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Abstrak :
Abstrak
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality of infants and toddlers in developing countries. The high infant morbidity and mortality rates in Indonesia are associated with the low exclusive breastfeeding ability. Breast milk is a natural drink for newborns in the first month of life that is beneficial not only for the babies, but also for mothers. The aim of study was to determine exclusive breastfeeding and decrease in incidence of URI among infants aged 6-12 months. This study was conducted by using case control design. Samples were taken by using cluster random sampling. Subject of study consisted of 162 cases and 162 control with infants aged 6-12 years. Cases were 162 infants aged 6-12 months suffering from URI within one last month and taken by mothers to primary health care that was selected location of study, while control was mothers who took their infants aged 6-12 months who did not suffer from URI within one last month to the selected primary health care. Data analysis included univariate, bivariate, stratification, and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. Results of study found that infants who were not exclusively breastfed were 1.69 times (95% CI: 1.02-2.80) more at risk of increasing URI incidence compared to infants who were breastfed exclusively after controlled by smoker in house and immunization variables. Health promotion of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding, provision of immunization, and anti-smoking program need to be implemented continuously to decrease the rates of morbidity and mortality due to URI disease.

Abstrak :
Upper respiratory infection (URI) in developing countries causes high morbidity among toddlers. Indonesia Health Ministry reported that non-pneumonia acute respiratory infection (ARI) increased by 2.6% from 2007 to 2011. Risk factors which may contribute to URI include environment and behavior. This study aimed to investigate environmental and behavioral factors with URI among toddlers. This case control study was conducted on February - April 2015 among toddlers in Tamansari that is a slum area in Bandung City. Case was 55 mothers with toddlers suffering from URI who came to primary health care, meanwhile control was twice bigger than cases selected from the environment and matched for age, sex and nutritional status. Environmental factors were density, humidity, ventilation, temperature and smoke disposal. Meanwhile, behavioral factors were hand-washing, mother?s smoking behavior, the use of mask, vitamin A consumption and exclusive breastfeeding. Results of study showed that environmental factor related to URI was only density with p value = 0.021 and OR = 2.843 (CI 95% = 1.168 - 6.920). None of maternal behavior factor was related to URI. Reducing density is an important and challenging issue in slum area, same as similary health promotion and prevention concerning URI are still necessary to reduce the risk of this disease among toddlers in urban slum area.

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Infeksi saluran pernapasan akut atas (ISPA atas) di negara berkembang menyebabkan morbiditas tinggi pada anak bawah usia lima tahun (balita). Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia melaporkan bahwa ISPA nonpneumonia meningkat 2,6% dari tahun 2007 ke 2011. Faktor risiko yang dapat berkontribusi termasuk lingkungan dan perilaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki faktor perilaku dan lingkungan dengan ISPA atas pada balita. Studi kasus kontrol ini dilakukan dari Februari-April 2015 pada balita di Tamansari yang merupakan daerah kumuh di Kota Bandung. Kasus adalah 55 ibu dengan balita menderita ISPA atas yang datang ke puskesmas, sedangkan kontrol dua kali lebih besar dari kasus dipilih dari lingkungan dan cocok untuk usia, jenis kelamin, dan status gizi. Faktor lingkungan adalah kepadatan, kelembaban, ventilasi, suhu, dan pembuangan asap. Sedangkan perilaku adalah mencuci tangan, perilaku merokok ibu, pemakaian masker, konsumsi vitamin Adan ASI eksklusif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor lingkungan yang berkaitan dengan ISPA atas hanya kepadatan dengan nilai p = 0,021 dan OR = 2,843 (CI 95%: 1,168 - 6,920). Tidak terdapat faktor perilaku ibu yang berhubungan dengan ISPA atas. Pengurangan kepadatan merupakan masalah penting dan menantang di daerah kumuh, sama halnya dengan promosi kesehatan dan pencegahan tentang ISPA atas masih penting untuk mengurangi risiko penyakit ini pada balita di daerah kumuh perkotaan.

