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Abstrak :
Japan - China - rok trilateral summit was convened last December 2008 in Japan , in responding to the negative effect of global financial crisis on Japan, China Rok's economy....

Abstrak :
Hubungan trilateral antara China, Jepang, dan Korea Selatan memiliki karakteristik berupa hot economics, cold politics. Hubungan ekonomi yang erat ditengah tensi hubungan politik yang tinggi membuat ketiga negara ini tidak dapat duduk dalam satu forum tanpa melibatkan pihak ketiga. Tahun 2002 menjadi momen penting dalam sejarah hubungan trilateral ketika Pemerintah China mengajukan inisiasi pembentukan China-Japan-Republic of Korea Free Trade Agreement (CJK FTA). Jepang menanggapi proposal kerjasama tersebut dengan skeptis. Namun pada tahun 2003, Jepang menerima inisiasi kerja sama tersebut dan dibentuk trilateral joint study. Penelitian ini menganalisis faktor eksternal dan internal yang mendorong Jepang untuk menerima inisiasi pembentukan CJK FTA. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Jepang tidak dapat dilihat sebagai black box dalam proses pembentukan kebijakan FTA. ...... Trilateral relationship among China, Japan, and South Korea is known as hot economics, cold politics. Close economic relationship in the midst of political tensions has created a difficulty for these three countries to sit together in one forum. The year of 2002 became a historical moment in their trilateral relationship when China initiated China-Japan-Republic of Korea Free Trade Agreement (CJK FTA). Japan gave a skeptical respond towards the initiation. However, in 2003 Japan agreed to the initiation and established a trilateral joint study. The research aims to analyze the external and internal factors that pushed Japan to accept the initiation. This report demonstrates that Japan cannot be viewed as a block box in its FTA policy making.

Abstrak :
Peningkatan aktivitas perompakan bersenjata dan penculikan di Laut Sulu yang mencakup perairan sekitar Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Filipina telah terjadi sejak 2016 menjadikannya sebagai salah satu perairan berbahaya di dunia. Untuk itu, Indonesia bersama Malaysia dan Filipina melakukan kerja sama Trilateral Maritime Patrol (TMP) Indomalphi dalam rangka menjaga keamanan dan keselamatan maritim sehingga bebas dari gangguan dan ancaman kekerasan, ancaman navigasi, ancaman sumber daya laut, dan ancaman pelanggaran hukum. Penelitian ini membahas efektivitas operasi Trilateral Maritime Patrol di Laut Sulu untuk mengukur efektivitas operasi terhadap penurunan angka pembajakan dan penculikan di Laut Sulu serta menilai efektivitas operasi TMP dalam menjaga keamanan dan keselamatan maritim di Laut Sulu dan sekitarnya. Namun, terdapat tantangan internal yang dihadapi oleh masing-masing Angkatan Laut tiga negara dalam pelaksanaan operasi Trilateral Indomaphi, baik dari sisi anggaran, ketersediaan unsur/alutsista, maupun personel.

Abstrak :
Nowadays Sulu Sea is becoming the core of geopolitics issues between Indonesia, Malaisya and the Philippines. The three countries are looking at Sulu Sea as the strategic environment which has the substance of their national security interest, but the maritime security condition at Sulu Sea has no longer stable after the existence of Abu Sayyaf Group. In this thesis will explain about the agreement of maritime security cooperation which is called as the Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement in preserving Indonesia, Malaisya and the Philippines national security interests at Sulu Sea. The agreement has been initiated by the minister of foreign affairs of those three countries in order to their common concern about the threat that has been conducted by the Abu Sayyaf Group. Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philipinnes as the three countries who agreed in the Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement at Sulu Sea recognize the threat in the maritime areas is maritime piracy such as ship hijacking and kidnapping for ransom that could threatened their national security interest as well as their sovereignty at sea. Therefore in order to overcome the maritime piracy at Sulu Sea, the three countries implement the initiatives that have been agreed.

Abstrak :
The development of the strategic environment has an impact on the rapid development of asymmetrical threats. The Southeast Asian region is one that faces this threat. Indonesia, as one of the countries in the Southeast Asian Region, has conducted a Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement to prevent the asymmetrical threat, especially in the Sulu Sea. This study aims to analyze the Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement strategy as Indonesia's defense strategy in overcoming asymmetrical threats in the Southeast Asian Region. The research method used is a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach. This study uses the theory of defense science, the concept of strategy, counter terrorism, asymmetric warfare, defense cooperation, cooperative security, and deterrence theory. The results of this study can be divided into three namely, first, the asymmetrical threat that occurs in Southeast Asia, especially the Sulu Sea continues to grow and specifically divided into terrorism; transnational crime namely armed piracy and kidnapping for ransom; and illegal migration. Second, in its implementation, the Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement (TCA) in the Sulu Sea consists of Coordinated Sea Patrol, Air Patrol, Information and Intelligent Sharing and Land Exercise. The four patrols are strategic cooperation which constitutes a unity so that they cannot be separated in parts or functions. However, in its implementation, there are opportunities and challenges that need to be a concern of both policy makers or operational parties. Third, the Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement is a strategy that can overcome the asymmetrical threats that have occurred in Southeast Asia, especially in the Sulu Sea since 2016-2018, but in 2019 the asymmetrical threats in the Sulu Sea have increased. The strategy used is to use defense cooperation as well as using soft power and hard power which provide deterrence effects for asymmetric threat actors. In addition, it strengthens the collaboration of Ministries and Institutions as policy makers, as well as the military army and local governments as operational implementers and supporting rules such as operational procedure rules.

