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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Autisme atau Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) merupakan gangguan spektrum yang dihubungkan dengan gangguan pada aspek sosial dan aspek kognitif. Gangguan autisme tersebut berdampak terhadap gangguan kebahasaan, yaitu abnormalitas prosodi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merumuskan karakteristik prosodi pada penutur ASD. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan eksperimental atau model IPO Instituut voor Perceptie Onderzoek yang meliputi produksi ujaran, analisis akustik, dan uji persepsi serta analisis statistik non parameterik. Penelitian ini menitikberatkan pada persepsi. Subjek penelitian adalah penutur ASD yang berusia 7 sampai dengan 12 tahun. Subjek kontrol penelitian adalah penutur yang tidak mempunyai gangguan autisme dengan rentang usia yang sama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara prosodi pada penutur ASD dan subjek kontrol. Perbedaan tersebut meliputi ekspresi prosodi, modus kalimat, dan kontras tuturan. Karakteristik prosodi pada penutur ASD ditandai oleh intonasi cenderung datar dan monoton, tidak mempunyai batas-batas tuturan, dan tidak ada kontras ujaran. Sementara itu, aspek segmental pada tuturan ASD menunjukkan produksi tuturan yang cenderung pendek, kurang ekspresif, dan tidak mampu memproduksi tuturan pertanyaan, serta merespon pertanyaan. Karakteristik ini berlaku secara personal pada penutur ASD dari tingkat ringan hingga tingkat parah atau abnormalitas.

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ABSTRACT
Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder ASD is a spectrum disorder which is connected to social and cognitive aspects. The autism spectrum disorder has an impact to language disorder, that is prosodic abnormality. The aim of this research is to formulate prosodic characteristics for ASD speakers. The research method applied is experimental approach or IPO Instituut voor Perceptie Onderzoek model that covers speech production, acoustic analysis, and perception test also nonparametric statistic analysis. This research focused on perception. The research subjects were ASD speakers whose ages were 7 12 years old. The controlling subjects of this research were speakers who did not suffer autism or typical development with the same age ranges. The findings of the research demonstrated significant differences between prosody of ASD speakers and the controlling subjects. The differences covered prosodic expressions, sentence modes, and contras utterances. The prosodic characteristics of ASD speakers were marked by the flat and monotone intonations, having no utterances border, and there was no utterance contrast. On the other hand, segmental aspects of ASD speakers showed utterance production that tended to be shorter, less expressive, and have no ability to produce question utterances, including responding questions. These characteristics applied personally to ASD speakers from the low level to the very serious level or abnormality.

Abstrak :
Anak dengan Down Syndrome (DS) memiliki kemampuan delay of gratification yang rendah. Mereka mengalami kesulitan saat harus menunggu dan menunda kepuasan. Sementara kemampuan delay of gratification diperlukan agar dapat menyesuaikan dengan tuntutan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah tentang peran scaffolding dalam interaksi ibu-anak, kemampuan bahasa reseptif, atensi, working memory terhadap kemampuan delay of gratification anak dengan DS. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua tahap penelitian dimana masing-masing tahap menggunakan rancangan penelitian explanatory sequential mixed methods. Penelitian kuantitatif tahap pertama bertujuan untuk membuktikan (1) korelasi waiting time saat anak menjalankan tugas delay dan kemampuan delay of gratification domain makanan, interaksi sosial, dan physical pleasure menurut persepsi ibu (2) hubungan dimensi dan tipe scaffolding dalam interaksi ibu-anak dan kemampuan delay of gratification. Penelitian kualitatif bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kemampuan delay of gratification anak dari ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi dan rendah saat bermain lego. Analisis data kuantitatif menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman Rho. