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Abstrak :
Praktik paradiplomasi pertama kali muncul sejak Perang Dunia Satu dan mengalami perkembangan pasca berakhirnya Perang Dunia Dua dan dan dimulainya Perang Dingin. Dalam kurun waktu singkat, praktik paradiplomasi telah menyebar secara luas di berbagai belahan dunia, seperti di Kawasan Asia, salah satunya adalah di Indonesia. Praktik paradiplomasi di Indonesia pertama kali berlangsung sejak tahun 1960-an, kemudian terus berkembang dan menjadi tren yang banyak diadopsi oleh pemerintah daerah di Indonesia, termasuk dalam hal ini adalah Pemerintah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat melalui kerja sama sister province dengan Provinsi Kujawsko-Pomorskie sejak tahun 2018. Pada April 2019, kerja sama ini melakukan penandatanganan Letter of Intent (LoI), selanjutnya, memasuki tahun 2020-2022 kerja sama ini mengalami penurunan aktivitas dan tidak menunjukkan progres yang signifikan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode penelitian studi kasus, penelitian ini menelusuri mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dinamika proses implementasi kerja sama sister province ini, dengan menggunakan teori utama yakni Paradiplomasi. Dari sini kemudian dicapai hasil yang menunjukkan dinamika proses implementasi kerja sama sister province NTB dan Kujawsko-Pomorskie dipengaruhi oleh sejumlah faktor yang diklasifikasikan ke dalam dua sisi, pertama faktor eksternal yang mencakup hubungan bilateral antara Indonesia dan Polandia dan krisis Pandemi COVID-19. Kedua, faktor internal, diantaranya adalah pertama, desentralisasi, kedua, birokrasi dalam aspek manajemen kelembagaan dan keterbatasan sumber daya manusia dalam birokrasi di Pemerintah Provinsi NTB, ketiga, kepemimpinan dan manajemen dalam aspek karakteristik dan demokratisasi pemimpin dari Pemerintah Provinsi NTB. Demikian, kerja sama ini menunjukkan praktik paradiplomasi yang buruk yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor keterbatasan pada sumber daya manusia dan karakteristik dari kepemimpinan Pemerintah Provinsi NTB. ......The practice of paradiplomacy first emerged in World War One and developed after the end of World War Two and the start of the Cold War. In a short period of time, the practice of paradiplomacy has spread widely in various parts of the world, such as in the Asian Region, one of which is in Indonesia. The practice of paradiplomacy in Indonesia first took place in the 1960s, then continued to develop and became a trend that was widely adopted by local governments in Indonesia, including in this case the West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Government through sister province cooperation with Kujawsko-Pomorskie Province since 2018. In April 2019, this cooperation signed a Letter of Intent (LoI), then, entering 2020-2022 this cooperation experienced a decline in activity and did not show significant progress. Using a qualitative approach and case study research method, this research explores the factors that influence the dynamics of the implementation process of this sister province cooperation, using the main theory of Paradiplomacy. The results show that the dynamics of the implementation process of the sister province cooperation between NTB and Kujawsko-Pomorskie are influenced by a number of factors that are classified into two sides, first, external factors which include bilateral relations between Indonesia and Poland and the COVID-19 Pandemic crisis. Second, internal factors, including first, decentralization, second, bureaucracy in the aspect of institutional management and limited human resources in the bureaucracy in the NTB Provincial Government, third, leadership and management in the aspect of characteristics and democratization of leaders from the NTB Provincial Government. Thus, this cooperation shows poor paradiplomacy practices that are influenced by the limited human resources and characteristics of the leadership of the NTB Provincial Government.

Abstrak :
One of intense phenomena in land use aspect is land conversion. This phenomena occurs due to the needs and the demand pressures on land,namely derives from agricultural and non-agricultural sectors as an impact of the increasing number of population and the community development activities......

