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Abstrak :
Korupsi di Indonesia sudah sangat serius dengan rendahnya Indeks Persepsi Korupsi di Indonesia. Studi ini menguji pengaruh tekanan kerja terhadap potensi korupsi pada panitia pengada barang/jasa di Propinsi X. Disain studi ini adalah cross sectional yang meliputi semua panitia pengadaan barang/jasa periode pengadaan tahun 2009-2014. Sampel yang diamati berjumlah 513 individu pengada barang/jasa. Pengumpulan data sekunder untuk mendapatkan 2 kelompok berpotensi korupsi dan tidak berpotensi korupsi. Untuk mendapatkan model yang parsimonious dan robbus digunakan analisis multilevel regresi logistic untuk melihat pengaruh variabel tingkat individu dan tingkat instansi terhadap potensi korupsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa panitia yang mengalami tekanan kerja di tingkat individu mempunyai probabilitas 2,495 (POR 2,495; 95%, 0,901- 6,906). Pada model-0 nilai MORinstansi =33,79 dan pada model-2 nilai MORinstansi =51,13, meningkat sebesar 51,6%. Interval Odds Ratio (IOR) variabel nilai PBJ memiliki rentang yang sangat lebar 0,006 ? 34184 melewati angka 1, artinya efek variasi tempat bekerja panitia PBJ sangat besar mempengaruhi potensi korupsi. Prevalensi tekanan kerja terhadap potensi korupsi sangat tinggi yaitu 93,4%. Setelah dikontrol oleh beberapa variabel konfonder, pada tingkat instansi yaitu nilai PBJ ≥ 5 Milyar signifikan mempengaruhi potensi korupsi. Dari hasil analisis epidemiologi, dapat dilakukan upaya pencegahan potensi korupsi dalam PBJ melalui jaring penyebab dengan metode ANNA (Alur Pengendalian Antikorupsi Pengadaan Barang/Jasa). Generalisasi dapat dilakukan pada populasi yang mempunyai karakteristik yang sama, prevalensi stress kerja yang sama dan jumlah angkatan kerja besar seperti propinsi X.

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Corruption in Indonesia has become a very serious problem as shown by the low Corruption Perception Index in Indonesia. This study examines the effect of working pressure to the potency of corruption among procurement staff in Province X. This cross sectional study involved all procurement committee in the year of 2009-2014. About 513 procurement staff were recruited as study samples. The secondary data was obtained in order to determine whether the project, which samples were involved, was categorized as potentially having corruption or not. In order to acquire both parsimonious and robbust, multilevel reggression logistic analysis was used to analys the effect of each variables at the level of individual and agency toward corruption potency. The result shows that working pressure in the level of individual has a probability 2,495 times higher having potency of corruption (POR 2,495; 95%, 0,901- 6,906). In model-0 value of MORagency =33,79 and in model-2 value MORagency =51,13, it improved for 51,6%. Interval Odds Ratio (IOR) of procurement value variable had very wide span of 0,006 - 34184 passed number 1, this means the effect of variation of procurement committee's working place highly affected the potency of corruption. The prevalens of working pressure is 93.4%. After controlled by some of potential confounders, in contextual level (working agency), value of procurement more than Rp. 5 billion was significantly associated with potency of corruption. From the epidemiological view, potency of corruption can be prevented through ANNA method (Alur Pengendalian Antikorupsi dalam Pengadaan Barang & Jasa/ Anti-Corruption Controlling Flow in procurement). The finding is generalized to other population with the similar characteristic, prevalens of working presure and number of employed population as province.

