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"Tesis ini menganalisis bagaimana konstruksi gender yang binari dalam budaya masyarakat yang heteronormativisme memarginalkan kelompok seksual minoritas, diantaranya adalah transgender. Di Indonesia, transgender dikenal dengan istilah waria, yaitu wanita-pria. Keberadaan mereka yang belum diakui oleh pemerintah secara formal dan stigma buruk yang dilekatkan kepada mereka secara sosial membuat waria kerap mendapat perlakuan tidak adil seperti diskriminasi, marginalisasi, sampai kekerasan. Waria yang dialienasikan oleh masyarakat karena dianggap menyimpang, menciptakan komunitas sendiri yang bisa memberikan rasa aman dan eksistensi. Meskipun demikian, komunitas yang terdiri dari keberagaman individu terpolitisasi dalam relasi kuasa yang patron-klien dan membuat identitas waria sebagai individu terstereotipe dalam identitas sosial versi komunitas.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan perspektif gender yang menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data, wawancara dan observasi. Terdapat total enam responden yang diwawancara, dengan fokus pada empat responden untuk melihat bagaimana pergulatan identitas waria dalam diri dan komunitas. Identitas sosial dalam komunitas membatasi pencarian identitas diri yang mandiri. Terlebih, pola relasi kuasa yang hierarkis dalam hubungan antara senior dan junior yang patron-klien membuat waria mengedepankan eksistensi identitas kelompok dibandingkan esensi identitas dirinya. Visi akan identitas yang beragam menjadikan komunitas waria terkotak-kotak dan berjarak, hal ini dapat menjadi pemicu konflik sosial yang mengancam kesatuan dan solidaritas kelompok waria.

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This thesis analyze how the binary gender contruction within heteronormative society marginalizing sexual minority groups, among them the transgender. In Indonesia, transgender is known as waria, wanita-pria (shemale). Their exsistence are not formally recognize by the government and an attached stigma socially made the waria often receive gender injustice such as discrimination, marginalization, and violence. Waria is alienated by the society because they are considered a deviation, thus they create their own community that can provide safety and sense of belonging. However, a community that comprises of diversed individuals that is politically influenced in power-related, patron-client, and stereotyping into social identity ? community version.This is a qualitative research with gender perspective that uses data gathering, observation and deep interview. There a total of six respondents that were interviewed, focusing on four respondents how they coped with identity struggle within themselves and community. Social identity within the community constraints the search of their own identity. Moreover, the hierarchy of power related pattern between the senior and junior in patron-client mode, cause waria to prioritize more their group identity existence than their own identity. The vision of diverst identity caused waria?s community to be segregated and distanced, which can trigger social conflict that threatened their unity and solidarity as a group."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor (faktor predisposisi yaitu umur, pengetahuan tentang HIV AIDS, sikap terhadap penggunaan kondom, faktor pendukung yaitu keterpaparan program HIV AIDS dan ketersediaan kondom, faktor penguat yaitu adanya kelompok dukungan sebaya yang berhubungan dengan praktek penggunaan kondom pada kelompok waria di Kota Tangerang tahun 2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan sampel berjumlah 151 waria yang diambil dari seluruh total sampel dan kuesioner sebagai alat ukur penelitian.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa 55,6% responden selalu menggunakan kondom, 56,3% berumur sama dengan 30 tahun, 57,6% berpengetahuan baik, 51,7% bersikap negatif terhadap penggunaan kondom, 53,6% terpapar program HIV AIDS, 62,3% tersedia kondom, 76,2% ada Kelompok dukungan sebaya. Menurut uji chi square terdapat 4 variabel yang memiliki hubungan signifikan terhadap praktek penggunaan kondom pada waria yaitu pengetahuan mengenai HIV AIDS, keterpaparan program HIV AIDS, ketersediaan kondom, dan dukungan kelompok sebaya. Faktor yang paling dominan adalah keterpaparan program HIV AIDS terhadap praktek penggunaan kondom pada waria.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the factors (predisposing factors such as age, knowledge about HIV AIDS, attitudes towards condom use, enabling factors are exposure to HIV AIDS program and the availability of condoms, reinforcing factor is the existence of peer support groups associated with the practice of the use of condoms on transsexuals in Tangerang city in 2015. This study used cross sectional design with a sample totaling 151 transvestites taken of the total sample and questionnaire as a measuring tool of the study.

