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"Latar Belakang: Baduy merupakan suku yang masih melestarikan budayanya tersendiri tanpa dipengaruhi oleh faktor luar yang menyebabkan variasi genetik dan dapat mempengaruhi komposisi mikroba dalam rongga mulut. Variasi mikroba dan status kebersihan rongga mulut berhubungan dengan pertumbuhan biofilm yang dipengaruhi oleh hasil metabolit sejumlah mikroorganisme, seperti protein dan nitrat. Protein berperan penting dalam perlekatan mikroba dan mendukung adhesi intraselular serta komunikasi antar mikroba sehingga meningkatkan pembentukan biofilm. Keberadaan NO dalam rongga mulut dapat mengurangi tingkat c-di-GMP yang menyebabkan terjadinya dispersi pada biofilm sehingga dapat memecah matriks biofilm. Tujuan: Mengamati pengaruh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy terhadap viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy dalam kondisi aerob. Metode: Pemeriksaan konsentrasi protein dari spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah Baduy dilakukan dengan uji Bradford, uji Griess untuk menetapkan konsentrasi nitrat, uji Crystal Violet untuk menetapkan nilai optical density yang merepresentasikan massa biofilm, dan uji Total Plate Count (TPC) yang menentukan viabilitas sel. Masing-masing perlakuan dibedakan berdasarkan konsentrasi protein dan nitrat pada spent medium 5% dan 10% dengan waktu inkubasi selama 24 jam dalam kondisi aerob. Selanjutnya data diolah secara statistik menggunakan uji komparasi One-Way ANOVA, Independent T-test, dan Mann-Whitney U. Hasil: Uji statistik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada perbandingan viabilitas sel biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy yang diintervensi oleh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy berdasarkan konsentrasi protein dan nitrat sebesar 5% dan 10%, massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy yang diintervensi spent medium dengan konsentrasi nitrat 5% dan 10%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy dengan perbedaan konsentrasi protein 5% dan 10%, serta viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm yang diintervensi oleh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy yang mengandung KNO3 dan tanpa KNO3. Kesimpulan: Peningkatan konsentrasi protein pada spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy sebagai bahan uji meningkatkan massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy. Namun, peningkatan konsentrasi nitrat pada spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah Baduy dapat menurunkan viabilitas sel pada biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy. Selain itu, kandungan KNO3 pada spent medium juga meningkatkan viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm in vitro Non-Baduy. Kata kunci: Suku Baduy, spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah, konsentrasi protein, konsentrasi nitrat, viabilitas sel, dan massa biofilm.

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Background: Baduy is a tribe that still preserves its own culture without being influenced by external factors that cause genetic variations and can influence the composition of microbes in the oral cavity. Microbial variations and oral hygiene status are related to biofilm growth which is influenced by the metabolites of several microorganisms, such as proteins and nitrates. Proteins play an important role in microbial attachment and support intracellular adhesion and communication between the microorganisms, thereby increasing biofilm formation. The presence of NO in the oral cavity can reduce the level of c-di-GMP which causes dispersion in the biofilm, so that it can break down the biofilm matrix. Objective: To determine the effect of spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy on cell viability and biofilm mass of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial under aerobic conditions. Methods: Protein concentration of spent medium of bacterial isolates from tongue swabs of the Baduy was examined using the Bradford test, the Griess test to determine nitrate concentration, the Crystal Violet test to determine the optical density value which represents the biofilm mass of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial, and the Total Plate Count (TPC) test which determines cell viability of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial. Each treatment was differentiated based on the concentration of protein and nitrate at 5% and 10% of spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy with an incubation time of 24 hours under aerobic conditions. Afterwards, the data was collected and tested statistically using One-Way ANOVA, Independent T-test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the comparison of cell viability of Non-Baduy tongue biofilms that were intervened by spent medium based on protein concentrations of 5% and 10% and nitrates of 5% and 10%, the mass of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial that were intervened by spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy based on nitrate concentrations of 5% and 10%. There were no statistically significant differences in comparison of the mass of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial with 5% and 10% protein concentration of spent medium of bacterial isolates from tongue swabs of the Baduy, as well as cell viability and biofilm mass that were intervened by spent medium of containing KNO3 and without KNO3. Conclusion: Increasing the protein concentration in spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swabs from the Baduy as a test material increases the mass of in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. However, increasing the nitrate concentration in spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab from the Baduy can reduce cell viability in the in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. In addition, the KNO3 content in the spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab from the Baduy also increased the cell viability and tongue biofilm mass of in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. Key words: Baduy, spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab, protein concentration, nitrate concentration, cell viability, and biofilm mass.

