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"This book elucidates the importance of long-term experiments in revealing evidence of soil fertility decline in Africa. An evaluation of experiences from on-going long-term experiments is given in broad detail. The first chapter explains the paradigm shift in soil fertility management then provides justification for long-term experiments before illuminating experiences from long-term experiments in East, West and Southern Africa. The second, sixth, eighth and ninth chapters give an in-depth account of crop management practices and soil fertility interventions in long-term trials within specific agro-ecological zones in West Africa. The rest of the chapters (chapter three, four, five and seven) address crop management, tillage practices and, organic and inorganic fertilizer applications in the context of long-term experiments in specific agro-ecological zones in East Africa."

"ABSTRACTRapid decrease in soilfertiligtfollows clearing of forests in the humid tropics and main processes triggered by the removal of vegetation cover are reviewed. The soil of forests, cleared to provide land for cultivation of annual foodcrops are clearly showing a decrease in fertility. This unfortunate phenomena occur mainly in areas of the Indonesian Archipelago located within a belt consisting of areas with 12 months of rainfall and monthly means of 75 and more millimeters. Monocultural cultivation of annual crops in these areas is likely to deplete soil of its fertility and unlessfloodedfield techniques of cultivation is involved, it might seem very unlikely that in the future, the use ofannualfood crops to cultivate clearedforest lands, such as of common practice today, could be maintained without sacrificing soilfertiliiy and destruction. In many parts of theArchipelago, deforestation ofareas to cultivate annual foodcrops is likely to invite processes leading to the fatal destruction of its soil. Unless arboriculture . (tree cultivation), imitating tropical rainforest forests, is practiced to produce food replacing the present traditional production of staple food starch by annual crops, the degradation of the environment will continue ending in an unsustainable, prohtable agriculture. perennial tree likely to become one off the best candidate "

"The book gives a detailed description of the application of DSSAT in simulating crop and soil processes within various Agro-ecological zones in Africa. The book, an output of a series of 3 workshops, provides examples of the application of DSSAT models to simulate nitrogen applications, soil and water conservation practices including effects of zai technology, phosphorus and maize productivity, generation of genetic coefficients, long-term soil fertility management technologies in the drylands, microdosing, optimization of nitrogen x germplasms x water, spatial analysis of water and nutrient use efficiencies and, tradeoff analysis. The minimum dataset requirements for DSSAT is discussed. "

"ABSTRAKRapid decrease in soil fertility follows clearing of forests in the humid tropics and main processes triggered by the removal of vegetation cover are reviewed. The soil of forests, cleared to provide land for cultivation of annual foodcrops are clearly showing a decrease in fertility. This unfortunate phenomena occur mainly in areas of the Indonesian Archipelago located within a belt consisting of areas with 12 months of rainfall and monthly means of 75 and more millimeters. Monocultural cultivation of annual crops in these areas is likely to deplete soil of its fertility and unless flooded field techniques of cultivation is involved, it might seem very unlikely that in the future, the use of annual food crops to cultivate cleared forest lands, such as of common practice today, could be maintained without sacrificing soil fertility and destruction. In many parts of the Archipelago, deforestation of areas to cultivate annual foodcrops is likely to invite processes leading to the fatal destruction of its soil. Unless arboriculture (tree cultivation), imitating tropical rainforest forests, is practiced to produce food, replacing the present traditional production of staple food starch by annual crops, the degradation of the environment will continue ending in an unsustainable, profitable agriculture. A perennial tree likely to become on of the best candidate for this purpose is the sagopalm. Metroxylon spp., an incredibility potent starch producer. The capacity and possibility of this starch producing parennial to fulfill the growing needs of food are reviewed here. Sagopalm plantations, or rather forests, covering a total area of not more than half the size of West-Java, would theoretically be sufficient to continually supply food starch to free no less than 400 million population from hunger. The advantages and superiorities of the sagopalm cultivation compared to other food-starch annual cultures are also discussed."

