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"Backgrounds: Gastrointestinal bleeding such as hematemesis or melena are common conditions in clinical practice and endoscopic service. The mortality rate due to gastrointestinal bleeding is relatively high. In this study, we evaluate the causes of hematemesis melena for the last 5 years and the factors associated with the bleeding.Methods: The study was done retrospectively. We obtained data from medical record of patients that performed endoscopy of upper gastrointestinal tract in Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital (Jakarta, Indonesia) during the period of 2001 to 2005.Results: Of 4.154 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy from 2001 to 2005, we found that 837 patients (20.1%) were due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding. They were 552 male (65.9%) and 285 female patients (34.1%). Mean age of male patients was 52.7 ± 15.82 years, while for female patients was 54.46 ± 17.6 years. Of 837 patients who came due to hematemesis were 150 patients (17.9%), melena were 310 patients (37.8%), both melena and hematemesis were 371 patients (44.3%), 557 cases (66.5 %) due to non varices. Endoscopic results showed that 280 cases (33.4%) were due to esophageal varices. In general, this study had demonstrated that esophageal varices was the most frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We found 229 cases of esophageal varices were coincidence with portal hypertensive gastropathy. While ulcer was found in 225 cases (26.9%) and most of them were gastric ulcer (51.1%). Of gastrointestinal bleeding caused by esophageal varices, most were grade HI in 138 cases (49.3%). The incidence of bleeding of bleeding were found more frequently in patients age group of 40 - 60 years (389 cases; 46.5%), > 60 years (305 cases; 36.2%), < 40 years (242 cases; 16.8%). The causes of bleeding in patients whose age > 60 years, most were caused by ulcer (37.4%). In this study, we also found that cancer as the cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in 26 cases (3.1%). Gastrointestinal cancer comprised of gastric cancer in 15 cases (57.7%), duodenal cancer in 7 cases (26.9%), and esophageal cancer in 4 patients (15.4%).Conclusion: The most frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was esophageal varices and usually had reached stage HI. The non variceal cause of bleeding was gastric cancer. Upper gastrointestinal malignancy was also found to be the etiology of bleeding in this study."

"AbstrakUpper Respiratory Infection (URI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality of infants and toddlers in developing countries. The high infant morbidity and mortality rates in Indonesia are associated with the low exclusive breastfeeding ability. Breast milk is a natural drink for newborns in the first month of life that is beneficial not only for the babies, but also for mothers. The aim of study was to determine exclusive breastfeeding and decrease in incidence of URI among infants aged 6-12 months. This study was conducted by using case control design. Samples were taken by using cluster random sampling. Subject of study consisted of 162 cases and 162 control with infants aged 6-12 years. Cases were 162 infants aged 6-12 months suffering from URI within one last month and taken by mothers to primary health care that was selected location of study, while control was mothers who took their infants aged 6-12 months who did not suffer from URI within one last month to the selected primary health care. Data analysis included univariate, bivariate, stratification, and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. Results of study found that infants who were not exclusively breastfed were 1.69 times (95% CI: 1.02-2.80) more at risk of increasing URI incidence compared to infants who were breastfed exclusively after controlled by smoker in house and immunization variables. Health promotion of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding, provision of immunization, and anti-smoking program need to be implemented continuously to decrease the rates of morbidity and mortality due to URI disease."

"ABSTRAKThis study aimed to determine the upper extremity isokinetic muscle strength profile of Turkey male weightlifters and shed light on the exercise and training program by sharing these results with the athletes and all team working presently in the weightlifting sports area. This study included 21 weightlifters, who did not have any orthopedic problems, did professional weightlifting for at least 2 years, were cooperative, had a cognitive state required for the assessment, and volunteered to participate in the study. the tests were performed using an isokinetic dynamometer system at angular velocities of 60°/s and 240°/s during concentric contractions. The protocol was applied separately to the right and left extremities for the shoulder internal rotation/external rotation and elbow flexion/extension movements. The peak torque of internal rotation in the shoulder joint was found to be higher than that of external rotation, and the extension peak torque in the elbow joint was higher than the peak torque of exion. External/internal rotation rate in the shoulder joint at 240 º/s velocity was lower compared with the rate at 60º/s velocity and also at the rates accepted to be normal for both angular velocities. The elbow flexion/extension rate on the dominant and nondominant sides ranged outside of the rates accepted as normal for both angular velocities. The present findings can guide the weightlifting athletes to reduce the sports injuries that may occur in shoulder and elbow joints and increase their sports performance."

"Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the emergency conditions in the field of gastroenterology and variceal blending is the. most common cause of it. Gastric varices accounts only 5% to 10% of all causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding respectively, but it could be fatal and difficult to control despite provision of adequate therapy. Early diagnosis and appropriate management may decrease the morbidity and mortality of gastric variceal bleeding."

"In this research the S speed structure is investigated by seismogram analysis of Washington's earthquake, C022801L using data of TUC station, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. The seismogram comparison between the observed and the synthetic seismogram is conducted in time domain and three components simultaneously. The initially input for the calculation of synthetic seismogram is earth model of PREMAN and CMT solution from the earthquake. A low-pass Butterworth filter with corner frequency of 20 mHz is convolved to observed and synthetic seismogram. Waveform comparison shows a real deviation when travel time and waveform of some wave phase are compared, namely on S wave, surface wave of Love and Rayleigh and wave ScS and ScS-2. This research shows, how sensitive the waveform is to the earth model, better than the method of travel time or the dispersion analysis. Research hereinafter is addressed to finish the found discrepancies at S wave, surface wave of Love and Rayleigh and ScS and ScS-2 wave, in observation station TUC. To obtain the seismogram fitting, correction for S speed structure in earth model is needed, that are changes of earth crust thickness, the speed model of  in upper mantle covering the speed gradient of h and value of zeroeth order coefficient for the h and v, for accomplishing the discrepancies at surface wave of Love and Rayleigh. Further correction on S speed is conducted to accomplish the deviation at S wave at earth layering systems from Upper Mantle up to a 630 km depth. Mean while for the ScS and ScS-2 wave phase the correction is carried out on S speed in the earth layers up to CMB. Fitting Seismogram is obtained at waveform of various wave phases that is S wave, surface wave of Love and Rayleigh and ScS, ScS-2 wave, either on travel time or especially also at oscillation number in Love wave. This result indicates that the anisotropy is occurred not only in upper mantle but till deeper earth layers, till CMB."

"The Citarum River is one of the main rivers in the West Jaava province. Commonly, the Citarum is devided into 3 sections : upper stream, middle stream and down stream...."

"Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are now commonly used in clinical practice. On the other hands, this drug could result severe complication such as bleeding and perforation. In such condition, proton pump inhibitor can be used to stop bleeding than H, antagonists. We reported one cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to NSAID gastropathy that was unresponsive to Ranitidine. The treatment was suitable to proton pump inhibitor that could overcome upper gastrointestinal bleeding."

"Derajat kesehatan merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar dan merupakan indikator status kesehatan di suatu negara sehingga sccara terus menurus perlu mendapat perhatian melalui upaya yang berkesinambungan. Salah sam indikator peming dalam menilai derajat kesehatan adalab Angka Kematian Balita (AKBa). Hasil Survai Kesehatan Rumah Tangga (SKRT) tahun 200l, Angka Kematian Balita akibat penyakit Sistim pemapasan adalah 4,9 per l.000 yang berarti ada sekitar 5 dari 1.000 balita yang meninggal setiap tahun akibat ISPA, atau rata-rata 1 anak Balita Indonesia akibat meninggal akibat ISPA setiap 5 menimya. Pengetahuan ibu dan keluarga tentang pengetahuan Infeksi Saluran Pemapasan Almt (ISPA) merupakan faktor yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap upaya penurunan kesakitan dan kematian Balita, yaitu dengan mengetahui faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi kondisi kesehatannya Balita serta meningkatkan akses pada pelayanan kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan ibu tentang ISPA dengan kejadian ISPA pada Balita di Puskesmas Citeureup Kecamatan Citeureup Kabupaten Bogor tahun 2008. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer yang berasal daxi pcnelitian yang dilakukan oieh peneliti pada bulan April tahun 2008 di Puskesmas Citeureup Kecamatan Ci1eureup Kabupaten Bogor tahun 2008. Rancangan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah crass seclional (potong lintang). Populasi adalah scluruh ibu Balita yang terpilih menjadi subyek penelitian berdasarkan hasil survey di Puskesmas Citeureup Kecamatan Citeureup Kabupaten Bogor iahun 2008. Hasil analisis diketahui bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan ibu tentang ISPA dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita, pada ibu yang berpengetahuan rendah mempunyai resiko sebesar 3,673 kali Lmtuk menderita ISPA pada balitanya dibandingkan dengan ibu yang berpengetahuan tinggi. Variabel lainnya yang mempengaruhi hubungan pengetahuan ibu tentang ISPA dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita adalah variabel pendidikan (0R= 3,037 nilai p= 0,000 dan 95 % CI: l,738-5,309). Riwayat imunisasi campak (0R= 1,814 nilai p= 0,037 dan 95 % CI: 1,036-3,l77) dan status gizi balitanya (OR= 1.807 nilai p= 0,039 dan 95 % CI: 1,030-3,l69) serta status sosial ekonomi keluarga (0R= 1.323 nilai p= 0,333 dan 95 % Cl: 0,750-2,335). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan rcsponden dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita setelah dikontrol oleh variabcl pendidikan. Responden yang berpengetahuan rendah mempunyai kemungldnan 3,673 kali untuk meningkatkan resiko kejadian ISPA pada balitanya diban dingkan dengan responden yang berpengetahuan tinggi. Dampak pengetahuan terhadap kejadian ISPA pada balita cukup besar yaitu sebesar 72,4%, untuk itu perlu dilakukan penyuluhan yang lebih intensif dengan melibatlcan kader, tokoh masyarakat, tokoh agama dan ibu-ibu penggerak PKK untuk rnaningkatkan pengetahuan ibu tentang faktor risiko kejadian ISPA pada balita dalam memberikan penyuluhan, meningkatkan kctrampilan petugas kesehatan dcngan membcrikan pelatihan konseling dan mempermudah akses masyarakat ke pelayanan kcsehatan.