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"Pendahuluan : Data Riset Kesehatan Dasar Indonesia pada tahun 2018 menyatakan bahwa sebesar 57,6% penduduk Indonesia mempunyai masalah gigi dan mulut. Karies masih memiliki proporsi terbesar sebagai permasalahan mulut di Indonesia dengan presentasi 45,3% dibandingkan permasalahan kesehatan mulut lainnya. Bakteri yang dianggap dominan untuk inisiasi karies selain Streptococcus mutans adalah Lactobacillus acidophilus yang dikenal sebagai bakteri penghasil asam laktat. Tujuan: Mengeksplorasi interaksi antara komponen Ligan Propolis dengan S-Layer protein (SlpA) dari bakteri Lactobacillus acidophilus melalui uji penambatan molekuler. Metode : Penelitian eksperimental komputasional in silico melalui molecular docking untuk menguji interaksi molekuler dari ligan Propolis terhadap reseptor SlpA Lactobacillus acidophilus. Data hasil interaksi molekular yang berupa gambar 2D dan data histogram kemudian dianalisis dan diintepretasikan untuk melihat afinitas ikatan dari interaksi antara ligan dengan reseptor. Hasil: terdapat interaksi antara ligan Propolis dengan reseptor SlpA dari Lactobacillus acidophilus. Kesimpulan : Adanya afinitas ikatan yang ditandai oleh energi bebas Gibbs (ΔG), konsentrasi inhibisi (Ki), ikatan hidrogen dan ikatan Van der Waals yang terjadi antara ligan Propolis dan reseptor SlpA Lactobacillus acidophilus ini menandakan keberadaan interaksi antara ligan dan reseptor tersebut. Namun, perlu adanya penelitian lebih lanjut terkait interaksi antibakteri dan potensi lainnya yang dimiliki oleh propolis dengan melalui uji in vitro atau in vivo.

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Introduction: Riskesdas 2018 stated that 57.6% of the Indonesian population had dental and oral problems. Caries still has the largest proportion of oral problems in Indonesia with a presentation of 45.3% compared to other oral health problems. The bacteria that is considered dominant for caries initiation apart from Streptococcus mutans is Lactobacillus acidophilus which is known as a lactic acid producing bacteria. Objective: To explore the interaction between Propolis Ligand components and S-Layer protein (SlpA) from the bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus through a molecular docking test. Methods: In silico computational experimental research using molecular docking to examine the molecular interactions of the Propolis ligand against the SlpA receptor of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Data resulting from molecular interactions in the form of 2D images and histogram data are then analyzed and interpreted to determined the binding affinity of the interaction between the ligand and the receptor. Results: there was an interaction between the Propolis ligand and the SlpA receptor from Lactobacillus acidophilus. Conclusion: The existence of binding affinity characterized by Gibbs free energy (ΔG), inhibitory concentration (Ki), hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals bonds that occur between the Propolis ligand and the SlpA receptor of Lactobacillus acidophilus indicates the existence of an interaction between the ligand and the receptor. However, further research is needed regarding the antibacterial interactions and other potential of propolis through in vitro or in vivo tests."