"Permasalahan kualitas kesuburan tanah adalah masalah lingkungan karena terkait dengan tiga aspek lingkungan yaitu ekosistem (alam), manusia (sosial) dan pendapatan (ekonomi) yang dapat menyebabkan pembangunan menjadi tidak berkelanjutan terutama di bidang pertanian. Permasalahan kualitas kesuburan tanah mulai muncul sejak kegiatan pertanian menggunakan asupan sintetik secara berlebihan menyebabkan lahan pertanian menjadi lahan kritis dan seiring dengan pertumbuhan populasi kegiatan pertanian mau tidak mau hams dilakukan pada lahan marjinal.Penelitian ini secara umum bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak penerapan pertanian organik terhadap kualitas kesuburan tanah, dan secara khusus, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) pengaruh penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua pada pembentukan sikap, perilaku dan pemikiran pelaku pertanian yang lestari, seimbang dan selaras dengan alam; (2) pengaruh penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua pada kualitas kesuburan tanah; (3) pengaruh penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua produk pangan yang bebas pestisida.Hipotesis yang digunakan dalam peneIitian ini adalah: (1) Penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua mencakup Konsep Pembangunan Berkelanjutan; (2) Penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua memperbaiki atau meningkatkan kualitas kesuburan tanah; (3) Penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua menghasilkan produk sayuran yang bebas pestisida.Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pertanian Organik Bina Sarana Bhakti (BSB) Cisarua_ Jumlah total sampel tanah untuk analisis adalah 30 sampel tanah komposit yang diambil secara stratified sampling, yaitu 5 ulangan tanah komposit dari plot BA (bawah atap), 20 ulangan sampel komposit dari plot LP (lahan pertanaman) dan 5 ulangan sampel tanah komposit dari plot P (pembanding). Metode pengumpulan informasi mengenai penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua adalah melalui studi literatur BSB (published dan unpublished), informasi profit pekerja bagian produksi BSB adalah melalui wawancara dan pengumpulan data sampel tanah dilakukan dengan metode ekspost fakto. Sampel tanah dianalisis di laboratorium dan data yang digunakan terdiri atas tiga bagian yaitu: (1) persentase pasir, debu dan liat sebagai parameter kualitas fisik kesuburan tanah; (2) kandungan C, N dan Fe-tersedia sebagai parameter kualitas kimia kesuburan tanah; dan (3) total mikroorganisme tanah, jumlah individu mikroorganisme tanah dan respirasi tanah sebagai parameter kualitas biologi kesuburan tanah. Pengolahan data menggunakan metode statistik.Hasil analisis penelitian menyatakan bahwa: (1) Penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua mengusahakan pengembangan keanekaragaman hayati dalam sistem secara keseluruhan. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari kondisi keragaman pekerja dan jenis organisme yang terdapat di dalam kebun BSB. BSB rnenambahkan bahan organik ke dalam tanah untuk menjaga kesuburan tanah dalam jangka panjang dan meningkatkan aktivitas biologis tanah. BSB mengandalkan sumberdaya lokal yang dapat diperbaharui dan melakukan daur ulang melalui pengomposan.; (2) Penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua menambah pori-pori makro, meningkatkan kandungan C, N, bahan organik, rasio CIN, jumlah individu dan total rnikroorganisme tanah namun mengurangi jumlah pori-pori mikro, menurunkan kandungan Fe-tersedia di dalam tanah dan respirasi tanah; (3) Produk sayuran BSB Cisarua bebas pestisida, logam berat dan zat-zat yang dilarang oleh budaya atau agama tertentu.Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah: (1) Penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua mencakup Konsep Pembangunan Berkelanjutan; (2) Penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua memperbaiki atau meningkatkan kualitas kesuburan tanah; (3) Penerapan pertanian organik BSB Cisarua menghasilkan produk sayuran yang bebas pestisida.Saran yang diajukan di dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) Pennasalahan kualitas kesuburan tanah membutuhkan keterlibatan semua stakeholders (masyarakat, pengusaha, pemerintah, dan lembaga non-pemerintah) berupa itikad baik yang mendukung segala daya upaya pertanian organik; (2) Penerapan pertanian organik tidak berorientasi pada produksi maksimum dan tidak dapat dilakukan dalam skala besar secara individu (monopoli) sehingga perlu dibentuk satu wadah yang berfungsi sebagai pusat informasi dan studi untuk saling berbagi (sharing) pengalaman dan kegagalan dalam melakukan kegiatan pertanian organik sekaligus mengorganisasi semua pertanian organik yang saat ini masih bersifat sporadis; (3) Salah satu upaya penyelesaian permasalahan lingkungan adalah internalisasi nilai intrinsik pertanian organik yang mengusahakan keberlanjutan ekosistem dan sosial untuk mencapai keberlanjutan ekonomi; (4) Penelitian dengan parameter yang sama atau berbeda masih perlu dilakukan lebih mendalam agar dapat menemukan solusi terbaik bagi permasalahan kualitas kesuburan tanah.

