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"Although Ebola and similar hemorrhagic fevers have occurred in the past, both the numbers and geographic spread of the 2014-15 West African Ebola epidemic were unprecedented. Ebola and the associated risks drove an improvised, sometimes ineffective, response from political and medical authorities. Fear, rather than rational planning, drove many decisions made at population and leadership levels. Institutions, practices, economies, and governments were all deeply affected by the demands engendered by this emergency. Ultimately, the epidemic revealed serious fault lines at all levels in the theories and practices of global public health. Doctors Without Borders/Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF), as the major provider of medical care to the afflicted, was deeply entangled in many of these issues. From difficult choices made for the care of individual patients to the impact of Ebola on entire health systems, the common thread in each chapter is how fear influenced the political and medical response. Using materials from the MSF archives, this book explores this theme in ten chapters and four eyewitness vignettes. The book examines the epidemic from the perspectives of a wide range of actors from distinct sectors, including a bioethicist, a political scientist, a historian, clinical doctors, policymakers, and anthropologists."

"ABSTRAKWabah penyakit Ebola di Afrika Barat yang meledak pada tahun 2014 menyebabkan dampakkerugian yang besar pada bidang ekonomi, politik dan sosial sehingga mendorong PBBmengeluarkan Resolusi 2177. Disusul pada tahun 2015, terjadi peningkatan penularan penyakitMERS dari Timur Tengah sampai ke wilayah Korea Selatan dan ASEAN. Ebola dan MERSmerupakan jenis penyakit Zoonosis, yaitu penyakit (infeksi) yang dapat menular dari hewan kemanusia dan sebaliknya. Untuk mencegah masuknya penyakit Zonosis dari luar negeri ke Indonesiadiperlukan kondisi Biosecurity disertai dengan Sistem Kesehatan Nasional yang kuat. Hal tesebutdisebabkan karena perang Asimetrik (Asymetric Warfare) dewasa ini tidak hanya melibatkan senjatakonvensional, namun juga wabah penyakit dan penguasaan ekonomi.Kebarhasilan penanganan penyakit Zoonosis juga dipengaruhi oleh kemampuan industrivaksin nasional suatu negara. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan potensi penyakitzoonosis (terutama tropical disease) yang besar. Kemandirian suatu negara untuk membuat vaksinsendiri dari penyakit-penyakit zoonosis yang mewabah akan meningkatkan kemampuan Biosecuritynegara tersebut, sehingga tidak terlalu bergantung dan dapat ?disetir? oleh industri vaksin global.Tesis ini membahas mengenai penilaian terhadap ancaman dan peluang Biosecurity di Indonesia,yang salah satunya melibatkan kemampuan industri vaksin nasional. Melalui faktor-faktor yangberpengaruh terhadap obyek penelitian, penelitian ini memberikan penjelasan (eksplanasi) terhadapkondisi kemampuan Biosecurity Nasional. Penilaian terhadap kondisi Biosecurity Nasional inidiharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai rekomendasi bagi stakeholder terkait untuk melihat danmengevaluasi bagaimana peluang dan ancaman pengembangan industri vaksin di masa mendatang

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ABSTRACTEbola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks in West Africa that was exploded in 2014 causinghuge impact on economic, political and social. The spread of Ebola and this impact encouraged theUnited Nations to adopt Resolution 2177. One year after Ebola outbreak, in 2015, the case numberof another zoonotic disease like Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) have increased, andtransmitted to South Korea and also to ASEAN region. Ebola and MERS are zoonotic disease thatcan be transmitted from animals to human. Indonesia needs strong Biosecurity to prevent zoonoticdisease from another country or region. Biosecurity condition is accompanied by a strong NationalHealth System. Asymmetric warfare involves not only conventional weapons, but also the uses ofdiseases and control of the economy.The ability of handling zoonotic diseases in a country is also affected by the condition oftheir national vaccine industry. Indonesia is one country with the potential for zoonotic diseases(called tropical disease country). The independence of a country to make its own vaccine willincrease the ability of Biosecurity of the country, so it is not too dependent and can be "driven" bythe global vaccine industry. This thesis discusses the assessment of the threats and opportunities forBiosecurity in Indonesia, one of which involves the ability of national vaccine industry. This researchalso provides an explanation of the condition of the ability of the National Biosecurity. Anassessment of the condition of the National Biosecurity is expected to be used as recommendations tothe relevant stakeholders to see and evaluate how the opportunities and threats in IndonesianBiosecurity in the future."

