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"Copepoda merupakan zooplankton yang dominan di lautan, dan mempunyai peranan penting dalam rantai makanan di ekosistern perairan, termasuk perairan mangrove (estuarine). Penelitian mengenai Copepoda di perairan mangrove Cilacap, Jawa Tengah, telah dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 1997 dan April 1998. Dari hasil identifikasi ditemukan sebanyak 25 jenis yang termasuk dalam 17 marga, 12 suku, dan 4 bangsa (ordo). Calanoida merupakan ordo yang paling besar, dengan jumlah anggota 17 jenis. Frekuensi kehadiran tertinggi ditemukan pada Acartia erythraea dan Pseudodiaptomus incisus, masing-masing 58,34% dan 52,08%. A. erythraea paling melimpah pada bulan April (rata-rata 7,81% dan 10,59%) dengan kepadatan maksimal 102 ind./l.; sedangkan P. incisus paling melimpah pada bulan Oktober (rata-rata 6,56% dan 14,73%) dengan kepadatan maksimal 62 ind./l.Keanekaragaman jenis Calanoida berkisar antara 0,424-0,849, kemerataan individu tiap jenis 0,256-0,429, kekayaan jenis 0,610-2,471, kesamaan jenis antara dua lokasi 0,182-0,933. Hasil analisis kluster pada musim dan waktu pengamatan yang berbeda, tidak terbentuk pengelompokan. Meskipun demikian terdapat kecenderungan pada St. 1, 2, dan 3 membentuk kelompok yang terpisah dari St. 4. Penyebaran dan kelimpahan Copepoda sangat dipengaruhi oleh salinitas. Kisaran salinitas pada bulan Oktober 18,1-31,7 %0 dan 9,2-29,1 %0 pada bulan April. Selain salinitas, pengaruh musim juga turut menentukan komposisi jenis dan kelimpahan Copepoda.

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Copepods is a dominant group of marine zooplankton, and has an important role in the marine food chain. Copepods lives in various habitats, in freshwater, estuarine, and marine. Information on copepods in Indonesia mostly came from expedition reports on East Indonesian waters. Nevertheless, information concerning copepods in mangrove waters (estuarine) is very limited. The Cilacap mangrove waters has a unique ecosystem. It has high estuarine biodiversity lives, in which of them is copepods. From this fact, a study on the taxonomy and community structure of copepods in Cilacap mangrove waters was conducted on October 1997 and April 1998.The aims of study is to know the diversity and fluctuation of copepods species, the relationship community structure of copepods with the environmental factors in Cilacap mangrove waters, to available information on description and illustration of copepods that area from two seasons.Twenty-five species belonging to 12 families was recorded. They include 17 species of Calanoida, three species of Poecilostomatoida, four species of Cyclopoida, and one species of Harpacticoida. Two species showed high frequency of occurrence and abundance, i.e. Pseudadiaptonius incises at dry season, and Acartia erytlhraea at wet season. This indicated that the two species were common and distributed more widely than others.The highest diversity and richness indices of copepods species were found in Sapuregel (St. 3) at two seasons, and Teluk Penyu had highest evenness index at dry season. Donan mouth river and Sapuregel had the highest similarity index at dry season. Cluster analysis resulted in one group at all study on October 1997 and April 1998. Stations 1, 2, and 3 had the highest relationship than station 4. The water conditions of Cilacap mangrove waters showed that salinity ranged from 9,2-31,7 %0 temperature ranged from 25-32°C, pH ranged from 6,58-8,74, turbidity ranged from 0-7 NTU, DHL ranged from 10,4-44,7 mg/l, and DO ranged from 4,40-8,52 mg/l."