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The problem of soil fertility is the one of the environmental problems because it's related to the three aspects of environment they are ecosystem, human beings and household income. This problem happened since the agriculture caused the critical land because of the application of the synthetic input over dozed and moved to the marginal land because of the population growth.

This research generally aims to study the impact of the organic farming to the quality of soil fertility, and specifically aims to study the impact of the application of BSB organic farming to the formation of attitude, behaviour, and perception of the agricultural society, the quality of soil fertility and the product. The hypothesis of this study are: (1) The application of BSB organic farming includes the concept of The Sustainabilty Development; (2) The application of BSB organic farming improves the quality of soil fertility; (3) The application of BSB organic farming produces the free pesticide residue of food product.

This study was conducted at the middle of February 2006 untill the middle of April 2006, on The Organic Farming of Bina Sarana Bhakti (BSB) Cisarua. The total number of sampling is 30 composite samples, consists of 5 samples of plot BA (under roof plot), 20 samples of plot LP (cultivated land), and 5 samples of plot P (consideration). Those samples were taken by stratified sampling. The method of the data collection consists of literature study, interview and expost facto study. The data of this research are: (1) the percentation of sand, dust and clay as the physical quality parameter; (2) the contents of C, N, organic matter, C/N ratio, and supplied Fe as the chemical quality parameter; (3) the total number and individuals of microorganisms and its respiration as the biological quality parameter. The analysis of data is statistic method.

The analysis states that: (1) The application of BSB organic farming creates the biological diversity, maintains the soil fertility by adding the organic matter, increases the biology of soil activities, uses the local of renewable resources, and recycles by composting; (2) The application of BSB organic farming increases the contents of carbon, nitrogen, organic matter, C/N ratio, the total and number of microorganisms, but decreases the micro pores, the content of Fe supplied and the soil respiration; and (3) The BSB organic vegetables product are free of pesticide residue, heavy metals content and (certain cultural or religion) forbidden matter.

The conclusions of this study are: (I) The application of BSB organic fanning includes the concept of The Sustainability Development; (2) The application of BSB organic farming improves the quality of soil fertility; (3) The application of BSB organic farming produces the free pesticide residue of food product.

The suggestions of this study are: (1) The problem of soil fertility needs every stakeholders participation that supports all the efforts of the organic farming to produce the health, clean and green product; (2) The organic farming does not focus on high yield production and can not be applicated only by one institution in big scale of bussiness, that's why it's important to form one organization as the communication and sharing media about the experiences and failures of doing the organic farming; (3) The environmental problem solving needs the internalization of the organic farming intrinsic value that is the concept which can create the green way of life to avoid or decrease the pollution impact to the environment especially to the soil; (4) The research with the same or different parameters can be done more seriously to find out the best solution for the quality of soil fertility problems."