The results of this study showed that 55.6% of respondents always use a condom, 56.3 % of the same age to 30 years, 57.6% good knowledge, 51.7% negative attitudes toward condom use, 53.6% are exposed to HIV AIDS program, 62.3% provided condoms, 76.2% no peer support groups. According to chi square test there are four variables that have a significant relation to the practice of condom use on transsexuals that knowledge about HIV AIDS, exposure to HIV AIDS program, the availability of condoms, and peer support. The most dominant factor is the exposure of HIV-AIDS program to the practice of the use of condoms on a transsexual."

"ABSTRACTJakarta is the Capital States which have much kind of societies. By seeing from the smallest unit of its society, therefore Jakarta is consisting of immeasurably community. One of them is waria community, which represents small scale of social whereby members could fulfill all their life or some through interdependence relation among them. All members or at least member of them, have tradition or attentions becoming their equality fastener element. They have norm, certainty, and regulation obeyed as a tying and also made guidance to ful fill requirement of its everyday.Waria community has certain marked which differentiating with other communities in Jakarta. Waria represents men which have woman identities, where those identities emerge in interaction as confessed its existence by other people. They have different way in expressing each other identities. The difference of this expression made classifications form related to equality of marking among them. With in performance those classifications would emerge pursuant to each maturity of waria in running the role and express requirement of its soul.As would we saw, the main problem of waria performance was causing of difficulty in determination of gender identity. In this matter they would have 2 conflicts i.e. psychological conflict and social conflict. Psychological conflict was related to adversative desire with the situation of its physical; while social conflict was related to eliminate them from life of ssociation and family and social opportunity to fulfill requirement of its life (in the field of employment).Refer to Goffman (1986:14-5), among 2 existing stigma type i.e. one who is earn to be discreditable and the other one is who discredited. Waria is the one who "discredited stigma". The elimination of waria in social environment and economucs is because of their existence would debased and had made them worked as commercial sex worker for continuing their life. Therefore performance of waria represented product culture of waria as environment response which get stigma to have living and spiritual easiness,which did not outfont the activity context of waria environment and community though"market" in prostitution world.Their performance would see as waria form by classifications based on woman attributeto manipulation man 's body through impression management to identity in everyinteraction. The attribute is to identify him/her self for showing their culture it self.According to context and interaction target, their appearance would selectively conductby them self due to interaction with another community.Comparison within dwelling area, performance in prostitution area would have moreimportant for waria sex worker: Prostitution area is as strength corefor their factual lifein represent interaction place to get money for utilize main requirement of 1%.Interaction at prostitution area became important between waria and service user. Theywould identity each other related to community and their culture. ln this congeniality,waria performance at prostitution area present through separate regulation base oncordidence and knowledge will use as a guidance for life within the classification systemi.e. their own self relevant to environmental with classification of him/her self as awaria, waria service user, visitors and also prestige of waria from prostitution area.Hereby, this original research would not been influence by other researcher who hadpicked the same subject. Dramaturgi concepts from Erving Goffman (1959, 1986) wasinfluenced me in believing that dramaturgi theory as equality among the theater showswith the various role of type where our conduct and everyday interaction. Regarding thisresearch, dramaturgi analysis would pay attention to problem of waria life in Jakartaeveryday as it in an interaction. This theory would be acquainted with 2 importantjunctions in interaction (Goffman 1959: l7-30; Goffman 1959 in Poloma 2002 and Ritzer& Goodman 2004), that is front region and back stage.Parsundi Suparlan (2004a) is also influence me in seeing waria stigma as coherence orequality stigma which sticky attached at some individuals. This would form the identitygroup with their own identity and aim to strengthen or seeking exploration their identitythrough to performance. Transaction, arrangement of categories, space dominationcooperation, emulation, and conflict among themselves are need to have to accommodatethe target market.Approaching dissertation research of this is qualitative (Miles & Huberman I984;Suparlan 1994) where as collecting data, observation and circumstantial interviewedexecuting by participate. ln support of verify and current ethnography detail picture wewere collecting waria datas in Jakarta and taking pictures by handy cam or camera forspecial activity at prostitution area, dwelling area, certain place where doing otheractivities such as field events, mall, Public Square, dangdut shows etc. "

