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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang : Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah penyakit infeksi menular yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosiss (MTB) dan merupakan masalah kesehatan utama didunia.1World Health Organization (WHO) pada tahun 2018 melaporkan 10 juta orang terdiagnosis TB di seluruh dunia. Indonesia merupakan negara dengan insiden TB tertinggi ketiga di dunia, terjadi peningkatan kasus baru sebesar 70% dari 331.703 menjadi 563.879 antara tahun 2015-2018 dan kasus TB MDR/TB RR, rata-rata 8.8 per 100.000 populasi, 2.4 % merupakan kasus baru dan dan 13% merupakan TB pengobatan ulang.2 Berdasarkan data WHO tingkat kegagalan pengobatan pada pasien TB MDR cukup besar (lebih dari 50%), juga terjadi di Indonesia yang disebabkan tinggi nya angka kematian (17%) dan loss to follow up (26%). Kegagalan pengobatan mengakibatkan pengobatan dihentikan dan diperlukan penggantian rejimen. Komorbiditas, Efek samping obat, resistensi obat merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi kegagalan pengobatan dan dinilai melalui konversi sputum yang merupakan indikator respons pengobatan dan digunakan sebagai indikator keberhasilan pengobatan atau kegagalan pengobatan. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan konversi sputum pasien TB MDR dengan berbagai faktor non genetic dan genetic yang terjadi selama fase intensif yang sedang diobati di RS paru DR.M.Goenawan Partowidigdo. Metode: Data diambil secara kohort retrospektif melalui rekam medis TB MDR (1 Oktober 2018 sampai 31 Maret 2019). Data yang terkumpul dilakukan uji statistik. Hasil : SP yang mendapat terapi jenis STR memiliki karakteristik rerata usia sebesar 35,11 tahun dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki sedikit lebih banyak dibanding perempuan (57,9% vs 42,1%), sebagian besar memiliki riwayat pengobatan TB sebelumnya (84,2%) namun tidak memiliki riwayat kontak dengan pasien TB aktif (87,7%). Terdapat 32 SP yang tidak memiliki riwayat pengobatan dan tidak memiliki riwayat kontak tetapi terinfeksi kuman TB MDR sebanyak sepertiga SP memiliki komorbiditas DM. SP yang mendapat terapi jenis konvensional memiliki karakteristik rerata usia sebesar 40,22 tahun, lebih banyak berjenis kelamin laki-laki (61,5%), dengan riwayat pengobatan TB sebelumnya (73,5%) namun tidak memiliki riwayat kontak dengan pasien TB aktif (86,3%), sebanyak sepertiga SP memiliki komorbiditas DM Subjek yang tidak mememiliki komorbiditas dan tidak konversi sputum sebesar 18,4% sedangkan yang tidak memiliki komorbiditas dan tidak konversi sputum sebesar 55,2% dimana hasil ini bermakna secara statistik (p=0,016, RO 2,23 IK95% 1,15 - 4,32). SP dengan DM memiliki risiko 2,23 kali untuk tidak terjadi konversi sputum. Jumlah efek samping obat anti tuberkulosis lebih dari 2 jenis yang mengalami konversi sputum sebesar 43,1 % sedangkan yang jumlah efek sampingnya ≤ 2 mengalami konversi sputum sebesar 23,6 % dimana hasil ini bermakna secara statistik (p<0,001, RO 0,11 IK95% 0,05 -0,25). Pada akhir bulan keenam dan dilakukan kultur dan DST dan LPA lini dua didapatkan perubahan sifat resistensi, bisa akibat mutasi atau pasien terinfeksi oleh 2 strain yang berbeda. Kesimpulan: Konversi kultur sputum yang tertunda mengakibatkan waktu pengobatan yang diperpanjang dan beresiko kegagalan pengobatan. DM, efek samping onat dan resistensi adalah salah satu Faktor yang menyebabkan waktu konversi sputum lebih lama, sehingga resiko kegagalan terapi menyebabkan resiko mortalitas meningkat.

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ABSTRACT
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and is a main health problem in the world.1 The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018 reported 10 million people diagnosed with TB worldwide. Indonesian is country with the third highest incidence of TB in the world, an increase in new cases is 70% from 331,703 to 563,879 between 2015-2018 and MDR TB cases an average of 8.8 per 100,000 population, 2.4% is a new cases and 13% is a re-treatment of TB cases.2 Based on WHO data, the treatment failure rate in MDR TB patients is quite large (more than 50%), also occurring in Indonesia which causes high mortality (17%) and loss to follow-up (26%). Treatment failure causes the treatment being stop and replacement regimen are needed. Many factors that influence treatment and approved through sputum conversion which is an indicator of treatment response and is used as an indicator of treatment success or treatment failure. Objective: To know the relation of sputum conversion in patients with various factor non genetic and genetic that occur during intensive phase while in the process of treatment in pulmonary hospital of Dr. M. Goenawan Partowidigdo. Methods: Data were collected in retrospective cohort through MDR TB medical records (1 October 2018 until 31 March 2019). The data collected is done by statistical tests. Results: SP who received STR type therapy had characteristic a mean age of 35.11 years with sex of male more slightly than female (57.9% vs 42.1%), most had a history medication of previous treatment TB (84, 2%) but do not have a contact history with active TB patients (87.7%). There were 32 SPs who had no history of treatment and had no contact history but were infected with MDR TB as much as one third of SP have comorbid DM. SP who received individua type of therapy had a mean age of 40.22 years, most are male (61.5%), with a history of previous TB treatment (73.5%) but had no contact history with active TB patients (86.3%), as many as one third of SP have comorbid DM. Subjects who did not have comorbidity and no sputum conversion were 18.4% while those who did not have comorbidity and had no sputum conversion were 48.9% where these results were statistically significant (p = 0.016, RO 2.23 IK95% 1.15 - 4 , 32). SP with DM has a risk of 2.23 times for not occur sputum conversion. The number of side effects of anti tuberculosis drugs more than 2 types be through sputum conversion was 43.1% while the number of side effects ≤ 2 be through sputum conversion was 23.6% where these results were statistically significant (p <0.001, RO 0.11 IK95 % 0.05 - 0.25). At the end of the sixth month and culture had be done and DST and LPA line two, there was a change of characteristic resitence, it could be due to mutations or the patient was infected by 2 different strains. Conclusion: Delayed conversion of sputum culture causes the time extended of treatment and risk treatment failure. DM, drugs side effects and resistance are one of the factors that cause a longer sputum conversion time, so the risk of therapy failure causes an increased risk of mortality.