"Latar Belakang: Spesies yang disebut “red complex” (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, dan Tannerella forsythia) digambarkan sebagai etiologi utama periodontitis. Bakteri Veillonella spp. sebagai early colonizers diketahui memiliki aktivitas katalase yang menciptakan kondisi potensial redoks rendah yang mendukung pertumbuhan patogen periodontal di sulkus gingiva dan juga memproduksi nutrien yang dibutuhkan oleh patogen periodontal untuk bertumbuh dan bertahan. Solute Binding Protein (SBP) dari Veillonella spp. memiliki fungsi menyediakan substrat untuk transporter dan menstimulasi berbagai protein pemberi sinyal. Inhibisi dari ikatan ligan dengan SBP telah terbukti menjadi pendekatan yang efisien untuk melawan patogen. Metode: Studi penambatan molekuler untuk menguji interaksi molekuler antara ligan senyawa aktif Propolis dan solute binding protein Veillonella spp. Data numerik yang didapat dari proses komputasional akan dianalisis dan diinterpretasi untuk mengetahui afinitas ikatan interaksi molekuler antara ligan dan reseptor. Hasil: Terdapat interaksi antara ligan senyawa aktif Propolis terhadap reseptor bakteri Veillonella spp. Kesimpulan: Propolis memiliki potensi sebagai agen antibakterial untuk menginhibisi pertumbuhan Veillonella spp. yang berkontribusi dalam pertumbuhan patogen periodontal. Namun, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut melalui uji in vitro untuk membuktikan hasil prediksi interaksi molekuler tersebut.

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Background: Species called “red complex” (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia) have been described as the main etiology of periodontitis. Veillonella spp. as early colonizers have catalase activity which creates low redox potential conditions that support the growth of and produce nutrients needed by periodontal pathogens to survive. Solute Binding Protein from Veillonella spp. has the function of providing substrates for transporters and stimulating various signaling proteins. Inhibition of ligand binding to SBP has been shown to be an efficient approach to combat pathogens. Methods: Molecular docking study to examine the molecular interactions between the active compound ligands of Propolis and the solute binding proteins of Veillonella spp. Numerical data obtained from the computational process will be analyzed and interpreted to determine the binding affinity of molecular interactions between the ligand and receptor. Results: There was a molecular interaction between the active compound ligands of Propolis and the bacterial receptor of Veillonella spp. Conclusion: : Propolis has the potential as an antibacterial agent to inhibit the growth of Veillonella spp. which contributes to the growth of periodontal pathogens. However, further research needs to be carried out through in vitro tests to prove the predicted results of these molecular interactions."

"Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan spesies dari famili Zingiberaceae yang berasal dari Pulau Jawa, Indonesia. Temulawak tergolong salah satu agen terapeutik sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan obat herbal. Tempat asal tumbuh tanaman herbal dapat menyebabkan perbedaan kandungan tanaman yang kemudian dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik ekstrak yang dihasilkan. Cara penyimpanan ekstrak, baik tempat maupun durasinya berpotensi mempengaruhi karakteristik ekstrak tersebut. Tujuan penelitian: Menganalisis pengaruh tempat tumbuh tanaman dan durasi penyimpanan ekstrak terhadap karakteristik fisik dan kimia ekstrak etanol temulawak. Metode; Pada ekstrak etanol temulawak dari dua produsen ekstrak di provinsi berbeda (dari Jawa Barat BALITTRO, dan dari Jawa Tengah, Materia Medica) dilakukan serangkaian pemeriksaan fisik dan kimia. Pemeriksaan fisik meliputi karakteristik organoleptik yaitu observasi warna, homogenitas, rasa, aroma dan pH. Pemeriksasan kimia meliputi uji kandungan senyawa ekstrak dan zat aktifnya (xanthorrhizol) dengan metode gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pengujian dilakukan setelah ekstrak disimpan selama 1 bulan dan 2 bulan pada suhu 4° celcius. Hasil: Observasi organoleptic menunjukkan bahwa kedua ekstrak memiiki warna coklat kekuningan, rasa pahit, homogen dan aroma jamu. Setelah disimpan 1 bulan kadar xanthorrhizol dalam ekstrak dari BALITTRO adalah 55.94% dengan pH 7.30, dan dalam ekstrak dari Materia Medica adalah 57,72% dengan pH 6,75. Setelah disimpan 2 bulan tidak terjadi perubahan fisik namun terjadi penurunan kadar xanthorrhizol menjadi 36,62% dan 27,62% serta penurunan pH menjadi 7,05 dan 5,78 pada ekstrak dari BALITTRO dan dari Materia Medica. Kesimpulan; Perbedaan tempat tumbuh dan durasi penyimpanan ekstrak mempengaruhi pH, kuantitas kandungan xanthorrhizol dalam ekstrak etanol temulawak, serta perubahan pH dan kandungan zat aktif xanthorrhizol.