"Latar Belakang : AIDS merupakan salah satu penyakit pandemi yang paling berbahaya dan mempengaruhi penduduk Indonesia dalam berbagai cara. Akibat peningkatan prevalensi orang yang terinfeksi AIDS, caregiver terus menerus mengalami tantangan dalam merawat dan mendukung orang-orang yang mereka kasihi. Akan tetapi penelitian mengenai prevalensi maupun faktor-faktor yang berkaitan dengan psikopatologi caregiver informal orang dengan AIDS masih sangat minim. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti frekuensi dan distribusi psikopatologi caregiver informal orang dengan AIDS dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi timbulnya psikopatologi tersebut.Metoda : Penelitian ini bersifat potong lintang. Wawancara dilakukan pada caregiver informal yang menemani orang dengan AIDS yang datang berobat jalan di Pokdisus AIDS, Jakarta dengan menggunakan MINI ICD-10.Hasil : Seratus caregiver informal diwawancarai dengan rerata umur 46,2 tahun (SD 11,3). 87% di antaranya wanita, 68% memiliki pendidikan setingkat atau lebih tinggi dari SMA. Empat puluh lima persen caregiver informal didiagnosis Episode Depresi, 11% Gangguan Depresi Berulang, 9% Gangguan Cemas Menyeluruh, 8% Gangguan Panik, 2% Distimia dan 2% Gangguan Obsesif Kompulsif. Kami menemukan OR psikopatologi caregiver yang lebih besar pada caregiver informal yang tidak bekerja (p=0,034), status ekonominya rendah (p=0,002), menghabiskan lebih banyak jam dalam sehari merawat (p=0,02) dan merawat orang dengan nilai IADL rendah (p=0,002).Kesimpulan . Frekuensi psikopatologi yang tinggi ditemukan pada caregiver informal orang dengan AIDS. Mereka membutuhkan berbagai bantuan dan pelayanan kesehatan mental.

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BACKGROUND: AIDS is one of the most devastating diseases and Indonesian continues to be affected by this disease in many ways. In addition to the prevalence rates of the disease in the community, caregivers of people living with AIDS continue to be challenged as they strive to provide care and support to their love ones. However only few studies have examined prevalence and the factors associated with psychopathology in informal caregivers of AIDS-infected persons. The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency and distribution of psychopathology among informal caregivers of AIDS-infected individuals.

METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Personal interviews using the Structured Clinical Interview for lCD-10 ( MINI lCD-10) were conducted with caregivers who were accompanied AIDS-infected persons attending outpatient clinics at Pokdisus AIDS, Jakarta.

RESULTS: One hundred informal caregivers were interviewed. Infonnal caregivers were 46,2 years old (SD 11,3), 87% female, and 68% had education beyond high school. Forty-five percent of informal caregivers were having Depressive Episode, 11% Recurrent Depressive Disorder, 9% Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 8% Panic Disorder, 3% Agoraphobia with Panic Disorder, 2% Dysthymia, and 2% Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. We found significantly greater odds of informal caregiver psychopathology with unemployment (p= 0,034), lower social class (p=0,002), spending more hours of' caregiving (r,= 0,02), take care of people with low IADL score (p=- 0,002)

CONCLUSIONS: High rate of psychopathology was found among AIDS-infected individuals' informal caregivers. Informal caregivers of HIV patients may be in need of both mental health services and assistance in caregiving."

"Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) di Indonesia telah merenggut banyak korban termasuk tenaga kesehatan sebagai garda terdepan. Pemerintah menetapkan Surat Edaran Nomor HK.02.01/MENKES/4394/2020 tentang Registrasi dan Perizinan Tenaga Kesehatan pada Masa Pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) yang mengizinkan mahasiswa tenaga kesehatan tingkat akhir untuk membantu menangani pasien COVID-19 yang tidak sejalan dengan perundang – undangan. Penelitian ini berbentuk penelitian yuridis normatif dengan metode kualitatif, di mana penulis akan menjelaskan permasalahan tersebut secara deskriptif. Rumah Sakit Pusat Pertamina (RSPP), salah satu rumah sakit terbesar di Jakarta menerapkan aturan yang tertera dalam Surat Edaran Nomor HK.02.01/MENKES/4394/2020 tentang Registrasi dan Perizinan Tenaga Kesehatan pada Masa Pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) dan mengizinkan mahasiswa keperawatan tingkat akhir untuk berpraktik dibawah pengawasan tenaga kesehatan yang sudah memiliki Surat Tanda Registrasi (STR). Dalam rangka melindungi mahasiswa yang bekerja di Rumah Sakit Pusat Pertamina (RSPP), Dr. Asep Saifudin S.H., M.M., CHRP., CHRA. selaku Vice President of Human Capital & General Affair di PT Pertamina Bina Medika menjelaskan bahwa seluruh mahasiwa yang berpraktik di Rumah Sakit Pusat Pertamina (RSPP) akan mendapatkan perlindungan dalam bentuk fasilitas kesehatan dalam bentuk BPJS dan Rumah Sakit Pusat Pertamina (RSPP) akan bertanggung jawab secara hukum. Dapat disimpulkan dalam penelitian ini bahwa Rumah Sakit Pusat Pertamina (RSPP) sebagai salah satu rumah sakit yang menerapkan surat edaran tersebut akan bertanggung jawab atas tenaga kesehatannya. Dengan penelitian ini menyarankan kepada Kementerian Kesehatan, sebaiknya cukup mengeluarkan surat edaran terutama yang tidak sejalan dengan perundang – undangan di Indonesia, hanya dalam keadaan yang darurat agar tidak menimbulkan disharmonsisasi.

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Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Indonesia has claimed many victims, including health workers as the front liners. The government stipulates Circular Letter Number HK.02.01/MENKES/4394/2020 concerning Registration and Licensing of Health Workers during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic which allows final-year medical students to help treat COVID-19 patients, which is not in line with the legislation. This research is in the form of normative juridical research with qualitative methods, where the author will explain the problem descriptively. Pertamina Central Hospital (RSPP), one of the largest hospitals in Jakarta, applies the rules stated in Circular Letter Number HK.02.01/MENKES/4394/2020 concerning Registration and Licensing of Health Workers during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemi, and allow final year nursing students to practice under the supervision of health workers who already have a Certificate of Registration (STR). In order to protect students working at Pertamina Central Hospital (RSPP), Dr. Asep Saifudin S.H., M.M., CHRP., CHRA. as Vice President of Human Capital & General Affairs at PT Pertamina Bina Medika explained that all students who practice at Pertamina Central Hospital (RSPP) will receive protection in the form of health facilities in the form of BPJS and Pertamina Central Hospital (RSPP) will be responsible for them. It can be concluded in this study that Pertamina Central Hospital (RSPP) as one of the hospitals implementing the letter, will be responsible for its health workers. This research suggests that Ministry of Health, to only issue circular letters especially those that are not in line with the legislation in Indonesia, only in an emergency situation so as not to cause disharmony."

"Latar belakang: Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) merupakan sebuah kumpulan gejala permasalahan saluran napas atas yang disebabkan olehh virus SARS-CoV-2. Penyakit ini telah menjadi permasalahan global, dan diketahui bahwa populasi lanjut usia memiliki risiko jangkitan dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Prevalensi mortalitas pasien COVID-19 lanjut usia adalah 49,9%. Angka ini sangatlah tinggi karena pasien lanjut usia memiliki faktor risiko yang lebih banyak dibandingkan populasi dewasa, faktor risiko tersebut adalah usia, komorbiditas, dan adanya perubahan fungsi tubuh. Salah satu faktor risiko yang penting untuk dipertimbangkan dalam menilai prognosis adalah status nutrisi pasien. Disebutkan bahwa pasien lanjut usia memiliki prevalensi risiko malnutrisi yang tinggi yaitu berkisar antara 18-78%. Oleh karena itulah penelitian memiliki tujuan untuk melihat hubungan status nutrisi dengan mortalitas pasien COVID-19 berusia lanjut.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kohort retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder berupa rekam medis pasien Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangungkusumo.Hasil: Total subjek penelitian berjumlah 459 orang dengan pasien berusia 60-69 tahun sebanyak 302 orang (65,7%) dan pasien berusia ≥70 tahun sebanyak 157 orang (34,2%). Rata-rata usia subjek penelitian adalah 67,78 ± 6,9 tahun dengan median 66 tahun. Jenis kelamin subjek yang paling mendominasi adalah laki-laki dengan jumlah 279 orang (60,8%). Sebanyak 177 orang (38,6%) dinyatakan berisiko malnutrisi menggunakan asesmen malnutrition screening tool (MST). Angka mortalitas dalam perawatan pasien COVID-19 berusia lanjut adalah 28,3%. Pada analisis bivariat, didapatkan bahwa malnutrisi memiliki hubungan yang signifikan pada mortalitas pasien COVID-19 berusia lanjut dengan relative risk 2,63 (95% CI: 2,603-6,273; p = 0,000).Kesimpulan: Malnutrisi meningkatkan risiko mortalitas pasien COVID-19 berusia lanjut.