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Atas (ISPA) adalah penyakit menular yang terjadi di hidung, faring, laring dan sinus. Gejala ISPA umum terjadi pada masyarakat Indonesia dan seringkali diobati sendiri. Penelitian tentang hubungan antara pengetahuan dan praktik pengobatan mandiri terhadap ISPA masih terbatas. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat pengetahuan, mengevaluasi praktik pengobatan mandiri ISPA dan mencari hubungan kedua faktor tersebut. Peneliti juga ingin mengetahui ketepatan pemilihan obat dengan gejala ISPA yang dialami. Metode Desain penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional, dan menggunakan kuesioner online yang disebar melalui Google Form. Uji Cronbach dan Pearson menunjukkan bahwa kuesioner tersebut masing-masing mempunyai reliabilitas dan validitas yang dapat diterima (a=0.773). Analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif untuk menganalisis informasi demografi, tingkat pengetahuan dan praktik pengobatan mandiri. Uji Chi-Square digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan dengan kesesuaian penggunaan obat dan gejala yang dialami. Hasil Tingkat pengetahuan baik, cukup dan kurang dimiliki masing-masing oleh 44,1%, 51% dan 4,9% subjek. Praktik pengobatan mandiri yang dilakukan subjek secara umum dapat diterima. Sebagian besar subjek sudah tepat memilih obat untuk mengatasi gejala infeksi saluran pernapasan atas (56% untuk rinorea, 95% untuk demam, dan 85% untuk batuk). Namun, tidak ditemukan hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dan kesesuaian pemilihan obat untuk gejala demam (p = 0,384), batuk (p = 0,660) dan rinorea (p = 0,837). Kesimpulan Sebagian besar subjek memiliki pengetahuan cukup dan dapat memilih obat dengan tepat sesuai gejala infeksi saluran pernapasan atas. Walaupun demikian dalam penelitian ini tidak didapatkan hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan ketepatan pemilihan obat untuk gejala infeksi saluran pernapasan atas. ......Introduction Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is an infectious disease that affects the upper respiratory tract. URTI symptoms are common within the Indonesian population. Hence, URTI symptoms are frequently self-medicated. Research about the association between knowledge and self-medication practices for URTI is limited. Therefore, this study aims to measure the level of knowledge, evaluate the self-medication practices for URTI and find the association between the two factors. We also want to find the appropriateness of their self-medication practices based on URTI symptoms. Method Design of this study was cross-sectional, using an online questionnaire was distributed through Google Form. Cronbach’s and Pearson test showed that the questionnaire had acceptable reliability (a=0.773) and validity respectively. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics to analyse the demographic information, level of knowledge and self-medication practices. Chi-Square test was done to determine the association between level of knowledge and appropriateness of drug indication. Results Good, adequate, and poor level of knowledge were possessed by 44.1%, 51% and 4.9% of respondents respectively. The self-medication practices of the participants were generally acceptable. Most of the self-medication practices for symptoms were appropriate (56% for rhinorrhea, 95% for fever and 85% for cough). However, there was no association between the level of knowledge and the appropriateness of self-medication practices for fever (p = 0,384), cough (p = 0,660) and rhinorrhea (p = 0,837). Conclusion Most of the subjects had adequate knowledge and could choose the appropriate medications according to the symptoms of URTI. However, in this study there was no relationship between the level of knowledge and the appropriateness of drug use for symptoms of URTI.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan studi penggunaan obat secara rasional, khususnya penggunaan antibiotika pada pasien-pasien infeksi saluran nafas akut dan diare akut di 6 Puskesmas (PKM) di daerah-daerah perkotaan, pinggir kota dan pedusunan di Propinsi Sumatra Selatan. Sampel diambil secara acak sebanyak 15% dan proporsional dengan jumlah pasien berobat jalan di tiap PKM, selama periode 3 bulan (Januari s/d Maret 1997). Karakteristik pasien, diagnosis, dan jumlah serta tipe obat (termasuk obat suntik) dicatat dalam coding sheet” untuk selanjutnya dilakukan analisis. Didapatkan 1781 kasus, dengan jumlah rata-rata obat per resep 2.7; persentase kasus yang diberi suntikan adalah 47%; dan persentase pasien yang mendapat antibiotika adalah 49%. Enam puluh empat persen dari 1277 kasus infeksi saluran nafas atas akut, dan 79% dari 140 kasus diare akut diberi antibiotika. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penggunaan obat yang tidak rasional (berlebihan) yang jelas terlihat pada kasus-kasus infeksi saluran nafas atas akut dan pada kasus-kasus diare akut. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 44-9)

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Drug utilization study, especially antibiotic usage in therapy of mild acute upper respiratory infections and acute diarrheas has been conducted in six Primary Health Center (PHC) in urban, suburban and rural area in the Province of South Sumatra. We conducted systematic random sampling during which 15% of patients in each PHC were taken. We collected information about drug utilization from medical record of out patient in each PHC for three months period (January to March 1997). We recorded the characteristics of patients, the diagnosis, the number and type of drug (including injection) used. The number of cases studied was 1781, with the average number of drug per prescription being 2.7; the percentage of cases receiving an injection was 43%, and the percentage of cases receiving antibiotic was 48%. Sixty-four percent of 1277 acute respiratory tract infections (common cold), and 79% of 140 cases of acute diarrhea received antibiotic. This study showed that there is overuse or inappropriate use of drugs, especially antibiotic for acute nonspecific diarrhea and mild acute respiratory tract infections. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 44-9)