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"Material komposit low-cost dan ramah lingkungan dipreparasimenggunakan campuran karbon aktif berbasis lindi hitam (AC) dan diatomit (DE) sebagai prekursor, dan dimanfaatkan untuk penyerapan ion tripolifosfat. Uji adsorpsi sistem batch digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja adsorben. Dilakukan uji pengaruh waktu kontak, mixing ratio komposit, dosis adsorben, konsentrasi awal, dan pH larutan terhadap efisiensi adsorpsi. Komposit AC/DE5:1 memiliki luas permukaan paling besar, yaitu 244,87 m²/gdengan efisiensi adsorpsi sebesar 93,02% pada waktu kontak 10 menit pertama. Hasil ini 13,54% lebih tinggi dibandingkan efisiensi adsorpsi karbon aktif dan 55,27% lebih tinggi dari efisiensi adsorpsi diatomit. Efisiensi adsorpsi meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan waktu kontak dan dosis, dan menurun dengan adanya peningkatan konsentrasi P awal pada pH optimum, pH 7. Hasil karakterisasi dengan XRD menunjukkan bahwa komposit AC/DE hasil preparasi membentuk fasa semi-kristalin, dengan komponen mineral berupa gibbsite dan kuarsa.Persentase desorpsi fosfat dalam medium asam klorida 0,5 M lebih tinggi daripada dalam medium asam sitrat 0,3 M dan air. Komposit AC/DE yang telah menyerap anion fosfat berpotensi untuk diaplikasikan sebagai pupuk lepas lambat.

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A low-cost and environmental friendly composite material was prepared using a mixture of black liquor based activated carbon (AC) and diatomite (DE) as precursors, and used for tripolyphosphate ion adsorption. The batch system was used to evaluate the performance of the adsorbent. The effects of contact time, composite’s mixing ratio, dosage of adsorbent, initial concentration, and pH of the solution on the adsorption efficiency were carried out. AC/DE 5:1 composite have the largest surface area, which is 244.87 m2/g with adsorption efficiency of 93.02% at the first 10 minutes of contact time.

This result is 13.54% higher than the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon and 55.27% higher than the adsorption efficiency of diatomite. Adsorption efficiency increases with increasing contact time and dosage, and decreases with increase in the initial P concentration at optimum pH 7.

The result of characterization with XRD showed that the prepared AC/DE composite formed semi-crystalline phase, with mineral components such as gibbsite and quartz.The percentage of phosphate ion desorption in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid medium is higher than in the 0,3 M citric acid and water medium. AC/DE composite that have adsorbed phosphate anion is potential to be applied as slow release fertilizers."

"Ion tripolifosfat (P3O10-5) merupakan salah satu bentuk fosfat yang umumnya ditemukan pada limbah deterjen. Apabila tidak diolah dapat menyebabkan eutrofikasi (blooming alga). Karbon aktif yang dimodifikasi dengan besi oksida dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi jumlah ion tripolifosfat. Karbon aktif dibuat dengan memanfaatkan limbah lindi hitam hasil samping produksi bioetanol. Preparasi komposit karbon aktif/besi oksida dilakukan dengan menambahkan larutan besi dari FeSO4.7H2O ke dalam karbon aktif. Hasil karakterisasi menggunakan difraksi sinar-X menunjukan bahwa besi oksida yang terbentuk pada komposit karbon aktif/besi oksida merupakan fase goethite (α-FeOOH) dan berdasarkan data EDX jumlah kandungan besi yang terdapat pada kompossit karbon aktif/besi oksida adalah 17%. Kinerja komposit karbon aktif/besi oksida terhadap adsorpsi ion tripolifosfat dievaluasi berdasarkan uji variasi konsentrasi larutan awal tripolifosfat, pH, kecepatan agitasi dan waktu kontak. Persentase efisiensi maksimum ion tripolifosfat mencapai 96,87% dengan kapasitas adsorpsinya 1,5992 mg/g pada pH 3, konsentrasi awal larutan tripolifosfat 3 mg/L dan dosis adsorben 0,1 g. Hasil tersebut menunjukan bahwa karbon aktif yang dikompositkan dengan besi oksida memiliki efektifitas dan efisiensi yang tinggi untuk menurunkan ion tripolifosfat. Pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan desorpsi fosfat menggunakan medium asam sulfat, asam sitrat dan akuades. Jumlah fosfat yang terdesorpsi lebih besar dalam medium asam sulfat dengan persentase desorpsinya sebesar 87,71% selama 9 jam.