"Di Indonesia terdapat 13 jenis rangkong, tiga di antaranya berstatus endemik yaitu rangkong Sulawesi (Aceros cassidix), kangkareng Sulawesi (Penelopides exarhatus), dan rangkong Sumba (Aceros everetti). Seluruh jenis rangkong tersebut sudah dilindungi oleh pemerintah Indonesia sejak tahun 1931, namun keberadaanya masih sangat mengkhawatirkan karena perburuan, dan perubahan habitat.Penelitian mengenai ekologi dan biologi rangkong Sulawesi sudah banyak dilakukan namun informasi mengenai pola pergerakan belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daerah jelajah, pergerakan harian, site fidelity (kesetiaan pada tempat) dan penyebarannya berdasarkan ketinggian dari permukaan laut. Informasi yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi usaha konservasi rangkong Sulawesi pada khususnya, dan Cagar Alam Tangkoko-Dua Sudara (TDS) pada umumnya.Penelitian dilakukan di Cagar Alam Tangkoko-Dua Sudara, Sulawesi Utara sejak bulan Oktober 1994 hingga Juni 1995, dengan menggunakan teknik radiotelemetri. Sembilan ekor jantan rangkong Sulawesi berhasil ditangkap dengan menggunakan jaring penangkap (mist net). Pada bagian punggung burung-burung tersebut dipasang radio pemancar (transmitter) dengan frekuensi yang berbeda-beda, antara 164-165 MHz. Burung-burung tersebut dipantau (track) dengan meggunakan alat penerima (receiver) dari beberapa stasiunpemantau permanen di puncak bukit atau menara (tinggi 20 m dari permukaan tanah) di sekitar tepi kawasan TDS. Pemantauan dilakukan selama 3 hari dalam seminggu; pagi hari (06.00-12.00), siang hari (12.00-18.00) clan satu hari penuh (06.00-18.00) dengan total waktu 24 jam seminggu. Dua pengamat dari stasiun yang berbeda pada waktu yang sama memantau arah burung selama tiga menit dengan interval waktu satu jam..Peta TDS berskala (1:50.000) di "digitizing" dengan menggunakan program CAMRIS, sebuah perangkat keras komputer untuk sistem informasi geografi. Hasil tersebut digunakan untuk menganalisa lokasi burung pada setiap elevasi. Irisan dari rata-rata lokasi mingguan dihitung untuk menduga tingkat kesetiaan pada tempat (site fidelity) dari rangkong terhadap lokasi pergerakannya.Analisa data hanya dilakukan pada enam ekor rangkong karena 3 buah radio pemancar jatuh pada awal penelitian. Penentuan luas daerah jelajah rangkong dihitung berdasarkan minimun convex polygons dari 600 jam data. Daerah jelajah rangkong bervariasi dari 39,8 hingga 55,8 km2. Rata-rata jarak jelajah harian adalah 10,49 km, tetapi beberapa individu mampu terbang sejauh 30 kin dalam sehari.Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa rangkong cenderung untuk tinggal di wilayah Tangkoko, khususnya dari ketinggian 0 hingga 400 m dari permukaan lout. Namun demikian, tiga ekor rangkong terdeteksi di sekitar wilayah Dua Sudara, 13atuangus, dan Hutan Lindung Wiau.Rangkong yang diteliti menu njukkan pergerakan harian yang cukup jauh tetapi tetap kembali ke lokasi asalnya. Rangkong bergerak dari wilayah Tangkoko (daerah sarang) ke wilayah Batuangus atau Dua Sudara yang diduga sebagai wilayah pergerakannya dan tidak menunjukkan pola nomadis.Ketersediaan pakan, terutama buah beringin (Ficus sp.) diduga berperan penting untuk mempengaruhi pola pergerakannya, termasuk sifat kesetiaan pada tempat, daerah jelajah, dan distribusi berdasarkan ketinggian. Namun, data fenologi (ketersediaan buah) pada masa tidak berbiak ternyata tidak mendukung hipotesis tersebut. Hal itu mungkin disebabkan oleh luas areal studi ketersediaan buah terlalu kecil dibandingkan pergerakan rangkong Sulawesi.Terisolasinya kawasan cagar alam TDS oleh pedesaan, perkotaan, Laut Sulawesi, dan adanya penebangan di sekitar kawasan dapat membahayakan kelaitgsungan hidup satwa langka yang ada di dalamnya. Dalam penelitian ini terbukti bahwa rangkong Sulawesi hingga saat ini masih bergantung pada sumber pakan yang ada di dalam kompleks cagar alam itu. Namun dengan adanya tekanan akibat pengembangan wilayah dan ancaman lainnya, maka ruang gerak, kualitas habitat, dan sumber pakan di kawasan itu akan berkurang. Oleh karena itu, upaya pengembangan wilayah di kawasan TDS perlu dilakukan secara terpadu dengan mempertimbangkan aspek kehidupan satwa liar yang hidup di dalam kawasan."

