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Abstrak :
Mangan dioksida (MnO2) merupakan salah satu bahan baku yang memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan katoda pada baterai ion lithium yang bersifat rechargeable. Mangan dioksida memiliki kapasitas penyimpanan mencapai 615 mAh/g. MnO2 dapat diperoleh dengan cara elektrolisis dari larutan mangan sulfat (MnSO4). Proses elektrolisis dilakukan dengan variasi arus yaitu 0,5 A dan 1 A, pH sebesar 1 dan 3, temperatur sebesar 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C dan 95 °C serta variasi waktu selama 3 jam, 5 jam, 7 jam dan 9 jam untuk mengetahui pengaruh arus, pH, temperatur dan waktu terhadap perolehan massa, kandungan kimia, struktur kimia serta morfologi MnO2 yang terbentuk. Dari hasil percobaan, perolehan massa MnO2 tertinggi didapatkan pada arus 1 A, pH 3, temperatur 90 °C dan waktu elektrolisis selama 9 jam yaitu sebesar 13,57 gram. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan peningkatan temperatur dan bertambahnya waktu elektrolisis akan didapatkan endapan MnO2 yang semakin tinggi. Hasil dari proses elektrolisis kemudian dilakukan karakterisasi XRD, XRF dan SEM. Dari pengujian XRD diketahui bahwa senyawa yang terbentuk pada endapan hasil elektrolisis merupakan senyawa akhtenskite MnO2 (ε-MnO2) yang memiliki sistem kristal hexagonal. Hasil karakterisasi XRF diketahui bahwa endapan yang diperoleh dari proses elektrolisis memiliki kadar MnO sebesar 92,40 %. Dari hasil pengamatan SEM, diketahui bahwa produk MnO2 yang dihasilkan memiliki morfologi partikel yang membulat yang memiliki ukuran diameter dengan rentang 0,1-0,9 μm. ......Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is a material that has the potential to be used as a cathode in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Manganese dioxide has a storage capacity of up to 615 mAh/g. MnO2 can be obtained by electrolysis of a solution of manganese sulfate (MnSO4). The electrolysis process was carried out with variations in currents of 0.5 A and 1 A, pH of 1 and 3, temperatures of 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C and 95 °C and time variations for 3 hours, 5 hours, 7 hours and 9 hours to determine the effect of current, pH, temperature and time on mass gain, chemical content, chemical structure and morphology of MnO2 formed. From the experimental results, the highest mass gain of MnO2 was obtained at a current of 1 A, pH 3, a temperature of 90 °C and an electrolysis time of 9 hours, which was 13.57 grams. The results showed that with increasing temperature and increasing electrolysis time, higher MnO2 precipitates were obtained. The results of the electrolysis process were then characterized by XRD, XRF and SEM. The XRD test shows that the compound formed in the electrolysis precipitate is an akhtenskite MnO2 (ε-MnO2) compound which has a hexagonal crystal system. The results of XRF characterization showed that the precipitate obtained from the electrolysis process had a MnO content of 92,40 %. The SEM image shows that the MnO2 sample has a spherical shape with particle diameters in the range 0,1-0,9 μm.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Gastro Entero Pancreatic Neuro Endocrine Tumor (GEP-NET) merupakan keganasan yang jarang dijumpai di dunia dibandingkan dengan keganasan gastrointestinal lainnya. Menurut data GEP-NET kadang sulit dibedakan dengan Irritabel Bowel Syndrome (IBS) dalam mendiagnosisnya. Keluhan GEP-NET antara lain nyeri perut, diare, flushing, sampai penurunan berat badan. Keluhan IBS antara lain nyeri perut, mual, diare atau dengan tanpa konstipasi. Saat ini telah dikembangkan pemeriksaan Chromogranin A (CgA) untuk membantu dalam pemeriksaan penapisan pasien yang menderita IBS maupun pasien yang dicurigai GEP-NET. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif untuk mengetahui kadar CgA pada kelompok normal, mengetahui kadar CgA pada pasien yang didiagnosis IBS, mengetahui kadar CgA pada pasien yang memiliki risiko GEP-NET dan mengetahui perbedaan kadar CgA pada pasien yang didiagnosis IBS dan pasien yang dicurigai menderita GEP-NET yang keduanya memiliki risiko GEP-NET. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan kadar CgA serum pada kelompok kontrol normal dengan nilai mean 50,70 μg/L, median 48,89 μg/L dengan rentang minimum-maksimum antara 42,66-80,62 μg/L. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan kadar CgA serum pada kelompok IBS dengan nilai mean 76,67 μg/L, median 64,82 μg/L dengan rentang minimum-maksimum antara 45,52-243,18 μg/L. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan kadar CgA serum pada kelompok yang dicurigai GEP- NET denga nilai mean median 66,23 μg/L dengan rentang minimum-maksimum antara 49,89-656,41 μg/L.Pada penelitian ini tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar CgA pada populasi pasien yang didiagnosa IBS maupun pada pasien yang dicurigai menderita GEP-NET yang keduanya memiliki risiko menderita GEP-NET dikemudian hari.

