenklamid, 4 tikus DM ekstrak kedelai 1 mg/kgBB/hari, 5 tikus DM ekstrak kedelai 5 mg/kgBB/hari, 6 tikus DM ekstrak kedelai 25 mg/kgBB/hari. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan SPSS 20. Variabel yang diukur yaitu glukosa darah puasa, ekspresi TERT dan jumlah sel - pankreas.
Hasil: glukosa darah puasa pada perlakuan dengan ekstrak kedelai menurun secara bermakna p < 0,05 dibandingkan dengan tikus diabetes mellitus. Ekspresi TERT pada DM 25 mg/kgBB/hari lebih tinggi secara bermakna p < 0,05 dibanding tikus diabetes, jumlah sel ? pankreas pada tikus perlakuan ekstrak kedelai lebih tinggi secara bermakna p < 0,05 dibanding tikus diabetes.
Kesimpulan: Ekstrak kedelai 1, 5 dan 25 mg/kgBB/hari dapat meningkatkan ekspresi TERT sel b pankreas pada tikus diabetes mellitus yang diinduksi aloksan.

Background: Studies on the benefit of soybean as a treatment for diabetes mellitus DM have been largely performed however, the effect of soybean extracts on the role of TERT protein in pancreatic cells has not been known. The aimed of this study is to measure the capacity of soybean extracts in increasing the TERT expression of pancreatic cells in rats with diabetes mellitus.
Methods: It was an experimental study with randomized block design. Sixty white male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly categorized into 6 groups 1 normal rats 2 rats with DM induced by alloxan 3 rats with DM glibenclamide 4 rats with DM 1 mg kgBW day soybean extracts 5 rats with DM 5 mg kgBW day soybean extracts 6 rats with DM 25 mg kgBW day soybean extracts. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software program version 20.0. The measured variables included fasting blood glucose level, TERT expressions and the number of pancreatic cells.
Results: The fasting blood glucose level in rats treated with soybean extracts was reduced significantly p 0.05 compared to rats in diabetic control group. There was a significantly higher TERT expression in rats with DM 25 mg kgBW day soybean extracts p 0.05 compared to rats in diabetic control group moreover, the number of pancreatic cells was also significantly higher in rats treated with soybean extracts p 0.05 than the diabetic rats.
Conclusion: Soybean extracts of 1, 5 and 25 mg kgBW day can increase the TERT expression of pancreatic cells in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan.
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2017
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