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Abstrak :

Diabetes melitus adalah penyakit yang ditandai dengan kondisi hiperglikemik dan akumulasi stress oksidatif mikrovaskular. Tanaman daun afrika (Vernonia amygdalina) diketahui memiliki efek antidiabetes dan antioksidan, sehingga berpotensi sebagai terapi alternatif dari diabetes melitus. Penelitian ini menguji aktivitas antioksidan dan antidiabetes ekstrak air dan ekstrak etanol tanaman daun afrika dengan metode inhibisi DPPH dan enzim α-glukosidase serta menginvestigasi metabolit sekunder yang terkandung pada tiap ekstrak. Tanaman daun afrika diekstraksi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol, air, dan campuran air:etanol (1:1). Tiap ekstrak dilakukan skrining fitokimia, kromatografi lapis tipis, dan LC-MS. Selanjutnya, dilakukan uji inhibisi  ekstrak tanaman daun afrika terhadap radikal bebas DPPH dan enzim α-glukosidase. Aktivitas inhibisi dinyatakan dengan nilai IC50. Perbedaan komposisi air dan etanol mempengaruhi aktivitas antioksidan dan kandungan metabolit sekunder, tetapi tidak mempengaruhi aktivitas antidiabetes dari ekstrak daun afrika. Ekstrak campuran air:etanol (1:1) mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan dan antidiabetes yang lebih tinggi daripada ekstrak air dan ekstrak etanol daun afrika. Skrining fitokimia menunjukkan adanya kandungan alkaloid, tanin, saponin, dan terpenoid. IC50 dari ekstrak campuran air:etanol (1:1) terhadap DPPH adalah 418,5 µg/mL, sedangkan nilai IC50 terhadap enzim α-glukosidase adalah 585,8 µg/mL. Ekstrak campuran air:etanol (1:1) tanaman daun afrika dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai antioksidan dan antidiabetes.

 

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Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by hyperglycemic conditions that can cause various complications through the accumulation of microvascular oxidative stress. Bitter leaf plants (Vernonia amygdalina) are known to have antidiabetic and antioxidant effects, so they have the potential as an alternative therapy for diabetes mellitus. This research is conducted to analyze the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of water and ethanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina measured by using DPPH and α-glucosidase inhibition and investigated its secondary metabolites contained. The extraction of Vernonia amygdalina was conducted using ethanol, water, and a mixture of water:ethanolic (1:1). Each extract was analyzed by phytochemical screening, and LC-MS. The extract of Vernonia amygdalina were then tested for its inhibition acitivity toward DPPH  and α-glucosidase enzyme. The inhibition activity of each tests was calculated in IC50 value. The composition of water and ethanol solvents affects the antioxidant activity and its secondary metabolites, but not the antidiabetic acitivity in Vernonia amygdalina extract. The mixed water extract:ethanolic (1:1) had higher antioxidant and antidiabetic activity than the water extract and the ethanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. The IC50 value of the water:ethanol (1:1) mixture extract against DPPH was 418.5 µg/mL and the IC50 value for α-glukosidase enzyme was 585.8 µg/mL. The mixture of water:ethanolic (1:1) extract of Vernonia amygdalina could be observed and improved further as an antioxidant and antidiabetec agents.

 

