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Abstrak :
"Analisa kegagalan pada water injection tubing dengan ukuran 1 7/8"" dan ketebalan 0.217"" (0,551 cm) dilakukan untuk menyelidiki penyebab kegagalan pada tubing tersebut dan untuk mencari material pengganti material tubing yang gagal tersebut. Sampel material water injection tubing digunakan.pada kondisi operas! down hole dibawah packer dengan temperatur operas! dan tekanan tubing produksinya adalah 264 _F dan 2627 psig. Kegagalan pada sampel disebabkan oleh korosi uniform yang meratayang disertai dengan korosi terlokalisasi. Jenis baja yang digunakan ditentukan dengan hasil pengujian komposisi, tank dan kekerasan yang dibandingkan dengan literatur. Pengaruh kenaikan temperatur terhadap kecepatan korosi diuji dengan pengujian polarisasi. Untuk pengaruh gas CO2 dan pemilihan material pengganti dilakukan dengan pengujian polarisasi menggunakan air injeksi dan air Nad 10000 ppm yang dilakukan pada temperatur 90 _C disertai dengan blowing CO2. Produk korosi diuji dengan EDX (Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) dan XRD (X-ray diffraction). Pengujian lainnya yang dilakukan adalah pengujian resist ivitas dan pengujian komposisi air injeksi. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa material sampel adalah baja API 5CT N80 dengan produk korosi Fe2O3, FeS, dan FeCO3. Penyebab korosi material tersebut adalah adanya komposisi CO2 pada water injection, temperatur operasi yang tinggi (264 _F). Jenis material pengganti tersebut adalah API 5 CT L80-9Cr, API 5CT L-80. dan API 5CT J55. Kecepatan korosi material tersebut menggunakan air injeksi dengan blowing CO2 adalah API 5 CT L80-9Cr (23.095 mpy), API 5CT L-80 (25.051 mpy). dan API 5CT J55 (70,879 mpy} sehingga material API 5 CT L80-9Cr digunakan sebagai material pengganti."

Abstrak :
Kebakaran lahan gambut berulang kali terjadi di Indonesia menjadikan kebakaran lahan gambut permasalahan lingkungan yang harus diatasi. Para peneliti terus berupaya memahami berbagai metode yang efektif dalam memadamankan kebakaran gambut. Penelitian ini berfokus pada supresi gambut yang membara dengan menggunakan metode injeksi berbasis air dalam percobaan skala laboratorium. Eksperimen dilakukan untuk mempelajari keefektifitasan metode injeksi berbasis air pada supresi kebakaran gambut Palangkaraya. Variabel penelitian pada penelitian ini adalah variabel water flowrate sebesar 100 ml/menit dan 140 ml/menit. Sampel gambut dimasukkan kedalam reaktor dengan ukuran 200 mm x 200 mm x 100 mm, yang terdapat koil pemanas pada sisi dinding calcium silicate board di reaktor dan koil pemanas dinyalakan dengan 100 W selama 2 jam. Terdapat juga termokopel, kamera thermal dan loadcell untuk mendapatkan distribusi temperatur dan kehilangan massa gambut. Injeksi air dilakukan saat termokopel kedalaman paling bawah terukur mencapai temperatur permulaan pembakaran smouldering dengan temperatur 215 ˚C dan penempatan injeksi air pada dasar gambut yang terbakar membara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dengan metode injeksi air hanya berdampak memadamkan gambut terbakar membara yang berdekatan dengan alat injeksi. Keefektifitas air dalam memadamnkan satu kilogram gambut terbakar membara sebesar 29.3 Liter untuk water flowrate 100 ml/menit dan 39.4 Liter air. ......Peatland fires repeatedly occur in Indonesia, making peatland fires an environmental problem that must be overcome. Researchers are constantly working to understand the various methods that are effective in fighting peat fires. This study focuses on suppression of smoldering peat by using a water-based injection method in a laboratory scale experiment. Experiments were conducted to study the effectiveness of the water-based injection method in suppressing Palangkaraya peat fires. The research variables in this study were water flowrate variables of 100 ml/minute and 140 ml/minute. The peat sample was inserted into the reactor with a size of 200 mm x 200 mm x 100 mm, there was a heating coil on the side wall of the calcium silicate board in the reactor and the heating coil was turned on at 100 W for 2 hours. There are also thermocouples, thermal cameras and load cells to get the temperature distribution and peat mass loss. Water injection is carried out when the lowest measured depth thermocouple reaches the initial temperature of the smouldering combustion with a temperature of 215 C and the placement of water injection on the bottom of the burning peat. The results showed that the water injection method only had an impact on extinguishing the burning peat adjacent to the injection device. The effectiveness of water in extinguishing one kilogram of burning peat is 29.3 liters for a water flow rate of 100 ml/minute and 39.4 liters of water.

