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Abstrak :
This volume comprises thirty individual contributions that together add up to a comprehensive overview of the current situation in vocational education and training, its strengths and weaknesses, and its prospects. VET experts from Canada, the USA, India, China, Japan and Korea, as well as from a number of European countries, focus on their national context and how it fits in to the bigger picture. The contributions combine theoretical discussions from various strands of VET research with evidence from country case studies and examples from current practice.

Abstrak :
This book on vocational education and training (VET) or career and technical education in the United States, features insights into a variety of issues in this field of research. The international reader will find an up-to-date synthesis as well as a critical analysis of the rele. The topics covered all have a strong contemporary relevance and include education versus qualification, the American community college, the issue of localization versus globalization in governance, vocationalism in higher education, career guidance and career counselling, and apprenticeships in the U.S

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Angka pengangguran yang cukup tinggi terutama dari lulusan SMK di Indonesia dapat diatasi salah satunya melalui program CSR pemagangan terhadap siswa SMK ataupun alumninya agar kompeten dan mampu bersaing di dunia kerja. Tidak banyak industri yang melakukan program CSR di bidang pendidikan dalam bentuk pemagangan yang terstuktur dan komprehensif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aspek input dan proses dari program tersebut yang dilakukan oleh PT. Citra Tubindo Tbk, perusahaan manufaktur Oil & Gas di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menemukan aspek input yang menjadi sumber kesuksesan program dan aspek proses yang menentukan kualitas program. Kedua aspek tersebut mengarahkan pencapaian outcome yang melebihi ekspektasi dan menyediakan informasi untuk dapat direplikasi.

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ABSTRACT
The high unemployment rate in Indonesia, especially derived from vocational school graduates, could be overcome through Corporate Social Responsibility program of internship and apprenticeship to equip recipients with set of competences therefore they will be competent and able to compete in the job market. Only few industries carry out the program in the educational form of structured and comprehensive internship or apprenticeship. This study aimed to evaluate the input and process of the program deployed by PT. Citra Tubindo Tbk, an Oil & Gas manufacturing company in Indonesia. The results of this revealed some inputs that were the source of program success and processes that determined the quality of the program. Both aspects resulted the achievement of outcome that exceeded expectation and provide information to be replicated.

Abstrak :
Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan berada pada posisi sulit akibat lambat merespon perubahan teknologi. Sementara itu, Teknologi telah mengubah sifat pekerjaan dan mendorong peningkatan permintaan tenaga kerja yang adaptable terhadap perkembangan teknologi di sektor dengan intensitas digital tinggi. Tidak hanya untuk pekerja dengan keterampilan tinggi, tetapi juga pekerja dengan keterampilan rendah-menengah. Berdasarkan teori signaling dan investasi modal manusia, permasalahan tersebut dapat diselesaikan dengan meningkatkan pendidikan dan pelatihan. Menggunakan data Sakernas 2015 dan 2018, dan regresi logistik, penelitian ini memiliki tiga point pembahasan (1) kecenderungan lulusan sekolah menengah untuk bekerja di sektor dengan intensitas digital tinggi (SID tinggi) (2) probabilitas SMK teknik dan teknologi, untuk berkerja di kerah putih SID tinggi, (3) kecenderungan pendidikan tinggi vokasi dalam meningkatkan probabilitas bekerja di pekerjaan kerah putih SID tinggi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa lulusan SMK teknik dan teknologi memiliki kecenderungan tertinggi untuk bekerja di SID tinggi. Namun bekerja di sektor tersebut tidak dapat diasosiasikan dengan jenis pekerjaan  dan kesejahteraan yang lebih baik (decent job) dibandingkan sektor lain. Hal ini mengacu pada temuan kedua yang menunjukkan lulusan SMK teknik dan Teknologi mempunyai probabilitas yang lebih rendah untuk bekerja sebagai kerah putih di SID tinggi. Maka dari itu, untuk meningkatkan upah dan posisi pekerjaan, dibutuhkan peningkatan pendidikan, karena dalam temuan terakhir pendidikan tinggi vokasi terbukti dapat meningkatkan probabilitas untuk bekerja di pekerjaan kerah putih SID tinggi.

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As technology alters the way organizations work, the need for labor adjustment which more adaptable to technological changes has risen in high digital intensive sectors. This change will require not only high skill workers but also medium-low skill workers to update or deepen their existing skill sets. However, vocational graduates face difficulties regarding this situation as their vocational school failed to equip them with advanced technological skills. Based on signaling and human capital investment theory, this problem can be solved by increasing education and training. Using 2015 and 2018 Sakernas data and logit regression, this thesis seeks to answer three points, (1) The likelihood of secondary school graduates to work in high digital intensive sectors (HDI sectors), (2) The probability vocational engineering and technology graduates to work as white-collar in HDI sectors , and (3) The likelihood of vocational higher education increasing probability to works as white-collar in HDI sectors. The result shows that vocational engineering and technology graduates have the highest probability to work in HDI sectors. however, working in a HDI sector cannot be associated with a better type or a more decent job than other sectors. This refers to the second finding that shows graduates of engineering and technology vocational schools have a lower probability of working as a white-collar even working at HDI sectors. According to the last finding, vocational tertiary education has shown to increase the probability of working as white-collar in HDI sectors, therefore a level up in education is needed to increase wages and improve job positions.