Abstrak :
Gizi ganda (dual form of malnutrition/DFM) merupakan fenomena kesehatan yang tidak hanya terjadi di tingkat nasional tetapi sudah sampai pada tingkat keluarga. Kondisi ini cukup unik, mengingat anggota keluarga tinggal dalam kondisi yang sama. DFM menjadi tantangan dan masalah kesehatan baru, kedua masalah gizi salah sama penting dan memberikan beban lebih besar pada rumahtangga. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui prevalensi dan determinan DFM di Indonesia dengan menggunakan data Riskesdas 2010. Analisis multilevel modelling digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi determinan DFM di level rumahtangga, wilayah desa/kota dan propinsi. Definisi Dual form of Malnutrition yang digunakan adalah anggota rumahtangga mempunyai status gizi yang berbeda; dipilih pasangan balita kurang gizi (<-2 z-score) dan ibu gizi lebih (IMT>25 kg/m2). Kriteria inklusi adalah rumahtangga dengan pasangan ibu kandung dan balita, usia ibu >18-40 tahun, dan usia balita >=2-5 tahun, sedangkan kriteria eksklusi adalah ibu hamil dan anak masih menyusu. Determinan variabel yang digunakan adalah jumlah anggota rumahtangga, komposisi rumahtangga, sosial ekonomi, Intra Household Food Distribution/IHFD, usia dan jenis kelamin anak, pekerjaan, usia dan pendidikan ibu, wilayah desa-kota, dan kondisi fiskal, akses ke pelayanan kesehatan, kondisi kesehatan propinsi, tingkat kemiskinan, petugas gizi, angka melek huruf yang merupakan proksi indikator kondisi nutrition and epidemiologic transition. Hasil penapisan diperoleh 1899 rumahtangga yang memenuhi syarat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi DFM adalah 29.8% (95%CI 26.5-31.2). ibu berusia diatas 30 tahun OR=1.68;95%CI (0.31-0.72), ibu berpendidikan kurang dari SMA OR=1.63;95%CI(1.23- 1.71), balita mendapatkan alokasi karbohidrat lebih sedikit OR=1.28;95%CI(1.02-1.60), rendahnya distribusi lemak pada anak di level rumahtangga OR=1.24;95%CI(1.02-1.51), dan kondisi kesehatan di masyarakat (IPKM) di level propinsi OR=1.43;95%CI(1.06-1.93). Wilayah desa/kota tidak berhubungan dengan kejadian DFM. Resiko kejadian DFM antara rumahtangga berisiko dengan rumahtangga kurang berisiko adalah 1.33. Level kontekstual propinsi tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap perbedaan kejadian DFM di rumahtangga MOR 1.28 (perubahan MOR 3.75%), IOR 0.89-2.29). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rumahtangga khususnya ibu mempunyai peran yang sangat penting dalam upaya preventif kejadian DFM. ...... Dual form of malnutrition/DFM is a health phenomenon that is not only happening at the national level but has reached the lowest level of the family. This condition is quite unique, given the family members living and share the same conditions. DFM is a health challenge and new health problem, of which problem has equal/same important and provide a greater burden to households. The research objective was to determine the prevalence and determinants of DFM in Indonesia using data Riskesdas 2010. Multilevel modeling analysis used to identify the determinants of DFM in household, urban/rural area and province level. Dual form of malnutrition defined as member of household has an opposite nutritional status; the study used pair of malnourished child (<-2 z-score) and overweight mother (BMI> 25 kg/m2). Inclusion criteria were households with pair child and mother, maternal age> 18-40 years, and child’s age >=2-5years, whereas exclusion criteria were pregnant women and breastfed children. Determinants variable used were the number of household members, household composition, household socio-economic, Intra Household Food Distribution/IHFD, age and gender of children, occupation, age and maternal education, rural and urban areas, and fiscal conditions, access to health care, provincial health condition, poverty level, nutrition workers, literacy rate which are considered as a proxy indicator of nutrition and epidemiologic transition. The screening result obtained 1899 households are eligible. Results showed the prevalence of DFM was 29.8% (95% CI 26.5-31.2). Mothers aged over 30 years OR =1.68; 95% CI (0.31- 0.72), lower mother’s education (less than senior high school) OR = 1.63, 95% CI (1.23- 1.71), child received lower carbohydrate allocation over the family OR = 1.28, 95% CI (1.02- 1.60), child received lower fat distribution over the family OR = 1.24;95% CI (1.02-1.51), and health conditions in the community (IPKM score) at the provincial level OR = 1.43;95% CI (1.06-1.93. Urban/rural was not associated with DFM. The risk of DFM between households at risk with less risk households is 1.33. Contextual level of provinces do not much affect to the incidence of DFM among households MOR 1.28 (small change of MOR 3.75%) and IOR 0.89-2.29). This study showed that household and particularly mother has a very important role in to prevent DFM events.

