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Abstrak :
Evaluation Study of Releasing Commercialization of Transgenic Cotton in South Sulawesi (Commercialization of Biotechnology Product)Transgenic crops are a plant that genetically modified contains a gene that has been artificially inserted instead of the other plant. The inserted gene (known as the trasgene) may come from another unrelated plant or from a completely different species with a purpose to increase the plant/crop productivity. Transgenic cotton is conventional cotton that inserted by gene of Bacillus Thuringensis (called further by Bollgard or Bt) which is immune by target pest from ordo Lepidoptera which is annoying the growth of cotton crops. The lower production of local cotton at Indonesia and higher import of cotton fiber as a basic need for local consumption for spinning mills, triggering the government to re look the process to look over how to increase the cotton production. The choice is fall to transgene cotton technology which is more effective and efficient. Cotton transgenic crops is the pioneer and the first project of biotechnology approach was introduced among the grower/farmer into Indonesia agriculture environment which is has supported by Central government and local government alliance with multinational company who has a leading technology in crop I plant as a agriculture/agrochemical industry named Monsanto through their subsidiary in Indonesia territory was called PT Monagro Kimia. As real commitment from Indonesia government in order to follow the multilateral world agreement in Trade with World Trade Organization and also to follow up the ratification of Cartagena protocol about the biosafety and food safety to have a contribution and to ensure the maximum level of safe protection about the usage of Genetically modified corps which is possible to get negative impact with agricultural sustainability and keep the unity of National food/biodiversity in general. The observation was done in order to find out the factor which is implicated the transgenic cotton is not smoothly working and stopped in year 2003 and with two entity interaction : government policies and company strategy who introducing the new transgenic crops. The descriptive evaluation is one of observation method with analyzing in Clipping study, newspaper study, journal study, interview approach in connection with the regulation of biosafety and food safety concern, transgenic crop in general and transgenic cotton in specific. In this thesis is also describes the role of stakeholder, the role of regulator who has a major involvement with the transgenic cotton policy (externality factor). SWOT analysis and Business Ecological model as well as Competitive Environment Strategy is disclose to have a clear understanding about the importance of mechanism of synergistic partnership in a specific role to reach integration and synergy. The observation also to look the effectiveness of Multinational Corporation to work with partnership will close in contact with society, environment and government. The weakness of core competency, transfer technology and communication with environment is pointed out as a one of improvement in the future(internality factor). The steadiness in law treatment for Biotechnology Company who interest to invest in Indonesia is also one improvement suggested in the last chapter of this thesis. Synergistic partnership is one engine boost and a good foundation for this such of transgenic project in near future and to encourage the stakeholder to build up the whole of integrated agribusiness cotton system and local cotton consumption. In line with the project were involvement all parties not only scientist, agriculture ministry, Wealth ministry, university, Indonesia Scientist Center, society, farmer but also Non government organization willing to sit together and have a same perception, acceptation of biotechnology refer to agriculture sustainability, biosafety, food safety. Recommendation is disclose at the end of this chapter of this thesis as a one of suggestion and improvement of development strategy of cotton transgenic in the future. Bibliography : 39 book, 6 website, 6 report, 1 regulation, 13 newspaper clipping (1991- 2004)

Abstrak :
Pengembangan kapas transgenik dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan serat kapas yang mencapai 464.400 ton per tahun, untuk industri tekstil di Indonesia. Produksi kapas Indonesia hanya dapat memenuhi 2% kebutuhan dalam negeri sehingga sisa kebutuhan kapas harus dipenuhi melalui impor. Rendahnya produktivitas kapas di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya iklim, teknologi budidaya, ketersediaan bibit unggul serta gangguan hama dan penyakit. Faktor-faktor tersebut mengakibatkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman terganggu sehingga potensi produksi tanaman kapas menjadi tidak optimal. Kapas transgenik Bollgard adalah salah satu produk rekayasa genetik yang dikembangkan melalui teknik rekombinan ADN. Gen Bt yang ditransfer ke tanaman kapas memiliki efektivitas pengendalian yang tinggi terhadap hama utama tanaman kapas H. armigera sehingga melalui pengembangan kapas transgenik diharapkan produktivitas tanaman kapas dapat ditingkatkan. Di samping meningkatkan produktivitas, dalam pengembangan kapas transgenik Bollgard harus dilakukan pengkajian terutama pada saat dilepas ke lingkungan, mengingat protein crylAc yang dihasilkan oleh Bt di dalam kapas Bollgard kemungkinan dapat tertransfer ke tanaman lain, berpengaruh pada serangga non-target maupun jumlah mikroba tanah yang dapat mempengaruhi kesuburan tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun suatu model dinamik yang dapat menggambarkan secara holistik pengaruh pengembangan kapas Bollgard pada lingkungan, baik lingkungan alami yang dicerminkan melalui dinamika populasi serangga hama dan mikroba tanah, lingkungan sosial dalam hal ini adalah dinamika penduduk dan kehidupan sosial ekonomi penduduk khususnya petani, melalui tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat yang memperoleh manfaat dari budidaya tanaman kapas, maupun lingkungan buatan berupa ekosistem perkebunan kapas. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk membuat prediksi pengaruh pengembangan tanaman transgenik pada lingkungan melalui simulasi model dinamik. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan gabungan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode system dynamics. Pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan melalui tahap: (1) desk study, untuk mengkaji hasil-hasil penelitian sebelumnya, (2) tahap deskriptif analitik dengan metode survei, dan (3) pembuatan model. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa diagram simpal kausal yang menyusun model pengaruh pengembangan kapas transgenik pada lingkungan membentuk empat simpal positif (reinforcing loop) dan empat simpal negatif (balancing loop). Pada subsistem penduduk bekerja satu simpal positif dan satu simpal negatif. Pada subsistem produksi kapas terbentuk duo simpal positif dan dua simpal negatif sedangkan pada subsistem serangga hama terbentuk satu simpal positif dan satu simpal negatif. Simulasi yang dilakukan pada model dinamik pengaruh pengembangan kapas transgenik pada lingkungan menyimpulkan bahwa pengembangan kapas transgenik Bollgard menunjukkan adanya dampak pada penurunan populasi serangga hama. Berdasarkan prediksi, populasi serangga hama akan meningkat kembali sejalan dengan timbulnya resistensi serangga hama terhadap protein crylAc yang dihasilkan tanaman kapas Bollgard. Jumlah total mikroba tanah berkurang akibat protein crylAc, dan diprediksi berkurangnya mikroba tanah dapat mengurangi tingkat kesuburan tanah. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa pengembangan kapas transgenik menunjukkan adanya pengaruh pada tingkat kesejahteraan petani. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, beberapa upaya yang disarankan antara lain: menerapkan teknik budidaya yang tepat dengan mengurangi penggunaan herbisida dan pupuk kimia untuk mengatasi berkurangnya mikroba tanah yang dapat mempengaruhi kesuburan tanah. Pengendalian serangga hama yang dapat mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem dan stabilitas produksi dengan pengelolaan resistensi hama melalui penerapan strategi refugia. Selain itu, perlu dilakukan pengkajian lebih lanjut mengenai dampak tanaman transgenik pada komponen tanah lain yang ikut menentukan kesuburan lahan, seperti komponen fisik tanah, kimia tanah, serta bahan organik tanah.

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The development of transgenic cotton is performed to fulfill cotton demand by Indonesian textile industries at the amount of 464.000 ton per year. Indonesia's production supply only 2% of local demand, while the rest is imported. The low cotton productivity in Indonesia is influenced by climate condition, cultivation technology, the availability of high quality seed stock, and pest attack. The effect from those factors will inhibit plant's growth, which resulted on the low cotton productivity. The transgenic Bollgard cotton is produced by genetic engineering using DNA recombinant techniques. Bt gene transferred to cotton plant cell can effectively control H. Amigera cotton's main. Development of this transgenic cotton is expected increase cotton plant productivity. Research on the impact of transgenic Bollgard cotton cultivation to the environment should be done due to the possibility that crylAc protein produced by Bt which is inserted to Bollgard cotton can possibly transferred to other plant and then influence either the non-target insect or the number of soil microorganism and has the effect to soil fertility. The objective of this research is to build a dynamic model that can describe holistically the impact of developing Bollgard cotton to the environment, either natural environment indicate by the dynamics of pest population and soil microorganism, social environment indicate by the dynamics of population and socio-economic aspect mainly farmer with the prosperity level who get the benefit of cotton cultivated, or man-made environment indicate by cotton field eco-system. The other objective research is to predict the impact of developing transgenic plant to the environment by means of system dynamics model simulation. The research is used the combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches and System Dynamics method. The research is divided into 3 phases: (1) desk study to review and study the previous research (2) descriptive analyses, done by survey method, and (3) build a dynamics model. The research finds that the causal loop diagram created to study the impact of transgenic cotton to the environment forms 4 positive loops (reinforcing loops) and 4 negative loops (balancing loops). In population subsystem, there are 1 reinforcing loop and 1 balancing loop. In cotton production subsystem, there are 2 reinforcing loops and 2 balancing loops, and pest insect subsystem formed 1 reinforcing loop and 1 balancing loop. Based on the simulation of the dynamics model on the impact of development, of transgenic cotton to the environment, it is concluded that there is an impact to the decrease of pest insect population. It is predicted that, insect pest population will increase along with the increasing resistance of the pest to crylAc protein produced by Boligard cotton plant. The number of total soil microorganism will decrease due to the presence of crylAc protein and is predicted to decrease the soil fertility index. This research finds that there is an impact to the farmer's income from the cultivation of transgenic cotton. It is suggested to implement the suitable cultivation technique to resolve the decreasing number of soil microorganism that affect to soil fertility, the effects of applying refugee strategy to control pest insect population. Further researches concerning the impact of transgenic plant to another soil component which would be influenced soil fertility and plant productivity should be done.