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Abstrak :
Politik pada abad pertengahan Jepang dipenuhi dengan usaha-usaha perebutan kekuasaan. Pada masa ini, baik kaum bangsawan maupun kuil berusaha untuk mengambil kekuasaan sebanyak-banyaknya dari tangan kaisar. Setelah pemindahan ibukota dari Nara ke Heian (Kyoto), muncul perubahan dalam perilaku masyarakat Jepang menjadi saling ingin berdiri di atas satu sama lain, termasuk dalam kaum pedagang. Masalah yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah monopoli yang dilakukan za sebagai pemicu kerusuhan Onin. Kelompok pedagang ini disebut sebagai za mencapai puncak perkembangannya pada zaman Nanbokucho di abad ke-14. Za banyak melakukan kegiatan monopoli dengan memanfaatkan kekuasaan dari patron yang melindunginya, yaitu dari kaum bangsawan, kuil, bahkan samurai yang mulai bangkit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis monopoli yang dilakukan za sebagai satu penyebab terjadinya kerusuhan Onin. Monopoli yang dilakukan berupa monopoli pasar, produksi, dan harga. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis kualitatif dengan mengolah data studi kepustakaan, dengan datanya bersumber dari buku dan artikel jurnal yang membahas mengenai za dan kondisi politik dan ekonomi pada zaman Heian sampai Muromachi. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini berupa za yang memperkeruh hubungan antara kaum sosial atas sehingga menjadi salah satu penyebab terjadinya kerusuhan Onin.

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Politics during Japan`s medieval age is filled with struggle for power. During this time, both nobles and temples are trying to usurp the imperial family`s power as much as possible. After transfer of capital from Nara to Heian (Kyoto), change started to appear in the Japanese, who wanted to stand upon the others, including merchants. The problem that will be discussed on this article is the monopoly by Za as the cause of Onin War. Za, economic guilds during the time, reached the peak of their development during the Nanbokucho period in fourteenth century. During this period, za started to enact their monopoly policy by exploiting the power of their patron who had come from the nobles, temples, and the upcoming warriors. The purpose of this article is to analyse za monopolies as a cause of Onin war. Their monopolies including market, production, and price monopoly. Method used for this article is qualitative descriptive analysis by processing data from library research from books and journals about za, politic and economic during Heian until Muromachi period. In the end of this article, we can see that za could be a cause of Onin war as they had a part in disturbing the relationship between the upper classes.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Culture is the sum total of social behaviors, traditions, customs and a total way of life of a particular society. It looks at the regular practices of the given society such as; when or what they eat, their dress codes, greetings, their etiquettes, taboos, their beliefs and so on. Aspects that can help us in identifying a culture of a certain society are many and diversified and thus it would be a futile task trying to cover them in depth in a brief article like this. It is in that light thus, this article highlights only one aspect of Swahili Culture: Makuzi na Hatua za Maisha katika Utamaduni wa Kiswahili (The Upbringing and Life Stages in Swahili Culture). Both instructors and learners of Swahili as a foreign language are expected to benefit from the description of such an element of culture. The writer was driven to write on the subject by the challenges she has been facing through teaching Swahili and Swahili Culture to the foreign students. The challenges specifically were due to the lack of enough reference materials on Swahili Culture aimed for learners and instructors of Swahili as a Foreign Language. The fact that when we learn a foreign language we also learn its culture is obvious, thus having references on the culture of the native speakers of Swahili is prime in Swahili literature. This work should be taken as a catalyst for an in depth and sustainable literature on other aspects of Swahili Culture and African Culture at large.