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara waiting time saat anak menjalankan tugas delay dengan kemampuan delay of gratification domain makanan, interaksi sosial dan physical pleasure yang dipersepsi ibu. Dimensi scaffolding yang berkorelasi dengan waiting time anak adalah direction maintenance dan frustration control. Tipe scaffolding yang berkorelasi dengan waiting time adalah speech disertai gesture. Hasil penelitian kualitatif terhadap tiga orang ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi dan empat ibu dengan skor scaffolding rendah saat bermain lego menggambarkan bahwa ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi memiliki anak dengan waiting time yang lebih lama saat menjalankan tugas delay dibandingkan anak dari ibu dengan skor scaffolding rendah. Penelitian tahap kedua bertujuan untuk membuktikan (1) perbedaan waiting time saat bersama ibu, bersama ibu dan orang asing, bersama orang asing dan ketika anak berada sendirian (2) hubungan dimensi scaffolding dengan kemampuan delay of gratification (3) kesesuaian antara model dinamika hubungan antar variabel scaffolding dalam interaksi ibu-anak, kemampuan bahasa reseptif, atensi, working memory dan kemampuan delay of gratification dengan data (model fit). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan waiting time secara signifikan antara saat bersama ibu, bersama ibu dan orang asing, bersama orang asing dan saat anak berada sendirian. Dimensi scaffolding yang berkorelasi dengan kemampuan delay of gratification adalah direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration. Tipe scaffolding speech disertai gesture berkorelasi positif dengan kemampuan delay of gratification. Model teoritis yang diusulkan fit dengan data. Penelitian kualitatif tahap kedua menggambarkan bahwa ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi saat menjalankan tugas delay memiliki anak dengan waiting time yang lebih lama dibandingkan anak dari ibu dengan skor scaffolding rendah. Implikasinya adalah ibu disarankan memberikan scaffolding berupa direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration dan frustration control, yang diberikan melalui speech disertai gesture. ......Children with Down Syndrome (DS) have a low delay of gratification ability. They have difficulty waiting and delaying gratification. Meanwhile, the delay of gratification capability is needed in order to adapt to environment demands. This study aims to examine the role of scaffolding in mother-child interactions, receptive language skills, attention, working memory and the delay of gratification ability of children with DS. This study consisted of two stages of research where each stage used an explanatory sequential mixed methods research design. The first stage of quantitative research aims to prove (1) the correlation of waiting time when children perform delay tasks and the ability of delay gratification in the food, social interaction, and physical pleasure domain according to mother's perception (2) the relationnship between dimensions and types of scaffolding in mother-child interactions and the delay of gratification ability. The qualitative research aims to get a description of the delay of gratification ability of children from mothers with high and low scaffolding scores when playing lego. Quantitative data analysis used the Spearman Rho correlation test. The results showed that there was no significant correlation between waiting time when the child performed a delay task with the delay of gratification ability in the food, social interactions and physical pleasure domain perceived by mothers. The scaffolding dimensions which correlate with children's waiting time are direction maintenance and frustration control. The type of scaffolding that correlates with waiting time is speech accompanied by gesture. The results of a qualitative study of three mothers with high scaffolding scores and four mothers with low scaffolding scores while playing lego illustrate that mothers with high scaffolding scores have children with a longer waiting time while carrying out delay tasks than mothers with low scaffolding scores. The second stage of research aims to prove (1) the difference in waiting time when with mother, with mother and strangers, with strangers and when the child is alone (2) the relationship between the scaffolding dimension and the delay of gratification ability (3) the suitability dynamic models of the relationship between scaffolding in mother-child interactions, receptive language skills, attention, working memory and delay of gratification ability with data (model fit). The results showed that there was a significant difference in waiting time between with the mother, with the mother and strangers, with strangers and when the child was alone. The dimensions of scaffolding that correlate with the delay of gratification ability are direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration. The type of scaffolding speech accompanied by gesture has a positive correlation with the ability to delay gratification. The proposed theoretical model is fit with the data. The second stage of qualitative research illustrates that mothers with high scaffolding scores while carrying out delay tasks have children with a longer waiting time than mothers with low scaffolding scores. The implication is that mothers are suggested to provide scaffolding in the form of direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration and frustration control, which is given through speech accompanied by gestures.