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Tripolyphosphate ion, known as P3O10-5, is one of phosphate forms which mostly recognized in the laundry wastewater. The abundant quantities of trpolyphosphate ions in the water resources potentially lead eutrophication or algae blooming therefore it damaged the inside-living organisms. To mitigate excess ion, activated carbon was modified with iron oxide can be used to remove the amount of tripolyphosphate ions. Activated carbon was made by utilizing black liquor waste water from bioethanol side-production. Activated carbon/iron oxide composites were prepared by introducing activated carbon into iron solution made from FeSO4.7H2.

The result from X-ray diffraction characterization showed the main iron oxide actually present in the composites was goethite (α-FeOOH) and based on the result of SEM-EDX measurement it contained 17% of iron element. The performance of activated carbon/iron oxide composites on the adsorption of tripolyphosphate ions was evaluated by various initial concentrations of tripolyphosphate solutions, which were adsorbent dose, pH, mixing speed, and contact time. The maximum efficiency percentage of tripolyphosphate ions reached 96.87% with adsorption capacity of 1,5992 mg/g at an initial tripolyphosphate concentration of 3 mg/L, solution pH of 3 and 0,1 g of adsorbent dose.

The results indicated that activated carbon/iron oxide were more effective to decrease tripolyphosphate ions than only activated carbons. This study also conducts desorption experiments of phosphate on sulfuric acid, citric acid, and aquades solutions. Amount of phosphate desorption in sulfuric acid medium was the highest desorption percentage around 87,717% within 9 hours."

"Nanoparticles is one type of drug delivery system which intended to improve the bioavailability of drugs. Nanoparticles can be prepared by several methods and the ionic gelation method is the easiest one. Verapamilhydrochloride is adrugwhich used asantiarrhythmic,antiangina, and antihypertension therapy. Nevertheless, bioavailability of orally administered verapamil is very low, only about 10 to 23%. Therefore, verapamil hydrochloride was prepared as nanoparticlesdosage form to increase its bioavailability. The purpose of the present study was to optimize ionic gelation method of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate to obtain thebest nanoparticles formulation. Nanoparticles were obtained from four different methods. Formula A, B and C were produced by drop the sodium tripolyphosphate solution into chitosan solution at 0.75 mL/minute, while formula D were prepared by pour sodium tripolyphosphate solution into chitosan solution. Formula A and B were then strired at 400 rpm, while formula C and D at 3000 rpm. Three grams of verapamil hydrochloride was added into formula A, while formula B, C, and D were produced by adding 5 grams of verapamil hydrocloride. Particle size distribution, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, morphology, and fourier transform infra red spectrum of each nanoparticles formula were characterized. The chosen formula was formula D which has 62.8 nm of size, 59.15% of entrapment efficiency, +25.46 mV of zeta potential, spherical shape, and the ionic interaction was confirmed by FT-IR spectrum. The results showed that chitosan-tripolyphosphate succesfully produce the verapamil hydrochloride nanoparticles by ionic gelation method."

"ABSTRACTPengobatan tuberkulosis tulang saat ini berupa konsumsi obat oral selama 6 bulan setelah operasi, dimana hal itu menjadi beban berat bagi pasien, menimbulkan efek negatif terhadap hati, dan membuat bakteri kebal terhadap obat. Sistem pelepasan lambat menjadi cara untuk meminimalkan dosis dan mengurangi dampak akibat konsumsi obat tuberkulosis, salah satunya dengan hidrogel polyvinyl alcohol PVA, polimer sintetis yang hidrofilik, biodegradable, non-toksik, dan biokompatibel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan kitosan dan konsentrasi penaut-silang sodium tripolifosfat terhadap efisiensi pemuatan obat dan profil pelepasan obat dari hidrogel PVA, serta mengetahui formulasi yang paling baik. Preparasi sampel dilakukan dengan metode casting/penguapan pelarut, dengan karakterisasi SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy, XRD X-Ray Diffraction, uji efisiensi pemuatan obat, dan uji pelepasan obat dalam larutan PBS phospate buffer solution pH 7,4. Secara keseluruhan, penambahan kitosan menurunkan efisiensi pemuatan obat dan menurunkan laju pelepasan obat. Penambahan sodium tripolifosfat meningkatkan efisiensi pemuatan obat hingga batas tertentu, memperlambat laju pelepasan obat, dan menurunkan jumlah obat yang dilepas. Sehingga untuk mendapatkan matriks dengan efisiensi pemuatan obat maksimal, formulasi tanpakitosana dalah yang terbaik, sedangkan profil pelepasan obat yang paling cocok untuk pengobatan TBC adalah formulasi dengan 40 kitosan dengan 4 sodium tripolifosfat.