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh penambahan natrium sulfat dan sulfur terhadap reduksi karbotermik selektif pada ilmenit dan bimomassa. Telah direduksi sebanyak tiga belas sampel dengan variasi persentase penambahan aditif dengan kenaikan 1,5%, jenis ilmenit dan lama waktu milling. Reduktor yang digunakan yaitu bimoassa dari pulverized cangkang kelapa sawit, sedangkan CMC sebagai binder. Sampel direduksi pada temperatur 1200oC pada kondisi inert selama 60 menit. Berdasarkan karakterisasi XRD, diperoleh fasa dominan yaitu besi dan ferros-pseudobrookite. Hasil uji SEM memperlihatkan agregasi dan pertumbuhan partikel besi lebih baik dengan penambahan natrium sulfat daripada sulfur, dan waktu proses mechanochemical yang lama. Berdasarkan analisa Image-J diperoleh nilai tertinggi untuk luas rata-rata yaitu 73,78 mm2 pada penambahan natrium sulfat. Sedangkan nilai tertinggi dengan penambahan sulfur yaitu 36,57 mm2. Selain itu, nilai recovery dan kadar pada Fe dan Ti dibedakan pada fasa metalik dan fasa terak. Untuk nilai recovery dan kadar Ti bukan dalam bentuk logam akan tetapi dalam fasa bentuk fasa TiO2, FeTiO3, FeTi2O5, dan MgTi2O5. Pada fasa metalik, nilai tertinggi recovery (%) Fe dan Ti berturut-turut yaitu 92,82 dan 22,46. Sedangkan untuk nilai kadar (%) Fe dan Ti berturut-turut yaitu 94,20 dan 18,91. Disisi lain, pada fasa terak, nilai tertinggi recovery (%) Fe dan Ti berturut-turut yaitu 42,00 dan 98,51. Sedangkan untuk nilai kadar (%) Fe dan Ti berturut-turut yaitu 17,33 dan 70,45. ......This study examined the effect of adding sodium sulfate and sulfur to selective carbothermic reduction on ilmenite and biomass. Thirteen samples have been reduced by adding additive doses with an increase of 1.5%, ilmenite type and length of milling time. The reductors used are biomass from pulverized palm oil shell, while CMC is a binder. Samples were reduced at a temperature of 1200oC in an inert condition for 60 minutes. Based on XRD characterization, the dominant phase is iron and ferros-pseudobrookite. The SEM test results show that the aggregation and growth of iron particles is better with the addition of sodium sulfate than sulfur, and the long process time of the mechanochemical process. Based on Image-J analysis, the highest value for the average area was 73.78 mm2 for the addition of sodium sulfate. While the highest value with the addition of sulfur is 36.57 mm2. In addition, the recovery and grade in Fe and Ti are distinguished from the metallic phase and the slag phase. For recovery and grade of Ti not in metal form but in phase form phase TiO2, FeTiO3, FeTi2O5, and MgTi2O5. In the metallic phase, the highest recovery (%) in Fe and Ti were 92.82 and 22.46, respectively. Whereas for the grade (%) in Fe and Ti 94.20 and 18.91, respectively. On the other hand, in the slag phase, the best recovery (%) in Fe and Ti were 42.00 and 98.51, respectively. Whereas for the grade of (%) Fe and Ti 17.33 and 70.45, respectively.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh perkembangan pariwisata terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan penduduk di 10 Kabupaten/Kota yang ada di NTB pada kurun waktu 2007 - 2012. Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk menjawab tujuan tersebut adalah regresi data panel dengan pendekatan fixed effect.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan pariwisata (SHTour) tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan penduduk Kabupaten/kota di NTB, ceteris paribus. Adapun variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan adalah jumlah penduduk tingkat Pendidikan tinggi (Pend_tinggi) dan rata-rata lama belajar, dengan hubungan negatif terhadao ketimpangan pendapatan penduduk Kabupaten/kota di NTB, ceteris paribus. Variabel pendapatan per kapita juga berpengaruh signifikan dan memiliki hubungan positif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan penduduk Kabupaten/kota di NTB, ceteris paribus.