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Curcuma (xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a species of the Zingiberaceae family native to Java, Indonesia. Temulawak is classified as one of the therapeutic agents so that it can be used as an herbal medicine. The cultivation environment and condition of the plant can cause differences in plant content which can then affect the characteristics of the resulting extract. Duration and condition during the storage of the extract has the potential to affect the stability of physical and chemical characteristics of the extract.

Research objectives: To analyze the influence of cultivation environment of the plant and duration of storage of extracts on the physical and chemical characteristics of temulawak ethanol extract.

Methods ; Temulawak ethanol extracts from two extract producers in different provinces (from West Java BALITTRO, and from Central Java, Materia Medica) were observed for a series of physical and chemical examinations. Physical examination includes organoleptic characteristics, namely observation of color, homogeneity, taste, aroma and pH. Chemical examinations include testing the content of extract compounds and their active substances (xanthorrhizol) by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The test was carried out after the extract was stored for 1 month and 2 months at a temperature of 4° Celsius.

Results: Organoleptic observations showed that both extracts from different cultivation environment had a yellowish brown color, bitter taste, homogen and herbal aroma. After being stored for 1 month, the xanthorrhizol content in the extract from BALITTRO was 55.94% with a pH of 7.30, and in the extract from Materia Medica was 57.72% with a pH of 6.75. After being stored for 2 months, there was no physical change but there was a decrease in xanthorrhizol levels to 36.62% and 27.62% and a decrease in pH to 7.05 and 5.78 in the extracts from BALITTRO and from Materia Medica.

Conclusion; Differences in the place of growth and duration of storage of the extract affect the pH, quantity of xanthorrhizol content in the ethanol extract of temulawak, and the changes of pH and xanthorrhizol content in the extract."

"Latar Belakang: Inovasi biomaterial dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang dapat bermanfaat untuk pengembangan dalam manajemen defek tulang kritis. Hidroksiapatit dan gelatin sudah dikenal potensinya dalam rekayasa jaringan sedangkan propolis dikenal dengan berbagai khasiatnya sebagai antimikroba dan potensi penyembuhan luka. Penggabungan ketiga bahan ini belum diketahui biokompatibilitasnya terhadap sel eukariot.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi sifat biokompatibilitas hidroksiapatit-gelatin-propolis (HA-GEL-P) terhadap sel osteoblas (MG-63).Metode: HA-GEL-P dibuat dalam bentuk elusi dengan konsentrasi propolis 6% dan 10% lalu dipajankan dalam larutan medium kultur yang telah disebari sel MG-63. Viabilitas sel dievaluasi dengan uji MTT pada hari ke 1 dan ke 8 setelah pemajanan, dengan inkubasi 2 jam. Setelah inkubasi, diberikan larutan acidified isopropanol untuk melarutkan kristal formazan yang terbentuk. Absorbansi diukur dengan panjang gelombang 600 nm.Hasil: Uji MTT menunjukkan bahwa viabilitas sel setelah dipajankan dengan HA-GEL-P 6% di atas 90% pada hari ke 1, namun mengalami penurunan yang signifikan pada hari ke 8 dengan viabilitas sel di bawah 50%. Sedangkan, HA-GEL-P 10% menunjukkan viabilitas sel di bawah 50% pada hari ke 1 dan 8.Kesimpulan: HA-GEL-P 6% menunjukkan biokompatibilitas yang baik sedangkan HA-GEL-P 10% menunjukkan sifat toksik. Efek toksik HA-GEL-P tergantung pada konsentrasi dan waktu inkubasi.

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Background: Biomaterial innovation in bone tissue engineering can be useful for developments in the management of critical bone defects. Hydroxyapatite and gelatin are well known for their potential in tissue engineering, while propolis is known for its various antimicrobial and wound healing properties. The combination of these three materials is not yet known for its biocompatibility.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the biocompatibility properties of hydroxyapatite-gelatin-propolis (HA-GEL-P) on osteoblast cells (MG-63).

Methods: HA-GEL-P was prepared in the form of elution with two propolis concentrations (6% dan 10%) and then exposed to a solution of culture medium that had been spread with MG-63 cells. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay on days 1 and 8 after exposure, with 2 hours incubation. After incubation, acidified isopropanol solution was given to dissolve the formed formazan crystals. The absorbance was measured at the wavelength of 600 nm.