"Amphidromus, a genus of arboreal pulmonate land snails belong to the family Camaenidae, is found in Indonesia. The total species of Amphidromus in Indonesia are almost half of the total number of species in the world. Most of these species were described before 1900. The collections of Amphidromus at the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, were collected after 1900.Shell of subgenus Amphidromus rather stout, either dextral or sinistral, usually solid, and with periodical colour-stripes or varix, and shell of subgenus Syndromus always sinistral, usually thin, never marked with varix, the varietals callus usually thin and transparent.The aim of the study is to know the diversity and distribution of Amphidromus in Indonesia based on the specimen of Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, and also to study the difference of morphometric and genitals between subgenus Amphidromus and Syndromus. This study was carried out in the period of May - October 1996 at the Laboratory of Malacology, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor.Each species was measured and described the shell measurement, shell colour, locality and the date of specimen collection. Morphometric data consist of high, diameter, and high of aperture of adult shells. Cluster analysis of morphometric data is primarily dissimilarity index Bray - Curtis's method. The difference of penial complex of genitals is counted based upon the length of epiphalic flagellum and length of epiphallus.The result of this study showed that the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense has 67,57 % (25 species) of total species from Indonesian Amphidromus. One of those species has never been collected, Amphidromus (Syndromus) annae, which might be endemic species located in Selayar island. The specimen from Mount Buntung, East Kalimantan, will be described as a new species in separate publication.The new record for their distribution of Amphidromus javanicus was recognized from Jambi, A. sumatranus from Siberut island, and A. contrarius from Alor island. The subgenus Syndromus in Indonesia is distributed in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Jawa, Bali, NTB, NTT, Timor island, Wetar island, Roma island, and Tanimbar islands. While subgenus Amphidromus dispersed in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Jawa, and Bali. Based on the data collections, Amphidromus palaceus was found through out the years.The epiphallic flagellum of subgenus Amphidromus, is longer than epiphallus, while subgenus Syndromus, is shorter. Cluster analysis showed that only 92 % of subgenus Amphidromus and Syndromus has morphometric differences."