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Pengobatan diabetes mellitus yang terbatas menjadi salah satu alasan penggunaan terapi komplementer dengan memanfaatkan tanaman obat yang ada di Indonesia, seperti daun Vernonia amygdalina sebagai terapi alternatif diabetes. Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek ekstrak daun Vernonia amygdalina dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dan pengaruhnya terhadap histopatologi ginjal. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan pada 24 tikus Sprague dawley dengan berat 200 – 300 gram. Efek antidiabetes diuji dengan mengamati penurunan kadar glukosa darah pada tikus sprague dawley yang sudah diinduksi dengan aloksan dan dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok yang terdiri dari kelompok normal, kelompok kontrol positif, kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok dosis ekstrak 200 mg/KgBB, kelompok dosis ekstrak 400 mg/KgBB, dan kelompok dosis ekstrak 600 mg/KgBB. Kadar glukosa darah diamati selama 16 hari dan diperiksa di hari ke-4, 8, 12, dan 16. Data hasil penurunan glukosa darah selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan uji one way ANOVA dengan program SPSS 23. Pembacaan histologi ginjal tikus menggunakan pewarna Hematoksilin Eosin untuk melihat perubahan pada jaringan. Hasil: Ekstrak daun Vernonia amygdalina menunjukkan efek dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah pada tikus diabetes dengan dosis efektif 200 mg/KgBB. Gambaran histopatologi ginjal menunjukkan terjadi nekrosis tubulus proksimalis pada seluruh kelompok perlakuan, kecuali kelompok normal. Kesimpulan: Pemberian ekstrak daun Vernonia amygdalina dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dan tidak memberi efek perbaikan pada struktur histopatologi ginjal......Background: The limitation of diabetes mellitus medication in Indonesia has become one of the reason to use complementary therapy from plant extract that available in Indonesia, such as Vernonia amygdalina leaves extract as an antidiabetes therapy. Objective: This research was done to investigate the effect of Vernonia amygdalina leaves extract in reducing blood glucose level and its effect on renal histopathology. Methods: This study was conducted on 24 Sprague dawley rat weighing 200 – 300 grams. The antidiabetic effect was tested by observing blood glucose level in Sprague dawley rats that had been induced with alloxan and divided into 6 groups consist of normal group, positive control group, negative control group, 200 mg/KgBB dose of leaves extract group, 400 mg/KgBB dose of leaves extract group, and 600 mg/KgBB dose of leaves extract gtroup. Blood glucose levels were observed for 16 days and examined on day 4, 8, 12, and 16. The result data were analyzed by using the one-way ANOVA test by SPSS 23 program. The rat’s renal histology readings were using Hematoxylin Eosin to see any tissue’s changes. Results: Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract showed an effect in reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic rats with an effective dose of 200 mg/KgBB. Kidney histopatology result showed necrosis on proximal tubules in all treatment except the normal group. Conclusion: The administration of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract can reduce blood sugar levels and did not show any improvement effect in histopathological structure of the kidney.

Abstrak :
Green synthesis nanopartikel Nd2O3, Ag2O dan nanopartikel Nd2O3-Ag2O dilakukan karena mudah, murah dan ramah lingkungan. Dalam penelitian ini, ekstrak daun afrika (Vernonia Amygdalina Del.) kemudian diberi nama EDA digunakan untuk mensintesis nanopartikel Nd2O3-Ag2O. Metabolit sekunder pada EDA berperan sebagai sumber basa dan capping agent, yang ditentukan melalui uji fitokimia. Pola difraksi dan kristalinitas ketiga nanopartikel tersebut dikonfirmasi menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction, sedangkan morfologi ditentukan menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis dan Transmitted Electron Microscopy. Fourier Transform-Infra Red digunakan untuk menunjukkan interaksi antara EDA dengan nanopartikel. Bilangan gelombang Nd-O pada nanopartikel Nd2O3 muncul di daerah 426 cm-1, Ag-O pada nanopartikel Ag2O di daerah 825 cm-1. Sedangkan bilangan gelombang Ag-O (855 cm-1), Nd-O (424 dan 667 cm-1) terdapat pada nanopartikel Nd2O3-Ag2O. Ukuran distribusi dari ketiganya berada di antara 1-100 nm yang dikonfirmasi menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer. Band gap nanopartikel Nd2O3-Ag2O yaitu sebesar 3,29 eV. Aktivitas fotokatalitik nanopartikel Nd2O3-Ag2O disimulasikan terhadap degradasi Metilen Biru (MB). Hasil degradasi sebesar 93, 71%.

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Green synthesis of Nd2O3, Ag2O and Nd2O3-Ag2O nanoparticles has been investigated lately due to its properties of inexpensive, easy to use, and eco-friendly material. At current research, Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf extract was used to synthesize Nd2O3, Ag2O and Nd2O3-Ag2O nanoparticles. The secondary metabolite of Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf extract plays a role as a base source and a capping agents, which can be determined by phytochemical test. The diffraction pattern and crystallinity of Nd2O3, Ag2O and Nd2O3-Ag2O nanoparticles were confirmed by using X-ray Diffraction, while the morphology can be determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis and Transmitted Electron Microscopy. Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) spectra was used to show the interaction between Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf extract and nanoparticles. FT-IR characterization showed the wave number of Nd2O3 at 426 cm-1, Ag2O at 825 cm-1, and Nd2O3-Ag2O nanoparticles at 424 and 855 cm-1. The size distribution of Nd2O3, Ag2O and Nd2O3-Ag2O nanoparticles at 1-100 nm were confirmed by Particle Size Analyzer. UV-Vis DRS characterization proved the energy band gap of Nd2O3-Ag2O nanoparticles at 3,29 eV. The photocatalytic activity of Nd2O3-Ag2O nanoparticles was observed by determining the degradation of methylene blue, which was identified at 93.71%.