Results: The MTT assay showed that the cell viability of HA-GEL-P 6% was above 90% on day 1, but had a significant decrease on day 8 with cell viability below 50%. Meanwhile, HA-GEL-P 10% showed cell viability below 50% on days 1 and 8.

Conclusion: It was suggested that adequate biocompatibility was evident for HA-GEL-P 6%, while HA-GEL-P 10% was toxic. The toxic effect of HA-GEL-P depends on the concentration and duration of incubation."

"Latar Belakang: Defek tulang yang besar membutuhkan pendekatan regenerasi tulang. Material hidroksiapatit (HA) dan gelatin telah banyak diteliti dan dikombinasikan karena sifatnya yang saling melengkapi dan meningkatkan aktivitas regenerasi tulang. Penambahan zat alami seperti propolis yang salah satunya memiliki kandungan Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Esters (CAPE) dapat menstimulasi pertumbuhan jaringan dan meningkatkan kadar biomarker pertumbuhan tulang. Oleh karena itu kombinasi biomaterial HA-gelatin-propolis yang belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya, diharapkan dapat meningkatkan aktivitas regenerasi tulang yang dapat dilihat dari kadar alkali fosfatase (ALP) dan osteokalsin (OC) yang disekresikan oleh osteoblas.Tujuan: Menganalisis kadar ALP dan OC pada medium kultur biakan sel osteoblas setelah dipajan elusi hidroksiapatit, gelatin, dan propolis 6% .Metode: Human Osteoblast Cell line MG-63 dibiakan dan dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok pajanan yaitu kontrol, HA, propolis 6%, HA-gelatin, HA-propolis 6%, dan HA-gelatin-propolis 6%. Kadar ALP dan OC dianalisis pada medium kultur 7, 14, dan 21 hari setelah pemajanan kemudian dikuantifikasi menggunakan Uji ELISA.Hasil: Kadar ALP dan OC seluruh kelompok mengalami peningkatan pada hari ke-7 dan 14 serta pengalami penurunan pada hari ke-21. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok pajanan HA-gelatin-propolis 6% dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Kelompok HA, propolis 6%, dan HA-gelatin menunjukkan kadar yang lebih tinggi dari kontrol. Perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik (p<0,05) terdapat pada kelompok propolis 6%. Kenaikan kadar ALP berkorelasi positif sedang dengan kenaikan kadar OC (r = 0,385, p=0,001).Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna aktivitas proliferasi dan diferensiasi sel osteoblas yang dilihat dari kadar biomarker ALP dan OC pada pajanan elusi HA-gelatin-propolis 6% dibanding kelompok kontrol.

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Background: Large bone defects require a bone regeneration approach. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and gelatin have been widely studied and combined because of their complementary properties and increasing bone regeneration activity. The addition of natural substances such as propolis, one of which contains Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Esters (CAPE) can stimulate tissue growth and increase levels of bone growth biomarkers. Therefore, the combination of HA-gelatin-propolis biomaterial that has never been done before, is expected to increase bone regeneration activity which can be seen from the levels of bone growth biomarkers alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) secreted by osteoblasts.

Objective: To analyze the levels of bone formation biomarkers such as ALP and OC in osteoblast cell culture medium after exposure to hydroxyapatite, gelatin, and propolis 6% elution.

Methods: This research is an in vitro laboratory study. Human Osteoblast Cell line MG-63 was cultured and divided into 6 groups, namely control, HA, propolis 6%, HA-gelatin, HA-propolis 6%, and HA-gelatin-propolis 6 %. ALP and OC levels were analyzed on culture medium 7, 14, and 21 days after exposure and then quantified using the ELISA test.

Results: ALP and OC levels in all groups increased on the 7th and 14th days and decreased on the 21st day. There was no significant difference in the HA-gelatin-propolis 6% exposure group compared to the control group. The 6% propolis and HA-gelatin groups showed higher levels than the control and a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was found in the 6% propolis group. An increase in ALP levels was positively correlated with an increase in OC levels (r = 0.385, p = 0.001).

Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the proliferative and differentiation activity of osteoblasts as seen from the levels of biomarkers of ALP and OC in the HA-gelatin-propolis 6% elution exposure compared to the control group."