Abstrak :
PT PHE WMO berupaya untuk terus mempertahankan produksi minyak salah satunya dengan cara melakukan optimalisasi fasilitas proses dengan cara mengurangi slug flow yang terjadi pada pipa dengan cara mengurangi produksi air dari lapangan PHE-30. Saat ini produksi minyak, gas dan air dari lapangan PHE-30 masing-masing sebesar 2.070 bopd, 5,1 MMscfd dan 10.800 bwpd. Tingginya produksinya minyak dari lapangan PHE-30 dapat dioptimalkan dengan menambahkan tangki pemisahan di anjungan PHE-30 untuk mengurangi air yang terproduksi sehingga mengurangi slug flow yang terjadi di sepanjang pipa transportasi PHE-30 menuju PPP. Naskah tesis ini membahas analisis penambahan tangki pemisahan di PHE-30 untuk optimalisasi sumur minyak dan gas. Parameter yang digunakan adalah laju alir minyak, gas dan air, kecepatan superfisial gas dan liquid, flow regime, serta keekonomiannya. Dari hasil penelitian, penambahan tangki pemisahan di PHE-30 merupakan pilihan terbaik untuk mengurangi slug flow pada pipa penyalur PHE-30 menuju PPP. Hal ini didasarkan pada perubahan gas superficial velocity dari yang sebelumnya 18,3 ft/s menjadi 6,35 ft/s sedangkan perubahan liquid superficial velocity dari yang sebelumnya 1,0 ft/s menjadi 0,16 ft/s. Dari perubahan tersebut, didapatkan flow regime yang berubah dari yang sebelumnya slug flow menjadi stratified flow sehingga mengoptimalkan produksi minyak dari PHE-30 menuju PPP. ...... PT PHE WMO is trying to mantain the oil and gas production. Optimization the surface facility by reducing water produce from PHE-30 to minimize slugging at pipeline is one of method to maintain the oil and gas production. Currently, PHE-30 has produced 2.070 bopd of oil, 5,1 MMscfd of gas, and 10.800 bwpd of water. PHE-30 has potential to increase oil production by addition the separator to separate oil and water. This tesis discusses the analysis of additional separator at PHE-30. The parameter used is the flowrate of oil, gas, and water then will be analyzed economically. The riset shown that utilizing the separator at PHE-30 impacted the flow regime in pipeline transportation from PHE-30 to PPP. Based on changed of the gas superficial velocity and liquid superficial velocity, the flow regime switched from slug flow into stratified flow. This is based on changes in superficial velocity gas from the previous 18.3 ft/s to 6.35 ft/s while the liquid superficial velocity changes from the previous 1.0 ft/s to 0.16 ft/s. Based on that, it was found that flow regimes changed from the previous slug flow to stratified flow so that its optimize the oil production from PHE-30 to PPP.

Abstrak :
As a result of waterflooding, inorganic salt precipitation occurs in the different parts of an oil production system, thereby leading to damage of production equipment. Different parameters affect the kinetics of salt precipitation. Scale inhibitors are widely used to prevent inorganic salt formation. In this study, the effect of reservoir pressure, temperature, and mixing ratio of injection to formation water on calcium sulfate and barium sulfate precipitation was investigated. For this purpose, two different formation waters and one injection water were used. In addition, the effect of temperature and mixing ratio on inhibition performance was studied. Four different existing industrial scale inhibitors and one new scale inhibitor were used. The performance of the scale inhibitors was determined under static and dynamic conditions. Results of the study showed that calcium sulfate precipitation increased with an increase in temperature and a decrease in pressure. Barium sulfate precipitation was found to increase with a decrease in the temperature. The effect of pressure on barium sulfate formation was negligible. The developed scale inhibitor showed the highest performance for the prevention of calcium sulfate and barium sulfate formation. A change in temperature from 60°C to 120°C reduced the inhibitor performance by 3%. In the cases of calcium sulfate and barium sulfate, the minimum performance of the scale inhibitor was observed when the mixing ratios of injection to formation waters were 60:40 and 50:50, respectively.