"Banteng (Bos javanicus d?Alton) is naturally distributed throughout Asia. In Indonesia this species can be found in Jawa, Bali, and Kalimantan. The current population is small, making it categorized as an endangered species. Protection measures have been implemented in such national parks as in West Bali, Ujung Kulon, Baluran, and Alas Purwo. Scientifically, this species is a genetic resource potential for further domestication purposes. In fact this species has been traditionally utilized as a cross-breeder for Bali Cattle which originated from Bos sondaicus. Banteng is typically a crespuscular species, but due to disturbances it sometimes becomes nocturnal. The species generally live in groups of 5 to 15 individuals, with only 2 to 3 steers in a group, although groups with only one steer is not unusual. The groups spend most ,of their time grazing in a pasture. Alas Purwo is a national park located in Sothern Banyuwangi, East Jawa, and initially gazetted as an area for animal protection. The total area of this national park is about 43420 hectares, but the Banteng is usually found grazing in Sadengan a pasture area with a size of about 20 hectares. This thesis consists of two papers, i.e.,Daily behaviour of banteng, and Habitat selection for feeding. Samples of banteng have been taken directly, using the concentrated method, whereas the grass samples have been taken by using quadrates of 100 x 100 cm2, totalling 100 plots. Observations have been carried out in two locations, i.e., location I: around the tower, and location II: nearby and adjacent to the mountaineous area. The studies have been conducted from January 1996 to June 1996. The paper entitled Daily behaviour of bantengs concluded that (1). The environment significantly affected the daily behaviour of the cows.(2). Frequency of cows in pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo broken as if indicator of disturbance. It is recommended that to increase grazing intensity of cows, habitat management should be maintained properly, particularly monitoring of wild dogs. The paper entitled Habitat selection for feeding, concluded : (1). Potential of grasses in pastures of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park was very low, (2)Location of grazing areas was concentrated in one location, and was related to the biomass of grasses as their food resource. It is recommended that (1). Pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park should be properly maintained, and (2). Grasses of Hyptis brevipes Porr. and Cassia Lora L. should be cut prior to flowering."

"Jagakarsa is one of "the water catchment areas" in Jakarta that has green open space. The elements and design of the green open space are very important to be studied, in relation to the occurrence of the wild animal particularly birds in this area. The tittle of this study is "A study on biodiversity of green open space in Jagakarsa water catchment area". The report was divided into two sub tittles: "Vegetation structure and composition at the green open space of water catchment area in Jagakarsa", and "Bird inventory at the green open space of water catchment area in Jagakarsa". The objectives of this study are to examine the structure and composition of the vegetation related to the occurrence of birds in the green open space.The study was conducted from July to December 1999 by compiling both primary and secondary data. The study area was divided into four categories; home garden, green belt along the river, cemetery area (modern and traditional), and urban forests.The highest diversity of vegetation was found in home garden, which was consisted of fruits, and plants used as house fence. Over half of plantin species at home garden are ornamental plant. Beside that, heterogeneity plants at home garden showed higher than the other green open space in Jagakarsa, Also, home garden was managed better than the other green open space in Jagakarsa.Generally, people around the river use green belt along the river as fruit garden. Plant species diversity in those belt are lower than home garden and less managed by people. However, at the green belt along Krukut river was found the regenerated of plants. The vegetation neither ornamental nor valuable cemetery plants with urban cemetery concept was dominated by ornamental plants with high esthetical value, which has maximum height less than one meter. In the traditional cemetery, Ptumeria alba, Codeaeum variegatum, Dracaena fragrans were found dominantly planted with irregularity in patterns.There were 28 species of 18 families of birds found in this study. The highest