"Latar Belakang: Tulang terus memperbaharui jaringannya dengan mengandalkan keseimbangan resorpsi tulang oleh osteoklas dan deposisi tulang oleh osteoblas. Namun, hal ini dapat terhambat pada kondisi kerusakan tulang yang rumit dan ekstensif. Bone tissue engineering telah berpotensi menjadi alternatif dalam mengatasi masalah regenerasi tulang, salah satunya menggunakan material hidroksiapatit dan gelatin yang bersifat biokompatibel dan osteokonduktif. Pada studi ini, penulis ingin mengetahui pengaruh penambahan propolis pada material hidroksiapatit-gelatin terhadap sekresi protein sel osteoblas.Tujuan: Menganalisis total dan profil protein pada medium kultur sel osteoblas setelah pajanan elusi hidroksiapatit, gelatin, dan propolis untuk melihat aktivitas sel osteoblas.Metode: Medium kultur sel osteoblas diberikan pajanan berupa elusi hidroksiapatit-gelatin-propolis 6% dan diambil sampelnya pada hari ke- 3, 7, 14, dan 21. Kemudian dilakukan uji Bradford untuk melihat total protein dan uji SDS-PAGE untuk melihat profil protein.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan total protein pada semua kelompok dan ditemukan adanya profil protein berupa COL1A1, bone sialoprotein, RUNX2, dan osteonectin.Kesimpulan: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan antara total dan profil protein medium kultur sel osteoblas pada pemberian elusi hidroksiapatit-gelatin-propolis 6% dibanding kelompok kontrol pada hari ke- 3, 7, 14, dan 21 setelah pajanan.

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Background: Bone continue to renew their tissue during life that relies on the correct balance between resorption by osteoclasts and deposition by osteoblasts. However, this can be hindered in conditions of complex and extensive bone destruction. Bone tissue engineering has potential to be an alternative in overcoming the problem of bone regeneration, one of which uses hydroxyapatite and gelatin materials that are biocompatible and osteoconductive. The authors wanted to determine the effect of adding propolis to the hydroxyapatite-gelatin material on the protein secretion of osteoblast cells.

Objectives: To analyse total and profile protein on medium culture of osteoblast cells after exposure to elution of hydroxyapatite, gelatin, and propolis to see the activity of osteoblast cells.

Methods: Osteoblast cell culture medium was exposed to hydroxyapatite-gelatin-propolis 6% elution and samples were taken on days 3, 7, 14, and 21. Then the Bradford test was performed to see the total protein and SDS-PAGE test to see the protein profile.

Results: There were differences of total protein in all groups and found the presence of profile protein, such as COL1A1, bone sialoprotein, RUNX2, and osteonectin.

Conclusion: The results showed that there was a difference between the total and protein profile of the osteoblast cell culture medium in the administration of hydroxyapatite-gelatin-propolis 6% elution compared to the control group on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 after exposure.

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"Latar Belakang: Propolis merupakan bahan alami yang mulai digemari dalam kedokteran gigi. Secara komersial, propolis dapat dijadikan dalam bentuk obat kumur. Sifat anti-bakterial pada propolis memiliki efek kariostatik sehingga mampu untuk mencegah proses terjadinya karies. Bakteri Streptococcus sanguinis adalah bakteri komensal yang ditemukan pada rongga mulut yang dikaitkan dengan biofilm sehat. Sedangkan, bakteri penyebab utama karies adalah Streptococcus mutans. Keduanya berinteraksi secara antagonis, dimana rasio kedua bakteri pada rongga mulut diyakini dapat menentukan tingkat terjadi karies seseorang.Tujuan: Menetapkan pengaruh pemberian obat kumur propolis 5% terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm dan interkasi pada biofilm dual-spesies Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis. Metode: Digunakan uji Crystal Violet untuk menentukan massa dan persentase pertumbuhan biofilm, serta persentase inhibisi obat kumur propolis 5%. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada massa biofilm yang terbentuk antara intervensi obat kumur propolis 5% dibandingkan kontrol negatif.Kesimpulan: Terdapat interaksi antagonis antara bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis, serta tidak adanya pengaruh pemberian obat kumur propolis 5% terhadap interaksi antagonis kedua bakteri. Obat kumur propolis 5% mampu menurunkan massa biofilm dual-spesies Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis. Akan tetapi, obat kumur propolis 5% tidak dapat menghentikan pertumbuhan biofilm dual-spesies tersebut.