Abstrak :
Dengan jumlah generasi muda yang besar, Indonesia menghadapi tantangan sekaligus peluang untuk meningkatkan kapasitas generasi muda dan memaksimalkan kontribusi mereka terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi negara. Memberdayakan generasi muda dengan keterampilan dan pengetahuan yang sesuai dengan permintaan industri tidak hanya akan menguntungkan sektor swasta tetapi juga masyarakat pada umumnya. Pendidikan vokasi atau kejuruan adalah langkah untuk menghubungkan secara langsung lingkungan sekolah dan tempat kerja dan mempercepat lulusannya untuk bekerja di tahap awal karir mereka. Namun demikian, lembaga pendidikan vokasi yang ada, khususnya pada pendidikan menengah atas, masih perlu ditingkatkan karena tingkat penyerapan tenaga kerja yang rendah dibandingkan dengan lulusan lain dari jalur pendidikan yang lain. Berdasarkan analisis kuantitatif dengan metode entropy balancing dan instrumental variable, dampak sekolah menengah kejuruan terhadap tingkat pekerjaan dan upah lebih besar pada lulusan yang lebih muda dan berkurang pada kelompok usia yang lebih tua. Situasi ini menimbulkan pertanyaan terkait bagaimana memperkuat pendidikan vokasi yang ada sehingga dapat memberikan keterampilan dan pengetahuan kepada lulusan dan mereka mempertahankan keunggulan kompetitif mereka sepanjang karir mereka. ......With a large youth population, Indonesia faces both the challenge and the opportunity to increase the youth population's capacity and maximize their contribution to the country's economic growth. Empowering youth with skills and knowledge that match industry demand will benefit not only the private sector but society in general. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is an avenue to directly connect school and workplace environments and accelerate its graduates becoming employed and being productive in the very early stage of their careers. However, existing TVET institutions, especially in upper secondary education, still need to be improved due to their low employment rate compared to other graduates from different educational streams. Based on quantitative analysis using entropy balancing and instrumental variable method, the impact of vocational secondary school on employment and wage levels is bigger in the younger graduates and diminished in the older age group. This situation raises concern about how to strengthen existing TVET institutions so they can provide updated skills and knowledge to their graduates and maintain graduates’ competitive advantage all through their careers.

Abstrak :
Peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia merupakan prioritas pemerintah Kabinet Kerja Jilid II. Penentuan pengembangan sumber daya manusia menjadi fokus pemerintah bukan tanpa alasan, pasalnya kualitas sumber daya manusia Indonesia masih tergolong kurang baik karena angka pengangguran terbuka didominasi oleh lulusan SMK dan diploma atau pendidikan vokasi serta masih adanya miss match antara pendidikan vokasi dengan kebutuhan dunia industri. Dalam upaya untuk menggandeng banyak pihak terutama private sectors dalam upaya pengembangan SDM, Pemerintah menerbitkan sebuah kebijakan insentif pajak super tax deduction yang tercantum dalam PMK Nomor 128 Tahun 2019. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian super tax deduction atas pendidikan vokasi adalah postpositivisme dengan teknik analisis data kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kebijakan super tax deduction sudah didasarkan dan dapat meminimalkan permasalahan yang sedang berkembang, kebijakan jelas dan cukup mudah untuk dipahami klausul pemberitahuan diimplementasikan sesuai dengan kebijakannya. Namun, pada tahun 2019, sistem OSS sebagai pendukung tidak berjalan secara optimal sehingga belum dapat digunakan. Implementasi kebijakan super tax deduction sudah cukup sesuai dengan batasan yang ada dalam PMK Nomor 128 Tahun 2019, selain itu super tax deduction dapat meningkatkan sinergitas antara pemerintah, industri, dan pendidikan vokasi. Namun, terdapat permasalahan yang terjadi yaitu pada saat penyampaian realisasi biaya, kekecewaan dari sektor perbankan dan retail, dan tanggapan kekhawatiran akan dilakukan pemeriksaan. Sepanjang 2019 terdapat 3 wajib pajak yang memanfaatkan insentif super tax deduction, dan sampai Desember 2020 sudah terdapat 25 WP. Kebijakan super tax deduction atas penyelenggaraan pendidikan vokasi memperhatikan kebijakan prioritas yang dilakukan oleh Kabinet Kerja II yaitu SDM Unggul dan mendukung kebijakan link and match. ......Improving the quality of human resources is a priority of the Government's “Kabinet Kerja” Volume II. Determination of human resource development is the government's focus, not without reason, the quality of Indonesian human resources is still classified as low, because the open unemployment rate is dominated by SMK graduates and diploma or vocational education graduates and also there is still a miss match between vocational education and the needs of the industrial world. In an effort to collaborate with many parties, especially private sectors in efforts to develop human resources, the Government issued a super tax deduction tax incentive policy listed in PMK Number 128 of 2019.The approach used in super tax deduction research on vocational education is postpositivism with qualitative data analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that the super tax deduction policy has been based on and can minimize developing problems, is clear and easy enough to understand, “pemberitahuan” clause are implemented in accordance with the policy. However, in 2019, the OSS system as a support did not run optimally so it could not be used. The implementation of the super tax deduction policy is sufficient in accordance with the limits in PMK Number 128 of 2019, super tax deduction policy also can increase synergy between the government, industry, and vocational education. However, there were problems that occurred, namely during the submission of cost realization, disappointment from the banking and retail sectors, and responses to concerns that an examination would be carried out. Throughout 2019 there were 3 taxpayers who took advantage of the super tax deduction incentive, and until December 2020 there were already 25 taxpayers. The super tax deduction policy on the implementation of vocational education takes into account the priority policies carried out by the Kabinet Kerja II, namely “SDM Unggul” and supports the link and match policy.