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Introduction: Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is a disease that is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and can be identified by several respiratory symptoms. This disease has been a global threat in every country, and it is known that elderly population have the greatest risk of infection and mortality. The mortality prevalence of eldery patients infected by COVID-19 in Indonesia is 49,9%. The prevalence is so high because elderly patient carries a lot of risk factors, such as age itself, comorbidities, and functional body change. One of the risk factors that we need to consider to be prognostic factors is nutrition status. Malnutrition prevalence in elderly patients is estimated to be 18-78%. With that in mind, this research is intended to look at the effect of nutrition status on mortality in COVID-19 elderly patients.     

Method: This research is using retrospective cohort as its study design. We used secondary data from the Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo patient’s medical records.

Result: There are 459 research subjects with 302 people (65,7%) in the 60-69 years old age population and 157 remaining people (34,2%) in ≥ 70 years old age population. The mean age in this study was 67,78 ± 6,9 years old with the median of 66 years old. This study population was dominated by males group of 279 people (60,8%). A total of 177 people was diagnosed with risk of malnutrition by malnutrition screening tool (MST) assessment. In-hospital mortality occurred for 28,3% from total sample population.  Bivariat analysis showed that malnutrition has a significant relationship with mortality in COVID-19 elderly patients with a relative risk of 2,63 (95% CI: 2,603-6,273; p = 0,000).

Conclusion: Malnutrition increased the mortality risk for COVID-19 elderly patients."

"Unit Pasar Besar (UPB) Pasar Induk Kramat Jati memiliki peran penting dalam menyediakan kebutuhan pokok masyarakat sehari-hari dan sebagai pusat perekonomian masyarakat. Oleh karena itu aktivitas perekonomian di UPB Pasar Induk Kramat Jati harus tetap berlangsung, meskipun pada masa pandemi Covid-19. Pengelola UPB Pasar Induk Kramat Jati telah menerapkan kebijakan protokol kesehatan sebagai bentuk proteksi bagi masyarakat yang berada di area pasar. Permasalahan penelitian ini adalah masih terjadinya peningkatan jumlah pedagang dan pembeli positif Covid-19 di UPB Pasar Induk Kramat Jati meskipun pasar ini telah menerapkan protokol kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi kebijakan protokol kesehatan pada masa pandemi Covid-19 di Pasar Induk Kramat Jati. Pendekatan penelitian ini adalah post-positivist melalui studi pustaka, wawancara mendalam, dan observasi. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kebijakan protokol kesehatan kurang maksimal, yaitu, karakteristik agen pelaksana, komunikasi antarorganisasi dan kegiatan-kegiatan pelaksanaan, serta lingkungan ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya. Ketiga faktor tersebut menunjukkan minimnya partisipasi masyarakat dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan. Rekomendasi penelitian ini adalah pemerintah membuat instrumen kebijakan protokol kesehatan yang menempatkan masyarakat sebagai bagian dari stakeholder kebijakan

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UPB Kramat Jati Main Market has the important roles to provide basic daily needs for the community and as the center of the community's economy. Therefore, economic activity at UPB Kramat Jati Main Market must resume even during the Covid-19 pandemic. UPB Pasar Induk Kramat Jatihas implement the health protocol policy to prevent the transmission of Covid-19, but there's still the increasing number of people that getting infected by Covid-19. This reaserch aims to analyze the factors that influence the implementation of health protocol policies during the Covid-19 pandemic at the Kramat Jati Central Market. Approachment method which had been used for this research is post-positivist by collecting the qualitative data techniques by doing in-depth interview, observation, and literature review.The results of this research shows there are several factors that make this policy not optimal, such as the characteristics of the implementing agency, interorganizational communication and enforcement activities, and also economic, social and political conditions. Those factors are relate to the public participation which can't be found in this case. The recomendation of this research is to involve the community as stakeholders and strengthen its position by the policy instrument"