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Introduction: Propolis is a natural substance that’s gaining popularity in dentistry. Commercially, propolis can be used in the form of mouthwash. The anti-bacterial properties of propolis have a cariostatic effect to prevent caries. Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria are commensal bacteria found in the oral cavity. Meanwhile, the main cause of caries is Streptococcus mutans. Both of them interact antagonistically, where the ratio of the two in the oral cavity is believed to determine the level of caries occurrence of a person. 

Objective: To determine the effect of 5% propolis mouthwash on biofilm growth and interactions in dual-species Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis biofilms. 

Method: The Crystal Violet Assay was used to determine the mass and proportion of biofilm growth, as well as the percentage of inhibition of 5% propolis mouthwash. 

Results: There was no significant difference in the mass of the biofilm formed between the 5% propolis mouthwash intervention and the negative control. 

Conclusion: There is an antagonistic interaction between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria, and there is no effect of 5% propolis mouthwash on this interaction. 5% propolis mouthwash was able to reduce biofilm mass of dual-species Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis biofilms. However, 5% propolis mouthwash could not stop the growth of the dual-species biofilm."

"Latar belakang: Sebagai upaya pengembangan rekayasa jaringan tulang untukpenggantian kerusakan jaringan yang luas, telah dikembangkan rekayasa jaringanmaterial graft. Material rekayasa jaringan tulang harus menyerupai komposisi tulang asli,oleh karena itu saat ini scaffold berbahan dasar hidroksiapatit-gelatin banyak diteliti dandisukai penggunaannya karena bersifat biomimetik, biokompatibel, serta biodegrable.Propolis merupakan bahan alami yang diproduksi lebah yang sudah terbukti dapatmendukung dan mempercepat regenerasi tulang. Oleh karena itu, penambahan propolissebagai bahan bioaktif diharapkan dapat yang meningkatkan biokompatibilitas bonegraft. Penambahan suatu zat terhadap suatu material medis diperlukan uji keamanan danpengaruhnya, salah satu uji keamanan adalah uji sitotoksisitas terhadap sel yang mungkinberperan dalam regenerasi tulang untuk mengetahui biokompatibilitasnya. Tujuan:Membuat literature review mengenai potensi penambahan propolis dalam bone grafthidroksiapatit-gelatin serta pengaruhnya terhadap viabilitas sel punca mesenkimal(mesenchymal stem cell) dalam berbagai literatur terkait. Metode: Penyusunan literaturereview ini dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2020 dengan melakukan pencarian literaturterkait melalui 2 electronic database, yaitu PubMed dan Scopus dengan menggunakankombinasi kata kunci terkait. Penentuan literatur terpilih sesuai kriteria inklusi dilakukandengan mengikuti alur Preferred Reporting Items fot Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA) Hasil:Dari hasil penelusuran pustaka maka terpilih 10 literatur. Dualiteratur menyatakan bahwa propolis dalam konsentrasi 10% dan 20% tidak bersifatsitotoksik dan propolis 10% terbukti dapat meningkatkan adhesi dan proliferasi sel puncamesenkiman. Delapan literatur menyatakan bahwa bone graft berbahan dasarhidroksiapatit dan gelatin tidak bersifat sitotoksik. Kesimpulan: Bone grafthidroksiapatit-gelatin dan propolis tidak bersifat sitotoksik terhadap sel puncamesenkimal.