"Waria merupakan salah satu kelompok berisiko tinggi untuk terinfeksi HIV. Di Indonesia, tren HIV pada waria meningkat, dari 5.8% pada tahun 2009 menjadi 8.2% pada tahun 2013. Mernurut Survei Terpadu Biologis dan Perilaku tahun 2013, Kota Makassar memiliki prevalensi HIV pada waria tertinggi dibandingkan dengan kota lainnya dalam survei tersebut, yakni 10.8%. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan status HIV pada waria di Kota Makassar pada tahun 2013. Penelitian ini mernggunakan desain studi cross sectional dengan menggunakan data STBP 2013. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan status HIV (+) sebesar 11.1%, diketahui sebanyak 62.2% respoden berusia <30 tahun, 99.2% belum menikah, 70.4% memiliki pendidikan tinggi, 85.6% bukan bekerja sebagai pekerja seks, 72.8% memiliki pengetahuan buruk mengenai HIV, 52.7% mulai berhubungan seks pada usia dini, 58.4% konsisten menggunakan kondom, 87.4% telah bekerja sebagai pekerja seks selama ≥2 tahun, 56.8% memiliki status IMS negatif, 56.8% mengkonsumsi alkohol, 81.5% tidak mengkonsumsi napza, 77% tidak pernah mengunjungi klinik IMS, 80.3% mudah mengakses pelayanan kesehatan, 92.6% mudah memperoleh kondom. Status IMS merupakan faktor yang berhubungan secara signifikan dengan status HIV (p=0.005, PR=3.1). Maka dari itu, pelayanan kesehatan perlu didekatkan kepada kelompok waria demi meningkatkan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan oleh waria.

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Transgender is at high risk for HIV infection. In Indonesia, the trend of HIV prevalence has increased from 5.8% in 2009 to 8.2% in 2013. According to the Survei Terpadu Biologis dan Perilaku (STBP) 2013, Makassar has the highest prevalence of HIV on transgender population (10.8%) among the cities on the survey. The objective of this study is to observe associated risk factors of HIV status among transgender in Makassar in 2013. This is a cross sectional study using the data from STBP 2013. The result indicates that proportion of HIV positive is 11.1%, most respondents (62.2%) are <30 years old, 99.2% are single, 70.4% are high educated, 85.6% aren?t sex workers, 72.8% having bad knowledge about HIV, 52.7% having an earlier sexual debut, 58.4% consistently using condom in every sexual intercourse, 87.4% had worked as sex worker more than 2 years, 56.8% not having STIs, 56.8% consuming alkohol, 81.5% aren?t drug users, 77% had not came to STI clinic before, 80.3% have easy access to health care, and 92.6% have easy access to condoms. Having STIs is significantly associated to HIV positive. Transgender with STI is 3.12 times more likely to have HIV positive than transgender with no STI (p<0.05). The results suggest that health care need to be brought closer to transgenders in order to improve utilization of health care by transgenders, so they can get immediate treatment."

"Skripsi ini membahas identitas waria santri di Pondok Pesantren Waria Al-Fatah, mulai dari terbentuknya identitas santri hingga pemahaman mereka mengenai identitas gender dan identitas santri yang melekat dalam diri mereka. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan etnografi dengan metode life history berupa wawancara mendalam dan observasi partisipasi terhadap empat waria santri yang terbagi menjadi dua kategori, yakni waria santri bukan pekerja seks dan waria santri pekerja seks. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa identitas waria santri terbentuk dari tahap identifikasi diri yang diawali dengan minat dan tujuan mereka menjadi santri hingga memunculkan pemahaman diri sebagai bagian dari pondok pesantren waria. Identitas merupakan sesuatu yang terus dikonstruksi dan direkonstruksi supaya dapat diakui sehingga waria santri cenderung mengelola public image-nya sebaik mungkin dihadapan orang lain.

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This thesis discussed about the identity of santri in Pondok Pesantren Waria Al-Fatah, starting from the development of their santri identity to their own understanding of gender identity and the santri identity itself. I use ethnographical approach paired with life history methods where I did in depth interview and participant observation with four of the transgender santri which are devided into two categories, transgender santri non sex worker and transgender santri sex worker. The result shows that the identity of transgender santri are formed by the process of self identification based on their interest and goals for being a santri which the proceeded by the self realization as a part of pondok pesantren waria. Their identity is something they constantly construct and re construct to get the acceptance as a transgender santri, which means that they have to manage their public image when interacting with others."