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ABSTRACTCurrent osteoarticular tuberculosis treatment is an oral consumption of drug for 6 months after surgery, causing patient rsquo s inconvenience, liver damage, and potential drug resistent bacteria. Controlled drug release is a way for minimizing drug doses and reduce negative effect from tuberculosis drug consumption, such as polyvinyl alcohol PVA hydrogel, a hydrophilic, biodegradable, non toxic, and biocompatible synthetic polymer. This researchs aim is to find out the effect of chitosan addition and the concentration of sodium tripolyphosphate crosslinker to drug loading efficiency and drug release profile from PVA hydrogel. The method used is casting solvent evaporation method, characterized by SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy, XRD X Ray Diffraction, drug loading efficiency test, and drug release test in PBS phospate buffer solution pH of 7,4. The result of this research shows that chitosan addition will decrease drug loading efficiency. Increasing sodium tipolyphosphate concentration will increase drug loading efficiency until certain concentration, decrease the rate of drug release profile and decrease the amount of drugs being released. Therefore, to get a polymeric matrix with high drug loading efficiency, 0 chitosan formulation is the best, and for the highest drug release, formulation of 40 chitosan with 4 sodium tripolyphosphate is chosen."

"Nanopartikel dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan beberapa metode dan metode gelasi ionik adalah yang termudah. Verapamil hidroklorida adalah obat yang digunakan sebagai antiaritmia, antiangina, dan terapi antihipertensi. Namun demikian, bioavailabilitas dari verapamil yang diberikan secara oral sangat rendah, hanya sekitar 10 hingga 23%. Oleh karena itu, verapamil hidroklorida ini dibuat sebagai sediaan nanopartikel untuk meningkatkan bioavailabilitasnya.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengoptimalkan metode gelasi ionik antara kitosan dan natrium tripolifosfat guna mendapatkan formulasi nanopartikel terbaik. Nanopartikel diperoleh dari empat metode yang berbeda (formula A, B, C, dan D). Distribusi ukuran partikel, potensial zeta, efisiensi penjerapan, morfologi, dan spektrum FT-IR dari nanopartikel dikarakterisasi. Formula yang dipilih adalah formula D yang memiliki ukuran 62,8 nm, efisiensi penjerapan 59,15%, potensial zeta 25,46 mV, bentuk bulat, dan memiliki spektrum FT-IR yang sesuai.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kitosan-tripolifosfat dapat menghasilkan nanopartikel verapamil hidroklorida dengan menggunakan metode gelasi ionik.

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Nanoparticles can be prepared by several methods and the ionic gelation method is the easiest one. Verapamil hydrochloride is a drug which used as antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antihypertension therapy. Nevertheless, bioavailability of orally administered verapamil is very low, only about 10 to 23%. Therefore, verapamil hydrochloride was prepared as nanoparticles dosage form to increase its bioavailability.The purpose of the present study was to optimize ionic gelation method of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate to obtain the best nanoparticles formulation. Nanoparticles were obtained from four different methods (formula A, B, C, and D). Particle size distribution, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, morphology, and fourier transform infra red spectrum of each nanoparticles formula were characterized. The chosen formula was formula D which has 62.8 nm of size, 59.15% of entrapment efficiency, +25.46 mV of zeta potential, spherical shape, and the ionic interaction was confirmed by FT-IR spectrum.The results showed that chitosan-tripolyphosphate succesfully produce the verapamil hydrochloride nanoparticles by ionic gelation method."

"Kitosan merupakan polimer alam yang bersifat polikationik sehingga dapat berinteraksi dengan bahan lain yang bermuatan negatif. Dalam penelitian ini, natrium tripolifosfat digunakan sebagai penaut silang untuk kitosan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat dan mengkarakterisasi kitosan-tripolifosfat (KTPP) yang akan digunakan sebagai basis gel dalam sediaan topikal serta mengevaluasi sediaan gel yang dihasilkan. Larutan kitosan 3% b/v dan natrium tripolifosfat 0,145% b/v dicampur dengan perbandingan 5:1. Karakteristik KTPP ditunjukkan dengan indeks mengembang, kekuatan gel, dan viskositas. Hasil dari sintesis KTPP menunjukkan kemampuan mengembang dalam aquadest sebesar 100% selama 8 jam. Kekuatan gel dari polimer yang disintesis bernilai 10,89 g/cm2 pada konsentrasi 3,5% dan memiliki viskositas rata-rata sebesar 16050,70 cps. KTPP kemudian diformulasikan dalam sediaan gel dengan atau tanpa penambahan HPMC. Pada penelitian ini, kofein digunakan sebagai model obat. Gel yang dihasilkan berupa warna kuning namun tidak homogen. Daya penetrasinya diuji secara in vitro dengan alat sel difusi Franz menggunakan membran abdomen tikus. Berdasarkan uji penetrasi diperoleh bahwa formula dengan kombinasi KTPP 3% dan HPMC 0,25% dengan adanya menthol 0,25% memiliki nilai fluks -1 tertinggi dengan nilai 381,62 ± 0,05 µg cm-2 jam -1.

