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Hasil Pencarian

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Oentoeng Soeradi
"ABSTRAK
Ledakan penduduk di dunia menunjukkan perlunya bahan-bahan kontrasepsi baru dan efektif, dengan efek samping yang minimum dan dapat memberikan proteksi yang efektif. Pada saat ini bahan kontrasepsi yang dianggap paling efektif dan luas penggunaannya adalah hormon steroid. Untuk mengantisipasi maksud tersebut di atas, maka beberapa usaha telah dilakukan oleh peneliti terdahulu untuk memperoleh bahan kontrasepsi pria khususnya, dari tanaman sebagai sumber yang potensial.
Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengevaluasi, apakah pemberian ekstrak buah paria dapat mereduksi atau menurunkan tingkat vertilitas mencit jantan strain AJ, sebagai satu model kontrasepsi pada pria.
Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, maka dilakukan suatu penelitian sebagai berikut :
Tiga puluh ekor mencit dewasa, berat antara 18-20 g, dibagi secara acak menjadi 5 kelompok, masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 6 ekor mencit. Empat mencit pertama dari tiap kelompok, masing-masing diberi ekstrak buah paria 800, 850, 900, dan 950 mg/kg berat badan secara oral. Sisanya 2 ekor mencit digunakan sebagai kontrol perlakuan yang diberi 1% larutan CMC (Corboxy methyl celullose).
Semua perlakuan diberikan tiap hari sebanyak 0,5 ml selama 40 hari atau satu siklus spermatogenesis. Setelah perlakuan 40 hari selesai, semua mencit jantan dikawinkan dengan mencit betina (1:1) selama 5 hari. Setelah itu, mencit jantan dipisahkan dan selanjutnya dimatikan, sedangkan yang betina dibiarkan hidup sampai melahirkan. Testes dan vas deferens diambil dari mencit jantan yang dimatikan tadi. Parameter yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah berat badan dan berat testes, kontrasi sperma (diambil dari vas deferens), viabilitas sperma, dan jumlah anak yang dilahirkan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berat badan dan berat testes tidak dipengaruhi oleh ekstrak buah paria. Tetapi, analisis varians memperlihatkan bahwa terjadi suatu penurunan konsentrasi sperma yang cukup bermakna pada dosis ekstrak 850, 900, 950 mg/kg bb, sedangkan pada dosis 800 mg/kg bb tidak dipengaruhi. Suatu hasil yang penting dalam penelitian ini ialah suatu reduksi jumlah anak yang terjadi pada kelompok perlakuan, di mana 2 dari 5 ulangan mencit betina atau 40% terjadi pada dosis 800, 850, dan 900 mg/kg bb tidak hamil; sedangkan pada 950 mg/kg bb, 3 dari 5 ulangan mencit betina atau 60% tidak mengalami kehamilan. Diduga bahwa penurunan jumlah kelahiran erat kaitannya dengan penurunan konsentrasi sperma atau penurunan kapasitas/kemampuan sperma didalam epididimis.
Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut, untuk memperoleh dosis ekstrak buah paria yang lebih efektif, yang dapat menghilangkan kapasitas sperma epididimis, sehingga kemampuan fertilisasi pun hilang. Jika dosis efektif ekstrak buah aaria telah menjadi kenyataan, maka diharapkan tidak terjadi kelahiran baru.

ABSTRACT
Effects Of Momordica Charantia L. Fruit Extract On Tile Fertility Of Adult Male Mice: A Model Of Contraceptive In Man The world population explosion has pointed out the need for new and effective contraceptive agents, having a minimum of side effects and giving a maximum protective effect. To date, the most effective and widely used contraceptives have been steroids; but these are not without side effects. Efforts have already been done by previous investigators to find potential value of plants as sources of male contraceptive agents.
The aim of this research is to evaluate whether treatment with M.charantia L. fruit extract can reduce significantly the fertility of adult male mice as a model of contraceptive in man.
To achieve this goal, a research has been carried out as follows. Thirty adult male mice (AJ strain), 18-20 g body weight were divided randomly into 5 groups of 6 mice each. The first 4 mice of each group were treated respectively with 800 mg, 850 mg, 900 mg, and 950 mg/kg body weight/day/mouse orally of paria fruit extract. The remaining 2 mice served as treated control fed with 1% CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) and untreated control, respectively.