Abstrak :
Diare merupakan masalah global karena menyebabkan tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian pada bayi dan anak. Diare yang belangsung 7 - 13 hari disebut diare melanjut, dan akan meningkatkan risiko terjadinya diare persisten 6 kali lebih tinggi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor risiko terjadinya diare melanjut pada anak < 2 tahun, membuat dan menerapkan sistem skor untuk memprediksi kejadian diare melanjut, dan mengetahui apakah faktor etiologi diare persisten telah ditemukan pada diare melanjut.Suatu penelitian operasional dengan rancangan nested case control, pada anak < 2 tahun dengan diare akut yang dirawat di ruang rawat inap RSUP Fatmawati. Subjek direkrut dengan metode consecutive sampling pada September 2015 - Maret 2016. Subjek dieksklusi bila mendapat pengobatan imunosupresi, menderita HIV, penyakit metabolik, penyakit keganasan, mengalami disentri, mengalami diare saat dirawat di rumah sakit, ada penyakit penyerta, dan subjek pasca mengalami operasi pada organ saluran cerna. Evaluasi luaran penelitian dilakukan sejak subjek masuk perawatan di rumah sakit sampai subjek pulang rawat.Sebanyak 62 subjek untuk tiap kelompok kasus dan kontrol mengikuti penelitian. Seluruh faktor risiko dianalisis secara bivariat dan multivariat regresi logistik. Faktor risiko terjadinya diare melanjut yang didapatkan adalah riwayat penggunaan antibiotik, defisiensi seng, leukosit tinja, peningkatan kadar AAT tinja dan malnutrisi. Model skor prediksi diare melanjut terdiri dari 2 model. Model 2 lebih dapat diterapkan di fasilitas kesehatan primer. Sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif, nilai duga negatif, rasio kemungkinan positif, dan rasio kemungkinan negatif dari validasi skoring model 2 berturut-turut adalah 73, 95, 94, 76, 14,6, dan 0,28. Area di bawah kurva ROC pada validasi 0,898. Faktor etiologi diare persisten telah ditemukan pada diare melanjut intoleransi laktosa, malabsorpsi lemak, dan infeksi Clostridium difficile .Sebagai simpulan, faktor risiko terjadinya diare melanjut pada anak < 2 tahun dengan diare akut yang berperan paling bermakna adalah riwayat penggunaan antibiotik, defisiensi seng, leukosit tinja, peningkatan kadar AAT tinja dan malnutrisi. Selain itu, faktor etiologi diare persisten telah ditemukan pada diare melanjut, dan model skor yang dibuat dapat dipertimbangkan digunakan dalam praktek klinik sehari-hari. ...... Diarrhea has been a global problem since it has high morbidity and mortality rate in infants and children. Diarrhea lasting for 7 ndash 13 days is called prolonged diarrhea, and the risk of progressing into persistent diarrhea will be 6 times higher. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors for prolonged diarrhea in children below 2 years old, to establish and apply a scoring system to predict the occurence of prolonged diarrhea, and to determine whether the etiologic factor of persistent diarrhea have already been found in prolonged diarrhea. An operational study with a nested case control design, in children 2 years old with acute diarrhea hospitalized in the inpatient wards of Fatmawati Hospital. Subjects were recruited using the consecutive sampling method from September 2015 to March 2016. Subjects were excluded when they were receiving immunosupressive treatment, suffering from HIV, metabolic disease, malignancy, dysentery, just had diarrhea during hospitalization, comorbidities, and had underwent digestive surgery. Evaluation of the research outcome was started when the subject admitted to the hospital until the subject being discharged. The number of subjects included was 62 for each case and control group. All risk factors were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. We found that the risk factors for the occurrence of prolonged diarrhea are history of antibiotic use, zinc deficiency, fecal leukocytes, elevated level of stool AAT, and malnutrition. The prolonged diarrhea prediction score model had 2 models. Model 2 is more applicable in primary health care. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of scoring model 2 validation were 73, 95, 94, 76, 14.6, and 0.28 respectively. The area under the ROC curve for validation is 0.898. The etiologic factor of persistent diarrhea have already been found in prolonged diarrhea lactose intolerance, fat malabsorption, Clostridium difficile infection. In conclusion, the most significant risk factors for prolonged diarrhea in children below 2 years old are the history of antibiotic use, zinc deficiency, fecal leukocytes, elevated levels of stool AAT, and malnutrition. In addition, etiologic factors of persistent diarrhea have already been found in prolonged diarrhea and scoring model can be considered be used in daily clinical practice.