Abstrak :
Disertasi ini membahas pengembangan indikator antropometri baru yaitu rasio LiLA terhadap panjang lengan atas (PLA) serta model prediksi risiko Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK) pada wanita usia subur (WUS) suku Melayu. Disain studi cross sectional menggunakan sebagian data Riskesdas 2013 dan data primer. Sampel 1009 WUS berusia 18-49 tahun (tidak hamil) di Kota Makassar dan Kabupaten Tana Toraja, Selawesi Selatan. Hasil studi menemukan formula yang optimal adalah Rasio LiLA/ PLA < 4,25 untuk mendeteksi risiko KEK, lebih baik validitasnya (Sn= 80%; Sp=84%) dibandingkan validitas LiLA menggunakan baku Indeks Massa Tubuh. Prevalensi KEK pada WUS 9,9% (IMT< 18,5); Risiko KEK 22,4 % (Rasio LiLA/ PLA < 4,25). Validitas LiLA < 23,5 cm sudah baik (Sn= 76%; Sp=87,2%), tetapi titik potong optimal untuk skrining adalah <=24,0 cm (Sn= 90%; Sp= 77%) untuk mendeteksi risiko KEK WUS. Faktor risiko KEK: umur, paritas, penggunaan alat kontrasepsi, penyakit infeksi, aktifitas fisik, pekerjaan, status kawin dan sosial ekonomi. Penyakit infeksi berat (POR= 2,79) sebagai faktor risiko dominan; sedangkan faktor protektif dominan adalah penggunaan alat kontrasepsi hormonal (POR= 0,43). Diperlukan komunikasi, informasi, edukasi pada WUS untuk menerapkan pedoman gizi seimbang, pola hidup sehat serta pencegahan penularan penyakit infeksi seperti TB, Malaria dan Hepatitis serta penanganan yang tepat untuk mencegah KEK.

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This study examined the development of new anthropometric indicator was the ratio of MUAC to upper arm length (UAL) and the prediction model of the risk of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in Malay women of reproductive age. Crosssectional study design using part of the data Riskesdas 2013 and primary data. Samples were 1009 women aged 18-49 years (not pregnant) in Makassar and Tana Toraja South of Sulawesi. The study found that the optimal formula was MUAC/ UAL <4.25 to detect a risk of CED, better validity (Sn= 80%; Sp= 84%) compared to MUAC with the gold standard was Body Mass Index (BMI). Prevalence of CED on women of reproductive age 9.9% (BMI <18.5); Risk of CED 22.4% (MUAC/ UAL <4.25). The validity of MUAC <23.5 cm was good but the optimal cut point for screening the risk of CED was <=24 cm (Sn= 76%; Sp= 87.2 %). CED risk factors were age, parity, contraceptive use, infectious diseases, physical activity, job, marital status and socioeconomic. The dominant risk factor was severe infectious disease (POR= 2.79) while the dominant protective factor was the use of hormonal contraceptives (POR= 0.43). It needs communication, information and education to applying balanced nutrition guidelines, healthy lifestyles and the prevention of transmission of infectious diseases such as TB, Malaria and Hepatitis as well as adequate treatment to prevent CED.