Abstrak :
Perkembangan lingkungan strategis berdampak pada pesatnya perkembangan ancaman asimetris. Kawasan Asia Tenggara merupakan salah satu yang menghadapi ancaman ini. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara di Kawasan Asia Tenggara melakukan kerjasama Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement untuk menangkal ancaman asimetris khususnya di Laut Sulu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement sebagai strategi pertahanan Indonesia dalam penanggulangan ancaman asimetris di Kawasan Asia Tenggara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori ilmu pertahanan, konsep strategi, counter terrorism, asymmetric warfare, kerjasama pertahanan, cooperative security, dan deterrence theory. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu pertama, ancaman asimetris yang terjadi di Asia Tenggara khususnya Laut Sulu terus berkembang dan secara khusus dibagi menjadi terorisme; kejahatan transnasional yaitu perompakan bersenjata dan penculikan untuk tebusan; serta migrasi ilegal. Kedua, dalam pelaksanaannya, Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement (TCA) di Laut Sulu terdiri dari Patroli Laut Terkoordinasi (Coordinated Sea Patrol), Patroli Udara (Air Patrol), Pertukaran Informasi dan Intelijen (Information and Intelligent Sharing) dan Latihan Darat Bersama (Land Exercise). Keempat patroli tersebut merupakan kerjasama strategis yang merupakan suatu kesatuan sehingga tidak dapat dipisahkan perbagian atau fungsinya. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya, terdapat peluang dan tantangan yang perlu menjadi perhatian baik pengempu kebijakan atau pihak operasional. Ketiga, Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement merupakan strategi yang dapat menanggulangi ancaman asimetris yang terjadi di Kawasan Asia Tenggara khususnya di Laut Sulu sejak tahun 2016-2018, namun ditahun 2019 ancaman asimetris di Laut Sulu mengalami peningkatan. Adapun strategi yang digunakan adalah menggunakan kerjasama pertahanan serta menggunakan softpower maupun hardpower yang memberikan efek deterrence kepada pelaku ancaman asimetris. Selain itu, memperkuat kerjasama Kementerian dan Lembaga sebagai pembuat kebijakan, serta TNI dan pemerintah daerah sebagai pelaksana operasional serta aturan pendukung seperti aturan prosedure operasional.

Abstrak :
Tesis ini meneliti tentang hambatan yang dihadapi Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Filipina dalam kerja sama patroli maritim trilateral (trilateral maritime patrol) di Laut Sulu dan Sulawesi dengan menggunakan kelima variabel rezim keamanan yakni norma dan prinsip, aturan main, kepentingan nasional, kekuatan politik, dan pengetahuan yang didasari oleh ancaman yang ada di kawasan Laut Sulu dan Sulawesi. Analisis tersebut memberikan hasil bahwa ketiga negara kesulitan melakukan kerja sama dikarenakan beberapa hambatan berikut: prinsip kedaulatan dalam ASEAN Way yang dianut ketiga negara justru menghambat pelaksanaan patroli, aturan main dalam TCA tidak mengikat secara hukum dan tidak mengatur perluasan hak pengejaran seketika, adanya kepentingan nasional yang tumpang-tindih membuat negara-negara lalai akan tujuan utama kerja sama, dan terdapat ketimpangan yang cukup besar dalam kekuatan politik ketiga negara. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia sebagai negara dengan insentif kerja sama terbesar perlu untuk terus mendorong kedua negara lainnya untuk segera merealisasikan kerja sama. Selain itu ketiga negara perlu menunjuk keketuaan atau koordinator secara bergiliran untuk menjamin pertanggungjawaban pelaksanaan kerja sama dan merumuskan aturan main yang lebih mengikat secara hukum.Ketiga negara juga perlu untuk bekerja sama dalam capacity building untuk membantu negara yang lebih lemah menyetarakan (jenis dan teknologi) kapal-kapal yang akan digunakan untuk patroli agar memudahkan dalam komando dan pengendaliannya. ......This thesis examines the obstacles faced by Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines in the cooperation of trilateral maritime patrols in the Sulu Sea and Sulawesi. In analyzing these obstacles, this thesis uses the five variables of the security regime: norms and principles, rules of conduct, national interests, political power, and knowledge based on the threats that exist in the Sulu and Sulawesi. The purpose of this exercise to identify the constraints that exist in the joint trilateral joint patrol cooperation between Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. This thesis finds that the three countries embrace the norms and principles of the ASEAN Way which embraces the principle of sovereignty, and as such erodes the effectiveness of cooperation. In addition, the TCA principles result in the absence of legally-binding, and the regulation of the extention of the right of hot pursuit. The over-emphasis on non-intervention in the pursuit of national interests leads tothe neglect of the main purpose of cooperation, and there is considerable imbalance in the political power of the three countries. Therefore, referring to the concept of the security regime, this cooperation will not work effectively if the variables in the regime are not met. Indonesia as a country with the largest cooperation incentives needs to continue to encourage the other two countries to immediately realize the critical significan of the cooperation. In addition, the three countries also need to appoint a coordinator to ensure the accountability of the implementation of cooperation.There is also a need to formulate more legally binding rules. Finally, the states in the region need cooperate in the capacity building that helps weaker states to equalize the type and technology of vessels to be used for patrols to facilitate command and control.