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The degree of health is one of the basic needs and an indicator of health status in a country such that it requires constant attention through a continuous effon. One ofthe important indicator when evaluating the degree of health if Child Mortality Rate (CMR). Findings from a domestic health survei “SKR'l"’ in the year of 2001 stated that the CMR due to diseases ofthe respiratory system was 4,9 per 1000, which means there is 5 deaths out of 1000 children under 5 years old attributed to URTI, or an average of 1 child’s death every 5 minutes.

Mothers’ and families’ knowledge on Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) is the most influential factor in the effort to decrease morbidity and mortality of children under 5 years, that is by knowing the risk factors which influence the health conditions of children under 5 years and by increasing the accessibility to health services. The objective of this research was to determine the association between mothers’ knowledge on Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) and events of URTI in children under tive years in Citeureup Public Health Centre, Citeureup distrcit of Bogor region in the year of 2008.

This study used primary data which originated from a study conducted by the researcher in April 2008 in Citeureup Public Health Centre, Citeureup distrcit of Bogor region The study design used was cross sectional. The population was all mothers having children under 5 years old who were selected to be study subjects based on a survey in Citeureup Public Health Centre, Citeureup distrcit of Bogor region in the year of 2008.

Results from analysis fotmd that there were four variables which were significantly associated with URTI namely knowledge (OR= 3,673 nilai p= 0,000 dan 95 % Cl: 1,970-6,848), education (OR= 3,037 nilai p= 0,000 dan 95 % Cl: l,738- 5,309), measles variable (OR= l,8l4 nilai p= 0,037 dan 95 % Cl: l,036~3,l77) as well as nutrition (OR= l.807 nilai p= 0,039 dan 95 % Cl: 1,030-3,l69). Other variables namely occupation, social economy, birth weight, crowded residency, and presence of a smoker in one’s house, were not significantly associated with URTI events in children under 5 years.

It can be concluded that there was a significant association between the subjects’ knowledge and URTI events in children under 5 years after controlling for education variable. Subjects with lower knowledge had a probability of 3,673 times of increasing the risk of URTI events in their children under 5 years when compared to subjects with higher knowledge. Impact on knowledge on URTI events in children under 5 years was quite huge, which was 72,4%. 'Therefore health education and promotion need to be conducted more intensively by involving "kader”, public figures, religious figures, and PKK ladies in order to increase mothers’ knowledge on risk factors of URTI events in children \mder 5 years. This was done through giving heath education and increasing health personals’ skills by conducting counseling training and making the publichan easier access to health services."

"The entire Shang-Young clan has convened from all corners of the globe to stake claim on the massive fortune of Su Yi, their matriarch. With each family member vying to inherit Tyersall Park-- a trophy estate on 64 prime acres in the heart of Singapore-- Nicholas Young's childhood home turns into a hotbed of speculation and sabotage. As her relatives fight over heirlooms, Astrid Leong is at the center of her own storm, desperately in love with her old sweetheart Charlie Wu, but tormented by her ex-husband. Meanwhile Kitty Pong, married to China's second richest man, billionaire Jack Bing, still feels second best next to her new step-daughter, famous fashionista Colette Bing."