number of species {15 species) was found at the green belt along Ciliwung River, and surrounding of Situ Babakan (14 species). Water birds were found at Ciliwung River, Kali Krukut, and Situ Babakan. Birds that living in high grasses and shrubs also found at these areas. Most of the birds found in the area are insectivore (42,86%).Vegetation is very important for bird, not only as food resources but also as a resting, sleeping, and nesting place. Fruits and flowers as food resources of insect related to the occurrence of birds were discussed in this paper.iv Habitat degadration and bird hunting are threats for the birds. Therefore, community awareness, selection of plant species, and design of vegetation pattern that fulfil the needs of bird are very important for bird conservation in urban city."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini di lakukan di Pusat Penelitian Ketambe, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, Aceh Tenggara dari bulan November 1988 hingga Oktober 1991 dan dilanjutkan lagi bulan Januari-Februari 1993 dan bulan Juni-Juli 1993. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana hirarki pada orangutan jantan dewasa serta pengaruhnya terhadap perilaku betina dewasa dan mengetahui bagaimana tanggapan orangutan jantan dan betina dewasa setelah mendengar suara seruan panjang dari jantan dewasa lain. Orangutan yang diamati terdiri dari 6 ekor jantan dewasa dan 5 ekor betina dewasa. Pencatatan data secara focal animal instantaneous per menit dan ad libitum. Hirarki dan peringkat ditentukan berdasarkan kalah dan menang setelah terjadi pengejaran dan perkelahian. Perilaku betina yang diamati adalah: inisiatif betina mendekati jantan; jumlah betina di sekitar jantan dan lamanya betina bersama jantan. Data seruan panjang yang diamati adalah laju seruan panjang orangutan jantan dewasa dan tanggapan orangutan terhadap seruan panjang berupa arah pergerakan individu setelah 30 menit mendengar seruan panjang. Hasil menyimpulkan ada hirarki dominansi non-linier di antara jantan dewasa dan hanya ada satu jantan dewasa dominan dengan peringkat paling atas. Orangutan betina dewasa: lebih berinisiatif mendekati; lebih banyak di sekitar; dan lebih lama menggunakan waktunya bersama orangutan jantan dewasa peringkat atas. Orangutan jantan dewasa peringkat atas lebih sering mengeluarkan seruan panjang. Orangutan jantan dewasa pada umumnya menjauhi sumber seruan panjang sedangkan orangutan betina dewasa akan mendekati sumber seruan panjang."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari material yang c°Cok untuk digunakan pada proses produksi kemasan kaleng dua bagian berkarbonasi dengan ketebalan yang diturunkan dari 0,280 mm menjadi 0,270 mm, dalam rangka penghematan biaya produksi. Paduan aluminium AA3104 telah lama digunakan sebagai bahan baku kemasan kaleng minuman bertekanan dengan proses penarikan dalam (deep drawing) yang dilanjutkan dengan penipisan dinding (wall ironing) agar dapat mencapai ketinggian yang diinginkan. Dengan adanya tekanan dari produk minuman, maka kekuatan kaleng mutlak diperlukan agar tidak terjadi deformasi, terutama pada bagian bawahnya (dome). Kekuatan kaleng menahan tekanan dari dalam akan melemah apabila ketebalan material diturunkan, sehingga perlu dilakukan pengembangan material untuk mencari paduan aluminium yang kuat tetapi tetap mempunyai sifat mampu bentuk yang baik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan percobaan terhadap 3 macam material paduan aluminium AA3104 dengan komposisi titanium berbeda, yaitu 0,00%, 0,010% dan 0,013%. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah analisis komposisi kimia, kekasaran permukaan, struktur mikro, senyawa yang terbentuk, dan analisis statistik. Di samping itu juga dilakukan uji mekanik yaitu uji tarik, LDR, dan mampu bentuk. Setelah kaleng dibentuk dilakukan pula uji kekutan dome, kekuatan badan kaleng, dan pengukuran dimensi kaleng. Selanjutnya data hasil pengujian badan kaleng diolah untuk mendapatkan grafik rata-rata, grafik R, dan indeks Cpk. Sebagai simulasi dalam proses produksi badan kaleng, pengujian tarik dan kekuatan badan kaleng dilakukan sebelum dan setelah pemanasan 210°C selama 10 menit. Hasil analisis kekasaran permukaan menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi persentase titanium dalam paduan aluminium AA3104 semakin halus tingkat kekasaran permukaannya. Hasil analisis struktur mikro menunjukkan bahwa titanium meningkatkan presipitasi sehingga juga akan meningkatkan kekuatan bahan. Hasil analisis dengan XRD menunjukkan bahwa pada sampel yang mengandung titanium terbentuk senyawa Ti3Al