Untuk menekan ketimpangan pendapatan penduduk melalui sektor pariwisata pemerintah daerah perlu mengurangi kebocoran ekspor dan impor di sektor pariwisata antara lain melalui peningkatan kapasitas masyarakat lokal serta kualitas dan kuantitas produk lokal agar dapat bersaing di pasar lokal, regional, dan global.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis aims to identify the effects of tourism development to income inequality in 10 cities in NTB during 2007-2012. Research methods used in this study is panel data regression with fixed effect approach.

The results showed that development of tourism didn?t significantly affect to income inequality at cities in West Nusa Tenggara. Variables that significantly influence income inequality is high education level of population and year of school population. Its has negative correlation to income inequality, ceteris paribus. Income per capita is the other significant variable that affect income inequality in Cities in West Nusa Tenggara, ceteris paribus.

In order to reduce population income inequality in Cities in West Nusa Tenggara through tourism development, local government and other stakeholders should reduce import and export leakages by increasing the capacity of local community, also increasing quality and quantity of local product to be competitive at local, regional, and international market,;This thesis aims to identify the effects of tourism development to income inequality in 10 cities in NTB during 2007-2012. Research methods used in this study is panel data regression with fixed effect approach. The results showed that development of tourism didn?t significantly affect to income inequality at cities in West Nusa Tenggara. Variables that significantly influence income inequality is high education level of population and year of school population. Its has negative correlation to income inequality, ceteris paribus. Income per capita is the other significant variable that affect income inequality in Cities in West Nusa Tenggara, ceteris paribus. In order to reduce population income inequality in Cities in West Nusa Tenggara through tourism development, local government and other stakeholders should reduce import and export leakages by increasing the capacity of local community, also increasing quality and quantity of local product to be competitive at local, regional, and international market,;This thesis aims to identify the effects of tourism development to income inequality in 10 cities in NTB during 2007-2012. Research methods used in this study is panel data regression with fixed effect approach. The results showed that development of tourism didn?t significantly affect to income inequality at cities in West Nusa Tenggara. Variables that significantly influence income inequality is high education level of population and year of school population. Its has negative correlation to income inequality, ceteris paribus. Income per capita is the other significant variable that affect income inequality in Cities in West Nusa Tenggara, ceteris paribus. In order to reduce population income inequality in Cities in West Nusa Tenggara through tourism development, local government and other stakeholders should reduce import and export leakages by increasing the capacity of local community, also increasing quality and quantity of local product to be competitive at local, regional, and international market,;This thesis aims to identify the effects of tourism development to income inequality in 10 cities in NTB during 2007-2012. Research methods used in this study is panel data regression with fixed effect approach. The results showed that development of tourism didn’t significantly affect to income inequality at cities in West Nusa Tenggara. Variables that significantly influence income inequality is high education level of population and year of school population. Its has negative correlation to income inequality, ceteris paribus. Income per capita is the other significant variable that affect income inequality in Cities in West Nusa Tenggara, ceteris paribus. In order to reduce population income inequality in Cities in West Nusa Tenggara through tourism development, local government and other stakeholders should reduce import and export leakages by increasing the capacity of local community, also increasing quality and quantity of local product to be competitive at local, regional, and international market,, This thesis aims to identify the effects of tourism development to income inequality in 10 cities in NTB during 2007-2012. Research methods used in this study is panel data regression with fixed effect approach. The results showed that development of tourism didn’t significantly affect to income inequality at cities in West Nusa Tenggara. Variables that significantly influence income inequality is high education level of population and year of school population. Its has negative correlation to income inequality, ceteris paribus. Income per capita is the other significant variable that affect income inequality in Cities in West Nusa Tenggara, ceteris paribus. In order to reduce population income inequality in Cities in West Nusa Tenggara through tourism development, local government and other stakeholders should reduce import and export leakages by increasing the capacity of local community, also increasing quality and quantity of local product to be competitive at local, regional, and international market,]