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ABSTRACT
Gastro Entero Pancreatic Neuro Endocrine Tumors (GEP-NET) is a malignancy that is rarely found in the world compared to other gastrointestinal malignancies. According to data registration data The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) an increase in the incidence of sharp from 1973 (from 0.92 to 1.28 in 100,000 population per year), to 2004 (from 5.09 to 5.42 in 100,000 population per year). GEP-NET is difficult to distinguish from Irritabel Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in diagnose sometimes. GEP-NET complaints include abdominal pain, diarrhea, flushing, until the weight loss. Complaints of IBS include abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea or with no constipation. We have been developed examination Chromogranin A (CgA) to assist in the screening examination of patients who suffer from IBS and patients who are suspected of suffering from GEP-NET.This study is a descriptive study to determine levels of CgA in the normal group, knowing CgA levels in patients diagnosed IBS, knowing CgA levels in patients who have a risk of GEP-NET and know the difference CgA levels in patients diagnosed with IBS and patients suspected of suffering from GEP- NET who both have risk GEP-NET. In this study, serum levels of CgA in the normal control group with a mean of 50,70 μg/L, median 48,89 μg / L with a minimum-maximum range between 42,66 to 80,62 μg/L. In this study, serum levels of CgA in the IBS group with a mean of 76,67μg /L, median 64,82 μg/L with a minimum-maximum range between 45,52 to 243,18 μg/L. In this study, serum levels of CgA in the group suspected of GEP-NET premises mean median value 66,23 μg/L with a minimum-maximum range between 49.89 to 656.41 g / L. In this study there was no difference in the levels of CgA IBS patients diagnosed population and in patients suspected of suffering from GEP-NET are both at risk of suffering from GEP-NET in the future., Gastro Entero Pancreatic Neuro Endocrine Tumors (GEP-NET) is a malignancy that is rarely found in the world compared to other gastrointestinal malignancies. According to data registration data The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) an increase in the incidence of sharp from 1973 (from 0.92 to 1.28 in 100,000 population per year), to 2004 (from 5.09 to 5.42 in 100,000 population per year). GEP-NET is difficult to distinguish from Irritabel Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in diagnose sometimes. GEP-NET complaints include abdominal pain, diarrhea, flushing, until the weight loss. Complaints of IBS include abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea or with no constipation. We have been developed examination Chromogranin A (CgA) to assist in the screening examination of patients who suffer from IBS and patients who are suspected of suffering from GEP-NET.This study is a descriptive study to determine levels of CgA in the normal group, knowing CgA levels in patients diagnosed IBS, knowing CgA levels in patients who have a risk of GEP-NET and know the difference CgA levels in patients diagnosed with IBS and patients suspected of suffering from GEP- NET who both have risk GEP-NET. In this study, serum levels of CgA in the normal control group with a mean of 50,70 μg/L, median 48,89 μg / L with a minimum-maximum range between 42,66 to 80,62 μg/L. In this study, serum levels of CgA in the IBS group with a mean of 76,67μg /L, median 64,82 μg/L with a minimum-maximum range between 45,52 to 243,18 μg/L. In this study, serum levels of CgA in the group suspected of GEP-NET premises mean median value 66,23 μg/L with a minimum-maximum range between 49.89 to 656.41 g / L. In this study there was no difference in the levels of CgA IBS patients diagnosed population and in patients suspected of suffering from GEP-NET are both at risk of suffering from GEP-NET in the future.]