The treatment was given every day to 0,5 ml for 40 days or one cycle of spermatogenesis. After 40 days of treatment, all male mice were mated to adult fertile female mice (1:1) for 5 days. Afterward the male mice were separated and sacrificed, while all female mice were kept until giving birth. Testes and vas deferens were taken from sacrificed male mice. The analyzed parameters in this study were the body and testicle weight, sperm density (taken from vas deferens), sperm viability, and the number of offspring.
The results presented show that no significant effect of paria fruit extract on body weight and testicle weight. However, analysis of variance showed a significant decrease in the sperm density at 850, 900, and 950 mg/kg bb, while at 800 mg/kg bb the sperm density was not affected by the paria extract. The important finding in the present work is a reduction of offspring belonging to treated groups, in which two of five female mice or 40% at dose levels of 800, 350, 900 mg/kg/ day respectively, were failed to become pregnant, while at 950 mg/kg/ day of paria extract three of five female mice or 60% were found with-out offspring. The reduction in litter size is probably associated with a decrease in the number of sperm density or sperm capacity in the epididymis.
These results indicate that the mechanism of action of the paria fruit extract might be via a direct effect at epididymal/vas deferens sites by acting as spermatoxic agent on mature sperm. Based on the pre-sent results, further studies are needed to find more effective dose of paria fruit extract which can omit sperm capasity (acting at the post-testicular level) and its respons in non-human primates."
Depok: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 1994
LP-pdf
UI - Laporan Penelitian  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Hadi Hartamto
"ABSTRAK
Tahun 1990 WHO telah menfokuskan efek negatif dari asap rokok pada risiko yang timbul terhadap kesehatan wanita. Sehubungan dengan efek asap rokok terhadap kesehatan wanita terutama pada aspek reproduksi, telah dilakukan penelitian eksperimental pada tikus.
Tujuan dari penelitian tersebut untuk mengetahui efek asap rokok kretek pada lama siklus estrus dan anak yang dilahirkan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, digunakan tikus betina dewasa strain LMfl sebanyak 24 ekor dengan berat badan 120 - 135 gram, berumur 3 - 4 bulan yang dipelihara dalam lingkungan yang baik dan diberi makanan standard untuk tikus. Semua tikus percobaan dibagi secara acak dalam 6 kelompok dan masing--masing kelompok terdiri atas 4 ekor tikus. Perlakuan yang diberikan sebagai berikut : 3 tikus dari tiap kelompok dipajan asap rokok kretek (1 rokok untuk 1 tikus), sisanya sebagai kontrol yang tidak dipajan asap rokok. Tikus-tikus perlakuan dimasukkan dalam kandang khusus (50 x 50 x 40 cm). Semua dinding kandang ditutup tripleks dan ada 2 lubang fentilasi. Tiga rokok kretek untuk pemajanan berada di dalam laci di bawah kandang. Tikus-tikus kontrol juga dimasukkan dalam kandang yang bentuknya lama hanya tak dipajan asap rokok kretek.
Perlakuan dilakukan tiap hari selama 35,. 70, dan 105 hari (atau 7, 14, dan 21 siklus estrus). Setelah satu hari perlakuan selesai, semua tikus dikawinkan dengan tikus jantan dewasa. Lama siklus estrus, jumlah anak, dan jumlah embrio yang diabsorbsi dalam uterus (anomali embrio) dicatat. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam untuk mengetahui perbedaan lama siklus estrus, dan uji Kruskal- untuk mengevaluasi perbedaan jumlah anak yang dihasilkan.
Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan tak adanya pengaruh asap rokok kretek terhadap lamanya siklus estrus pada pemajanan 35, 70, dan 105 hari. Hasil yang sama juga didapatkan pada jumlah anak yang dihasilkan Penemuan yang penting dalam penelitian ini adalah besarnya persentase tikus yang tak bunting (50%) pada pemajanan 105 hari, dan lebih banyaknya embrio yang diabsorbsi pada kelampok perlakuan. Dari fakta pertama kami mempunyai dugaan bahwa pengaruh negatif asap rokok kretek akan lebih nyata bila pemajanan asap rokok lebih lama. Dari fakta kedua menimbulkan dugaan bahwa asap rokok kretek mempunyai pengaruh yang buruk terhadap embrio.
Berdasarkan pada hasil penelitian tersebut maka perlu diadakan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan pemajanan asap rokok yang lebih lama untuk mengetahui pengaruh asap rokok kretek terhadap fertilitas tikus percobaan. Di samping itu perlu juga dilakukan penelitian dengan pemajanan asap rokok kretek pada tikus yang sedang bunting untuk mengetahui pengaruh asap rokok kretek terhadap anaknya.