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materials using bone tissue engineering have been developed. Materials that is used in

bone tissue engineering should be similar to the original bone composition, therefore

scaffold based on hydroxyapatite-gelatin is currently widely researched and used because

it is biomemetic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. Propolis is a natural ingredient

produced by bees that has been proven accelerated bone regeneration. Therefore, it is

expected that the addition of propolis as a bioactive material is expected to increase the

biocompatibility of bone grafts. The addition of a substance to a medical material for

should go through efficacy and safety testing. One of the safety tests is the cytotoxicity

test of the material towards cells that may play a role in bone regeneration to see its

biocompatibility. Objective: A literature review on the potential of the addition of

propolis to hydroxyapatite-gelatin bone graft and its effect on the viability of

mesenchymal stem cell. Methods: The literature review was conducted in December

2020 by searching for related literature through 2 electronic databases, namely PubMed

and Scopus using a combination of keywords that match research question. The

determination of selected literature according to inclusion criteria was carried out by

following the flow of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-

Analyzes (PRISMA). Results: From the literature search results, 10 literatures were

selected. Two literatures state that 10% and 20% propolis in concentrations are not

cytotoxic. Ten percent propolis has been shown to increase adhesion and proliferation of

mesenchymal stem cells, and eight literatures state that bone grafts which are based on

hydroxyapatite-gelatin are not cytotoxic. Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite-gelatin and

propolis bone graft are not cytotoxic to mesenchymal stem cells."

"Latar belakang: Early childhood caries adalah penyakit gigi dan mulut yang paling umum dan paling sering terjadi pada anak-anak diseluruh dunia. Saliva berfungsi dalam menjaga kesehatan mulut dan homeostasis, serta berperan dalam sistem pertahanan terhadap karies gigi yaitu melalui efek pembersihan, kapasitas buffer, agen antimikroba, serta sebagai penampung ion kalsium dan fosfat untuk remineralisasi lesi karies awal. Nitric oxide yang terdapat dalam saliva memiliki efek antimikroba yang dapat menyebabkan autoinhibisi bakteri-bakteri kariogenik penyebab karies. Tujuan: Mengkaji konsentrasi nitric oxide pada saliva anak dengan early childhood caries dan bebas karies ditinjau dari skor dmf-t serta korelasi antara laju alir saliva, viskositas saliva dengan aktivitas karies anak melalui tinjauan pustaka. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan sepanjang bulan Desember 2020-Januari 2021. Pencarian literatur terkait dilakukan melalui 2 database elektronik, yaitu PubMed dan ProQuest dengan menggunakan kata kunci yang sesuai dengan pertanyaan penelitian. Penentuan literatur inklusi dilakukan dengan mengikuti alur PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), sehingga didapatkan literatur yang menggunakan bahasa inggris, dipublikasikan dalam 10 tahun terakhir, tersedia dalam full-text, serta sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Hasil: Terdapat 4 literatur yang terpilih. 3 buah literatur memaparkan bahwa konsentrasi nitric oxide secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada anak yang bebas karies, dibandingkan anak dengan early childhood caries. 1 buah literatur memaparkan bahwa terdapat penurunan laju alir dan peningkatan viskositas saliva (viskositas kental) pada anak dengan early childhood caries. Kesimpulan: Konsentrasi nitric oxide lebih tinggi pada anak yang bebas karies dibandingkan anak dengan early childhood caries. Penurunan konsentrasi NO di saliva dapat menyebabkan peningkatan pada keparahan karies

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Background: Early childhood caries is a disease of the teeth and mouth that is most common and most often occurs in children around the world. Saliva functions to maintain oral health and homeostasis, and plays a role in the defense system against dental caries, namely through its cleaning effect, buffer capacity, antimicrobial agents, as well as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions for remineralization of early carious lesions. The content of nitric oxide in saliva has an antimicrobial effect which can cause autoinhibition of cariogenic bacteria that cause caries. Objective: Study nitric oxide concentration in saliva of children with early childhood caries and caries-free in terms of the dmf-t score and the correlation between salivary flow rate, salivary viscosity and caries activity of children through literature review. Methods: This research was carried out during December 2020-January 2021. The search for related literature was carried out through 2 electronic databases, namely PubMed and ProQuest using keywords that match the research question. The determination of inclusion literature was carried out by following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes), so that literature in English was obtained, published in the last 10 years, available in full text, and in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: There are 4 selected literatures. 3 pieces of literature describe that concentrations nitric oxide were significantly higher in caries-free children, compared to children with early childhood caries. 1 piece of literature describes that there is a decrease in flow rate and an increase in salivary viscosity (thick viscosity) in children with early childhood caries. Conclusion: Nitric oxide concentration was higher in caries-free children compared to children with early childhood caries. Decreasing the NO concentration in saliva can lead to an increase in caries severity."