"The outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa shocked the world as the disease spread rapidly from its origin to neighboring countries, Europe, and North America while the systems in place to handle such an epidemic failed. The United Nations, the World Health Organization, and major international humanitarian organizations scrambled to respond as thousands died and infections spiraled out of control. All are now contemplating: What went wrong, and how do we stop it from happening again? Global Management of Infectious Disease After Ebola is the first and most comprehensive volume to address these questions. It brings together the analyses and retrospectives of diplomats, scholars, and advocates studying from afar, as well as those of physicians and front-line responders who witnessed the epidemic sweep through already poor, devastated countries as their nascent health systems collapsed. The volume assesses not only the global response to Ebola but also current and emerging infectious disease threats, changes in the global system to handle them, and the critical ethics and human rights issues that will shape the next episode in the perpetual struggle against infectious disease."

"Kesehatan merupakan dasar yang penting bagi keberlangsungan kehidupan manusia. Setiap manusia memiliki hak untuk memperoleh akses pelayanan kesehatan yang aman, bermutu, dan terjangkau. Namun, pelayanan kesehatan di Indonesia masih memiliki beberapa hambatan, misalnya pada minimnya penanganan kesehatan untuk daerah terpencil yang terhalang faktor jarak dan waktu. Terlebih pada masa pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019, diperlukan solusi untuk melayani kesehatan masyarakat tanpa menyalahi peraturan pemberlakuan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB). Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilaksanakan adalah dengan “berteman” atau memanfaatkan teknologi informasi, dalam bentuk Telemedicine. Telemedicine merupakan pelayanan kedokteran jarak jauh dengan menggunakan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, yang mempermudah akses pelayanan kesehatan bagi masyarakat. Dalam penerapannya, terdapat permasalahan mengenai pengaturan dari pelayanan Telemedicine, serta pertanggungjawaban hukum bagi para dokter, tenaga kesehatan, dan penyedia layanan Telemedicine. Untuk itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaturan penerapan Telemedicine pada Era New Normal, dan pertanggungjawaban hukumnya, khususnya pada Program Telemedicine Indonesia (TEMENIN) di Rumah Sakit Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif, dilengkapi dengan tipe penelitian secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa penerapan Telemedicine lebih banyak mengacu kepada peraturan atau kebijakan dari Kementerian Kesehatan, dan didukung berbagai aplikasi Telemedicine. Namun, belum memiliki platform resmi dari Pemerintah yang dapat menjamin penyimpanan dan kerahasiaan data. Penulis berkesimpulan bahwa Telemedicine memiliki banyak manfaat, tetapi masih memiliki beberapa kendala di dalamnya. Selanjutnya, Penulis memberi saran agar Pemerintah segera membuat suatu platform khusus untuk pelayanan Telemedicine, disertai dengan regulasi khusus, yang didukung dengan badan atau otoritas Pemerintah yang dapat mengawasi pelaksanaannya untuk mencegah malpraktik.

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Health is an important basis for the continuity of human life. Every human being has the right to have access to safe, quality, and affordable health services. However, health services in Indonesia still have several obstacles, for example the lack of health care for remote areas which is hindered by distance and time factors. Especially during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 pandemic, a solution is needed to serve public health without violating the regulations that enforce Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB). One of the efforts that can be implemented is by “making friends” or utilizing information technology, in the form of Telemedicine. Telemedicine is a long-distance medical service using information and communication technology, which facilitates access to health services for the public. In its application, there are problems regarding the regulation of Telemedicine services, as well as legal accountability for doctors, health workers, and Telemedicine service providers. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of Telemedicine services in the New Normal Era, and its legal accountability, especially in the Indonesian Telemedicine Program (TEMENIN) at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The research method used is normative juridical. The research method used is juridical normative, equipped with a descriptive type of research. The results of the study stated that the implementation of Telemedicine during the New Normal Era mostly refers to the regulations or policies from the Ministry of Health, and is supported by various Telemedicine applications. However, it does not yet have an official platform from the Government that can guarantee storage and data confidentiality. The author concludes that Telemedicine has many benefits, but still has some obstacles in it. Furthermore, the author suggests that the Government immediately create a special platform for Telemedicine services, accompanied by special regulations, which are supported by government agencies or authorities that can oversee its implementation and prevent malpractice."