ABSTRACT
In 1990 WHO focused the negative effects of cigarette smoke on the: high risk on human female health. Studies in connection with the effects of cigarette smoke on human female health, especially on re-production aspects has been done experimentally in rats.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of cigarette kretek smoke on the length of estrous cycle and the offspring of rats. To achieve these goals, a research has been Carried out by using female rats (LfR strain), 120 - 135 grams body weight and 3 - 4 months old were kept in a controlled environment and fed a standard rat diet. All female rats were deviled randomly into 6.grouns of 4 rats each and treated as follows.
The first 3 female rats of each group were exposed to cigarette kretek smoke (one cigarette kretek for one rat). The remaining one female rat served as treated control. The rats belonging to the experimental groups were put into a special cage (50 x 50 x 4Ocm). All sides of the cage were covered with athin piece of wood and only had 2 ventilation, Afterwards, the smoke of 3 cigarette kretek Were placed under the cage. The treated control rate were also put into other cage with identical applied to them, but were not exposed to the smoke.
Treated rats and control were analysis the estrous cycles from the vaginal smears that were taken daily.
The treatment was given every day for 35, 70, and 105 days (7, 14, and 21 estrous cycles) respectively. After a series treatment, all rats were mated to an adult male rats. The length of estrous cycles, the number of offspring, and the,number of absorpted embryos in the uterus (anomalies embryos) were noted. The data were analyzed by 2 statistical tests. Analysis of variance was used to test the significant differences of the length of estrous cycles, whereas Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate differences in number of offspring;.
The result showed no effect of kretek smoke on the length of estrous cycles at three dose levels of kretek smoke. The same results were also found in the number of offspring. The interesting finding in the present work is an increasing number, female rats which not be-came pregnant (5D) by 10; days of treatment. And increasing the number of absorpted embryos in treated groups. We suggested that the harmful effects of kretek smoke will be more obvious by the extension smoke exposure, and may be there were harmfull effects of kretek smoke to embryo.
Based on the present results, further studies with longer exposure were needed in order to known the effects of kretek smoke on fecundity Also further studies with pregnant rats exposed to kretek smoke done in order to know the effect on its offspring.
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Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 1994
LP-pdf
UI - Laporan Penelitian  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Jakarta: UI Publishing, 2025
571.845 BUK
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Fatimah Eliana
"Background: graves disease (GD) is the most common condition of thyrotoxicosis. The management of GD is initiated with the administration of antithyroid drugs; however, it requires a long time to achieve remission. In reality more than 50% of patients who had remission may be at risk for relapse after the drug is stopped. This study aimed to evaluate the role of clinical factors such as smoking habit, degree of ophtalmopathy, degree of thyroid enlargement; genetic factors such as CTLA 4 gene on nucleotide 49 at codon 17 of exon 1, CTLA 4 gene of promotor -318, TSHR gene polymorphism rs2268458 of intron 1; and immunological factors such as regulatory T cells (Treg) and thyroid receptor antibody (TRAb); that affecting the relapse of patients with Graves disease in Indonesia. Methods: this was a case control study, that compared 72 subjects who had relapse and 72 subjects without relapse at 12 months after cessation of antithyroid treatment, who met the inclusion criteria. Genetic polymorphism examination was performed using PCR-RFLP. The number of regulatory T cells was counted using flow cytometry analysis and ELISA was used to measure TRAb. The logistic regression was used since the dependent variables were categorical variables. Results: the analysis of this study demonstrated that there was a correlation between relapse of disease and family factors (p=0.008), age at diagnosis (p=0.021), 2nd degree of Graves ophthalmopathy (p=0.001), enlarged thyroid gland, which exceeded the lateral edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscles (p=0.040), duration of remission period (p=0.029), GG genotype of CTLA 4 gene on the nucleotide 49 at codon 17 of exon 1 (p=0.016), CC genotype of TSHR gene on the rs2268458 of intron 1 (p=0.003), the number of regulatory T cells (p=0.001) and TRAb levels (p=0.002). Conclusion: genetic polymorphisms of CTLA 4 gene on the nucleotide 49 at codon 17 of exon 1, TSHR gene SNP rs2268458 of intron 1, number of regulatory T cells and TRAb levels play a role as risk factors for relapse in patients with Graves disease."
Jakarta: University of Indonesia. Faculty of Medicine, 2017
616 UI-IJIM 49:3 (2017)
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library