yang tersebar lebih merata pada sampel dengan kandungan titanium 0,013%. Hasil uji tarik menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi persentase titanium akan semakin meningkatkan kekuatan luluh (yield strentgh), kekuatan tarik (tensile strength) dan regangan (elongation) dari paduan aluminium AA3104. Dengan bertambahnya yield strength dan tensile strength akan menambah kekuatan badan kaleng dan bertambahnya regangan mengindikasikan sifat mampu bentuk yang lebih baik. Percobaan pembentukan kaleng dengan proses penarikan dalam dan penipisan pada bagian dinding (drawn wall ironing) menunjukan bahwa tingkat kegagalan pembentukan (tear off rate) turun dari 60 kaleng/sejuta menjadi 23 kaleng/sejuta, kekuatan kaleng menahan tekanan dari dalam (dome reversal pressure ? DRP) naik 4,3% dan kekuatan kaleng menahan gaya vertikal (axial load) naik 6,74%. Setelah pemanasan 210°C selama 10 menit terjadi penurunan kekuatan tarik, kekuatan luluh, dan penambahan regangan. Hal yang sama, terjadi penurunan terhadap kekuatan kaleng baik dome reversal pressure maupun axial load. Selanjutnya, dalam analisis kelayakan penggunaan material paduan aluminium AA3104 dengan kandungan titanium 0,013% secara komersial, terutama kaitannya dengan parameter yang berhubungan dengan material tersebut, menunjukkan hasil yang memenuhi kriteria standar yang diinginkan pelanggan. Dengan demikian, maka paduan aluminium AA3104 yang mengadung titanium 0,013% dengan tebal 0,270 mm layak untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku badan kaleng minuman bertekanan.

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The purpose of this research is to find a suitable aluminum alloy for two-piece carbonated soft drink can body material in order to reduce the material thickness from 0.280 to 0.270 mm and thus a production cost. Aluminum alloy AA3104 has been used for many years as a carbonated soft drink can material through deep drawing pr°Cess followed by wall ironing pr°Cess until a specific desired can height is obtained. Due to inside pressure on the filled can, the can need to have enough strength to prevent deformation, especially on the bottom area of the can (dome). By reducing material thickness, the strength of the can will also reduce dramatically. For this reason, the material needs to be developed to get a suitable strength, while at the same time retains its good formability. In this research, aluminum alloy AA3104 containing 3 variations of titanium composition were prepared, i.e. Ti 0.00%, Ti 0.010% and Ti 0.013%. The analysis including chemical composition, surface roughness, microstructure, and precipitate resulted from the addition of titanium were carried out. Mechanical properties including tensile, LDR, and formability also have been done. Analyses on the final cans including dome reversal pressure, axial load, and can dimension were also included. The can body measuring data to find the average chart, range chart and Cpk index were done by using a commercial software. As a production pr°Cess simulation, the strength test also has been done after heating the material at 210°C for 10 minutes. Surface roughness analysis shows that the addition of titanium results in better sheet surface of aluminum alloy AA3104. Microstructure analysis shows that the addition of titanium promotes precipitation on aluminum alloy AA3104. XRD analysis shows that the addition of titanium forms Ti3Al precipitate while the sample containing 0.013% of titanium has better distribution of Ti3Al precipitate. Mechanical properties test results show that the addition of titanium increases yield strength, tensile strength and elongation of aluminum alloy AA3104. By increasing the yield strength and tensile strength will also increase the strength while increasing of elongation will increase formability of aluminum alloy AA3104. On the deep drawing and wall ironing pr°Cesses simulation by using aluminum alloy AA3104 containing 0.013% titanium with 0.270 mm thickness, the results show that the tear off rate reduces from 60 ppm to 23 ppm, dome reversal pressure increases 4.3% and axial load increases 6.74%. Heating the material at 210°C for 10 minutes reduces the yield strength, tensile strength, increases the elongation, and reduces the dome reversal pressure and axial load. Stability and capability study case with 0.270 mm thickness indicates that the material confirms customer requirements. It then can be concluded that the aluminum alloy AA3104 containing 0.013% of titanium with the thickness of 0.270 mm can be used in commercial production for two-piece carbonated soft drink cans."