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Chitosan, a natural cationic polymer, can interact with negatively charged materials. In this research, sodium tripolyphosphate was used as anionic substance that interact ionically crosslink with chitosan. The aim of this research was to synthesize and characterize chitosan-tripolyphosphate (ChTPP) which would be used as a gel base in topical dosage form. The solutions of chitosan 3% w/v and sodium tripolyphosphate 0.145% w/v were mixed in ratio 5:1.

Characteristics of ChTPP were indicated by swelling index, gel strength and viscosity. ChTPP showed swelling index up to 100% in distilled water within 8 hours. Gel strength and viscosity from ChTPP were 10.89 g/cm2 and 16050.71 cps, respectively. the obtained ChTPP was then formulated in to a gel dosage form with or without the addition of HPMC.

In this study, caffeine was used as a model drug. Gel had yellow colour but not homogeneous. In vitro penetration study was determined with Franz diffusion cell using rat abdominal membrane. The penetration study revealed that the formula with combination of ChTPP 3% and HPMC 0.25% with the addition of menthol 0.25% had the highest flux value which was 381.62 ± 0.05 µ g cm -2 jam-1. "

"ABSTRAKKitosan merupakan polimer alam yang bersifat kationik, sehingga kitosan dapat berinteraksi dengan gugus anionik membentuk ikatan taut silang ionik. Dalam penelitian ini, natrium tripolifosfat digunakan sebagai agen penaut silang yang berinteraksi secara ionik dengan kitosan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah preparasi kitosan-tripolifosfat yang akan digunakan sebagai eksipien dalam sediaan tablet enterik. Larutan kitosan 3% (v/v) dan natrium tripolifosfat 0,145% (b/v) direaksikan dengan perbandingan 5:1. Selanjutnya kitosan-tripolifosfat digunakan sebagai eksipien dalam sediaan tablet enterik dengan natrium diklofenak sebagai model obat. Hasil uji disolusi menunjukkan bahwa kitosantripolifosfat dengan derajat substitusi 0,587% P kurang mampu menunda pelepasan natrium diklofenak selama dua jam dalam suasana asam, namun kitosan-tripolifosfat menunjukkan kemampuan yang baik dalam melepaskan zat aktif selama 45 menit dalam suasana basa. Tablet yang mengandung kitosantripolifosfat sebanyak 25%, 37,5%, dan 50% berturut-turut melepaskan obat sebesar 64,29%, 50,40%, dan 36,97% selama dua jam dalam suasana asam, sedangkan tablet dengan kombinasi kitosan-tripolifosfat dan hidroksipropil metilselulosa ftalat (HPMCP) dengan perbandingan 20% : 5% dan 16,65% : 8,35% melepaskan obat sebesar 19,54% dan 8,9% selama dua jam dalam suasana asam. Kombinasi kitosan-tripolifosfat dengan HPMCP dapat membantu menahan pelepasan natrium diklofenak dalam medium asam sehingga memenuhi persyaratan sebagai tablet enterik.

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ABSTRACTChitosan is a natural cationic polymer, so that it can interact with anionic site in order to form ionic crosslink reaction. In this research, sodium tripolyphosphate was used as crosslinker that interact ionically with chitosan. The aim of this research was to synthesize chitosan-tripolyphosphate which would be used as excipient in enteric tablet dosage form. Solutions of chitosan 3% (v/v) and sodium tripolyphosphate 0.145% (w/v) were mixed in ratio 5:1. Chitosantripolyphosphate was then used as excipient in enteric tablet with diclofenac sodium as drug model. Results of dissolution study showed that chitosantripoliphosphate with degree of substitution 0.587% P could not retard the release of sodium diclofenac for two hours in acid medium, but chitosan-tripolyphosphate showed good capability in release sodium diclofenac for 45 minutes in base medium. Tablet that only contains chitosan-tripolyphosphate 25%, 37.5%, 50% released the drug 64.29%, 50.40%, and 36.97% for two hours in acid medium, while tablet that contain combination of chitosan-tripolyphosphate and HPMCP with ratio 5% : 20% and 16.7% : 33.3% release the drug 19.54% and 8.9% for two hours in acid medium. Chitosan-tripolyphosphate in combination with HPMCP could help retard the released of diclofenac sodium in acid medium, so it completed the requirement as enteric tablet."