Abstrak :
Korupsi di Indonesia sudah sangat serius dengan rendahnya Indeks Persepsi Korupsi di Indonesia. Studi ini menguji pengaruh tekanan kerja terhadap potensi korupsi pada panitia pengada barang/jasa di Propinsi X. Disain studi ini adalah cross sectional yang meliputi semua panitia pengadaan barang/jasa periode pengadaan tahun 2009-2014. Sampel yang diamati berjumlah 513 individu pengada barang/jasa. Pengumpulan data sekunder untuk mendapatkan 2 kelompok berpotensi korupsi dan tidak berpotensi korupsi. Untuk mendapatkan model yang parsimonious dan robbus digunakan analisis multilevel regresi logistic untuk melihat pengaruh variabel tingkat individu dan tingkat instansi terhadap potensi korupsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa panitia yang mengalami tekanan kerja di tingkat individu mempunyai probabilitas 2,495 (POR 2,495; 95%, 0,901- 6,906). Pada model-0 nilai MORinstansi =33,79 dan pada model-2 nilai MORinstansi =51,13, meningkat sebesar 51,6%. Interval Odds Ratio (IOR) variabel nilai PBJ memiliki rentang yang sangat lebar 0,006 – 34184 melewati angka 1, artinya efek variasi tempat bekerja panitia PBJ sangat besar mempengaruhi potensi korupsi. Prevalensi tekanan kerja terhadap potensi korupsi sangat tinggi yaitu 93,4%. Setelah dikontrol oleh beberapa variabel konfonder, pada tingkat instansi yaitu nilai PBJ ≥ 5 Milyar signifikan mempengaruhi potensi korupsi. Dari hasil analisis epidemiologi, dapat dilakukan upaya pencegahan potensi korupsi dalam PBJ melalui jaring penyebab dengan metode ANNA (Alur Pengendalian Antikorupsi Pengadaan Barang/Jasa). Generalisasi dapat dilakukan pada populasi yang mempunyai karakteristik yang sama, prevalensi stress kerja yang sama dan jumlah angkatan kerja besar seperti propinsi X. ......Corruption in Indonesia has become a very serious problem as shown by the low Corruption Perception Index in Indonesia. This study examines the effect of working pressure to the potency of corruption among procurement staff in Province X. This cross sectional study involved all procurement committee in the year of 2009-2014. About 513 procurement staff were recruited as study samples. The secondary data was obtained in order to determine whether the project, which samples were involved, was categorized as potentially having corruption or not. In order to acquire both parsimonious and robbust, multilevel reggression logistic analysis was used to analys the effect of each variables at the level of individual and agency toward corruption potency. The result shows that working pressure in the level of individual has a probability 2,495 times higher having potency of corruption (POR 2,495; 95%, 0,901- 6,906). In model-0 value of MORagency =33,79 and in model-2 value MORagency =51,13, it improved for 51,6%. Interval Odds Ratio (IOR) of procurement value variable had very wide span of 0,006 - 34184 passed number 1, this means the effect of variation of procurement committee's working place highly affected the potency of corruption. The prevalens of working pressure is 93.4%. After controlled by some of potential confounders, in contextual level (working agency), value of procurement more than Rp. 5 billion was significantly associated with potency of corruption. From the epidemiological view, potency of corruption can be prevented through ANNA method (Alur Pengendalian Antikorupsi dalam Pengadaan Barang & Jasa/ Anti-Corruption Controlling Flow in procurement). The finding is generalized to other population with the similar characteristic, prevalens of working presure and number of employed population as province X

Abstrak :
Masalah gizi di Indonesia menunjukkan adanya transisi epidemiologis, dimana penyakit pembunuh yang dulu hanya didominasi oleh penyakit infeksi, kini meningkat disebabkan oleh penyumbatan pembuluh darah yang merupakan ciri penyakit modem. Penyebabnya antara lain gaya hidup sebagian anggota masyarakat yang cenderung lebih bersifat sedentary life style dengan pola makan salah. Salah satu jenis asupan asam lemak selain asam lemak jenuh yang menjadi sorotan akhir-akhir ini adalah asam lemak trans yang dapat meningkatkan kolesterol LDL (K-LDL), rasio kolesterol total/K-HDL, rasio K-LDL/K-HDL dan menurunkan kolesterol HDL (K-HDL). Asam lemak trans secara alami terdapat pada ruminansia dan hasil proses menggoreng (deep frying) Serta margarin/produk makanan jadi yang menggunakan minyak terhidrognasi.

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Nutrition related problems in Indonesia has showed the epidemiological transition, from the domination of infectious diseases to blood vessel clotting related diseases which is typical to be a modern disease. One of the reasons is that the life style of some society tends to become so called a sedentary life style, with an improper eating pattern. Another type of the intake of fatty acid from saturated fatty acid, namely trans fatty acid has recently come into consideration as it can elevating such LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), ratio of total co|esterol/HDL-C, ratio of LDL- CIHDL-C, and decreasing the HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). By nature, the trans fatty has found in the ruminant and the products of deep frying processes, as well as margarine food that processed with hydrogenated vegetable oil.