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"Banteng (Bos javanicus d?Alton) is naturally distributed throughout Asia. In Indonesia this species can be found in Jawa, Bali, and Kalimantan. The current population is small, making it categorized as an endangered species. Protection measures have been implemented in such national parks as in West Bali, Ujung Kulon, Baluran, and Alas Purwo. Scientifically, this species is a genetic resource potential for further domestication purposes. In fact this species has been traditionally utilized as a cross-breeder for Bali Cattle which originated from Bos sondaicus. Banteng is typically a crespuscular species, but due to disturbances it sometimes becomes nocturnal. The species generally live in groups of 5 to 15 individuals, with only 2 to 3 steers in a group, although groups with only one steer is not unusual. The groups spend most ,of their time grazing in a pasture. Alas Purwo is a national park located in Sothern Banyuwangi, East Jawa, and initially gazetted as an area for animal protection. The total area of this national park is about 43420 hectares, but the Banteng is usually found grazing in Sadengan a pasture area with a size of about 20 hectares. This thesis consists of two papers, i.e.,Daily behaviour of banteng, and Habitat selection for feeding. Samples of banteng have been taken directly, using the concentrated method, whereas the grass samples have been taken by using quadrates of 100 x 100 cm2, totalling 100 plots. Observations have been carried out in two locations, i.e., location I: around the tower, and location II: nearby and adjacent to the mountaineous area. The studies have been conducted from January 1996 to June 1996. The paper entitled Daily behaviour of bantengs concluded that (1). The environment significantly affected the daily behaviour of the cows.(2). Frequency of cows in pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo broken as if indicator of disturbance. It is recommended that to increase grazing intensity of cows, habitat management should be maintained properly, particularly monitoring of wild dogs. The paper entitled Habitat selection for feeding, concluded : (1). Potential of grasses in pastures of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park was very low, (2)Location of grazing areas was concentrated in one location, and was related to the biomass of grasses as their food resource. It is recommended that (1). Pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park should be properly maintained, and (2). Grasses of Hyptis brevipes Porr. and Cassia Lora L. should be cut prior to flowering."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini di lakukan di Pusat Penelitian Ketambe, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, Aceh Tenggara dari bulan November 1988 hingga Oktober 1991 dan dilanjutkan lagi bulan Januari-Februari 1993 dan bulan Juni-Juli 1993. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana hirarki pada orangutan jantan dewasa serta pengaruhnya terhadap perilaku betina dewasa dan mengetahui bagaimana tanggapan orangutan jantan dan betina dewasa setelah mendengar suara seruan panjang dari jantan dewasa lain. Orangutan yang diamati terdiri dari 6 ekor jantan dewasa dan 5 ekor betina dewasa. Pencatatan data secara focal animal instantaneous per menit dan ad libitum. Hirarki dan peringkat ditentukan berdasarkan kalah dan menang setelah terjadi pengejaran dan perkelahian. Perilaku betina yang diamati adalah: inisiatif betina mendekati jantan; jumlah betina di sekitar jantan dan lamanya betina bersama jantan. Data seruan panjang yang diamati adalah laju seruan panjang orangutan jantan dewasa dan tanggapan orangutan terhadap seruan panjang berupa arah pergerakan individu setelah 30 menit mendengar seruan panjang. Hasil menyimpulkan ada hirarki dominansi non-linier di antara jantan dewasa dan hanya ada satu jantan dewasa dominan dengan peringkat paling atas. Orangutan betina dewasa: lebih berinisiatif mendekati; lebih banyak di sekitar; dan lebih lama menggunakan waktunya bersama orangutan jantan dewasa peringkat atas. Orangutan jantan dewasa peringkat atas lebih sering mengeluarkan seruan panjang. Orangutan jantan dewasa pada umumnya menjauhi sumber seruan panjang sedangkan orangutan betina dewasa akan mendekati sumber seruan panjang."