Abstrak :
As a result of waterflooding, inorganic salt precipitation occurs in the different parts of an oil production system, thereby leading to damage of production equipment. Different parameters affect the kinetics of salt precipitation. Scale inhibitors are widely used to prevent inorganic salt formation. In this study, the effect of reservoir pressure, temperature, and mixing ratio of injection to formation water on calcium sulfate and barium sulfate precipitation was investigated. For this purpose, two different formation waters and one injection water were used. In addition, the effect of temperature and mixing ratio on inhibition performance was studied. Four different existing industrial scale inhibitors and one new scale inhibitor were used. The performance of the scale inhibitors was determined under static and dynamic conditions. Results of the study showed that calcium sulfate precipitation increased with an increase in temperature and a decrease in pressure. Barium sulfate precipitation was found to increase with a decrease in the temperature. The effect of pressure on barium sulfate formation was negligible. The developed scale inhibitor showed the highest performance for the prevention of calcium sulfate and barium sulfate formation. A change in temperature from 60°C to 120°C reduced the inhibitor performance by 3%. In the cases of calcium sulfate and barium sulfate, the minimum performance of the scale inhibitor was observed when the mixing ratios of injection to formation waters were 60:40 and 50:50, respectively.

Abstrak :
The majority of 0D/1D knock models available today are known for their poor accuracy and the great effort needed for their calibration. Alexander Fandakov presents a novel, extensively validated phenomenological knock model for the development of future engine concepts within a 0D/1D simulation environment that has one engine-specific calibration parameter. Benchmarks against the models commonly used in the automotive industry reveal the huge gain in knock boundary prediction accuracy achieved with the approach proposed in this work. Thus, the new knock model contributes substantially to the efficient design of spark ignition engines employing technologies such as full-load exhaust gas recirculation, water injection, variable compression ratio or lean combustion. Contents: Experimental Investigations and Thermodynamic Analysis Unburnt Mixture Auto-Ignition Prediction Knock Occurrence Criterion Knock Model Validation

Abstrak :
Kualitas air yang baik diperlukan untuk memastikan keamanan dan kemurnian produk farmasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai kegiatan pemantauan mikrobiologi dari sampel air yang merupakan komponen penting dalam industri farmasi. Kualitas air yang baik diperlukan untuk memastikan keamanan dan kemurnian produk farmasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengambilan sampel air, inokulasi kultur mikroba, pewarnaan gram, dan identifikasi mikroorganisme dengan API 20E kit. Proses pemantauan dilakukan secara rutin untuk mendeteksi potensi kontaminasi mikroba. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sampel WFI mengandung mikroba Burkholderia cepacia dengan probabilitas 97%. Burkholderia cepacia adalah bakteri patogen yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi serius pada individu dengan sistem imun yang lemah. Untuk mencegah kontaminasi mikroba, direkomendasikan pengaliran loop sirkulasi secara terus menerus dan penghindaran dead legs yang dapat menyebabkan pembentukan biofilm. Disarankan pula penggunaan metode identifikasi mikrobiologis lain untuk meningkatkan akurasi hasil. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya pemantauan kualitas air dalam industri farmasi untuk memastikan produk yang aman dan berkualitas tinggi serta menjaga kesehatan konsumen. ...... Good quality water is essential to ensure the safety and purity of pharmaceutical products. This research was conducted as part of microbiological monitoring activities on water samples, which are crucial components in the pharmaceutical industry. High-quality water is necessary to ensure the safety and purity of pharmaceutical products. The research utilized methods such as water sample collection, microbial culture inoculation, gram staining, and microorganism identification using the API 20E kit. Monitoring processes were routinely carried out to detect potential microbial contamination. Analysis results indicated that the WFI sample contained Burkholderia cepacia with a probability of 97%. Burkholderia cepacia is a pathogenic bacterium capable of causing serious infections in individuals with weakened immune systems. To prevent microbial contamination, continuous circulation loop flushing and avoidance of dead legs that can lead to biofilm formation are recommended. Additionally, using alternative microbiological identification methods is advised to improve result accuracy. This study underscores the importance of monitoring water quality in the pharmaceutical industry to ensure safe, high-quality products and protect consumer health.