"Pembagian, pemanfaatan, dan pengelolaan satuan unit lanskap masyarakat suku Dayak Ngaju, khususnya di Kecamatan Mantangai merupakan strategi masyarakat lokal untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup mereka. Lokasi penelitian berada di Desa Tumbang Muroi, Tumbang Mangktup, dan Katimpun, Kecamatan Mantangai, Kabupaten Kapuas, Kalimantan Tengah pada Juli-Agustus 2018. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendokumentasikan secara ilmiah pengetahuan lokal masyarakat dalam membagi unit-unit lanskap dan menganalisis pemanfaatan serta pengelolaan unit lanskap berbasis kearifan lokal masyarakat. Data kualitatif diperoleh melalui wawancara semi terstruktur, observasi langsung, dan studi literatur, sementara data kuantitatif diperoleh melalui Pebble Distribution Method yang dianalisis menggunakan Local Users Value Index (LUVI) dan struktur komunitas yang diperoleh melalui analisis vegetasi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat suku Dayak Ngaju membagi sembilan unit lanskap yaitu batang danum (sungai), lewu (permukiman), parakayu lindung (hutan lindung), parakayu desa (hutan desa), parakayu adat (hutan adat), teluk pipit dan keramat baga (tempat keramat), kabun gita (bekas kebun karet), tana (ladang pertanian), dan bahu rambung (bekas ladang). Pengetahuan lokal masyarakat membentuk heterogenitas terhadap komposisi unit lanskap sebagai proses adaptasi masyarakat. Struktur komunitas tumbuhan yang terbentuk adalah hasil dari intensitas pemanfaatan tumbuhan oleh masyarakat lokal dan kondisi lahan yang ada di masing-masing unit lanskap. Nilai pemanfaatan satuan unit lanskap oleh laki-laki dan perempuan pada masing-masing desa sangat beragam. Pemanfaatan unit lanskap tertinggi bagi laki-laki terdapat pada hutan lindung, sungai, dan permukiman, sedangkan bagi perempuan tertinggi yaitu sungai dan bekas kebun karet. Hasil LUVI menunjukkan setiap kategori guna dapat ditemui sesuai dengan lokasi pemanfaatannya. Pengetahuan lokal yang dimiliki masyarakat merupakan kepercayaan dan keyakinan masyarakat itu sendiri sehingga mampu memengaruhi presepsi masyarakat terhadap pemanfaatan dan penggunaan setiap satuan unit lanskap. Kearifan lokal masyarakat dalam mengelola lingkungan secara lestari dapat terlihat dari aturan dalam pengklasifikasian unit lanskap yang terbagi menjadi sembilan. Bentuk praktik konservasi tradisional terhadap pelestarian lingkungan meliputi sistem penebangan pohon dan pemeliharaan tempat keramat (teluk pipit dan keramat baga). Strategi pengelolaan berbasis tata nilai masyarakat suku Dayak Ngaju telah terwariskan secara turun temurun dan diharapkan mampu menjaga sumber daya alam secara berkelanjutan di masa mendatang.

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The division, utilization and management of landscape units of the Dayak Ngaju tribe, especially in Mantangai Subdistrict, is a strategy of local communities to maintain their survival. The research sites were in the villages of Tumbang Muroi, Tumbang Mangktup, and Katimpun, Mantangai Subdistrict, Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan in July-August 2018. The study aimed to record scientifically the local knowledge of the community in dividing landscape units and analyzing the utilize and management of landscape units based on the local wisdom of the community. Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews, direct observation, and literature studies, while quantitative data were obtained through Pebble Distribution Method and analyzed using Local Users Value Index analysis (LUVI). The results show that local community divided into nine units of landscapes as a place to fulfill the daily needs of the Dayak Ngaju communities. The unit landscapes are batang danum (rivers), lewu (villages), parakayu (protected forest), parakayu (customary forest), parakayu (village forest), teluk pipit and keramat baga (sacred place), kabun gita (ex-rubber plantation), tana (fields of vegetables and rice plants), and bahu rambung (ex-fields or field that has not been used for a certain period of time). Local knowledge of the community forms heterogeneity in the composition of landscape units as a process of community adaptation. The plant community structure formed is the result of the intensity of the use of plants by local people and the condition of the land in each landscape unit. The value of the utilization of landscape units based on sex in each village is heterogeneous. The highest utilization of landscape units for men is in protected forests, rivers, and settlements, while for the highest utilization of women are rivers and rubber plantations. Based on analyzes results of LUVI shows that each category of use can be found according to the location of its utilization. Local knowledge owned by the community is the belief and it can influence the perception of the community towards the utilize of each unit of landscape based on the utilize category. The local wisdom of the community in managing the environment sustainably can be seen from the rules in classifying landscape units which are divided into nine. Traditional forms of conservation practices for environmental conservation include tree felling systems and the maintenance of sacred places (Teluk pipit and Keramat baga). The value-based management strategy of the Dayak Ngaju tribe community has been inherited from generation to generation and is expected to be able to sustain natural resources in a sustainable manner in the future."