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"Sustainability of System of Rice Intensication (SRI) requires rural institution role. The study was conducted in Karawang and uses institutional economics approach and logit regression. The analysis shows potential problems of SRI related with principal-agent/institutional relation and economics transaction costs. Strengthening the activities within farmer groups will reduce economics transaction costs in beginning of application. Farmer will choose "bagi hasil/revenue sharing" as land management cooperation with moderate risks and transaction costs. Monitoring and incentive mechanism will reduce problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. Some factors which determine the sustainability of SRI are production, principal position, off farm work and ex ante transaction costs.

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Keberlanjutan penerapan metode System of Rice Intensication (SRI) membutuhkan peran kelembagaan perdesaan. Studi dilakukan di Kabupaten Karawang dan menggunakan pendekatan kelembagaan ekonomi dan regresi logit. Hasil analisis menunjukkan potensi problem metode SRI terkait hubungan kelembagaan principal-agent dan biaya transaksi ekonomi. Penguatan kinerja kelembagaan perdesaan melalui kegiatan bersama dalam kelompok tani mengurangi biaya transaksi ekonomi pada awal aplikasi SRI. Pilihan kerja sama pengelolaan lahan pola bagi hasil banyak dipilih terkait risiko dan biaya transaksi yang moderat. Potensi masalah berupa moral hazard dan adverse selection dapat dikurangi dengan pemantauan dan mekanisme insentif. Faktor determinan keberlanjutan penerapan metode SRI adalah peningkatan produksi padi, posisi sebagai pemilik lahan, pekerjaan di luar usaha tani, dan biaya transaksi sebelum pelaksanaan."

"This study compares two major types of contracts in public procurement, i.e. unit price and lump sum contracts, in terms of the gap between the winner's bid price and owner’s estimated price (OEP) in resulted price gap during the tender process, taking the case of government procurement in Indonesia. Using Indonesian e-tendering data of 2018-2021, this study employs an Ordinary Least Square regression to assess whether there is a difference in the price gap between the two types of contracts. This study finds that the average price gap in unit price contract is significantly higher than that of lump sum contracts. With the help of the transaction cost economics approach, this study discussed that the higher average price gap in unit price contracts is related to a lower information cost and lower risk of having a change order for the contract faced by the bidders. While in a lump sum contract, the winner's bid price is closer to OEP because bidders are faced with design risks that require higher information costs and contract adaptation during the execution phase. The study also found that the use of a unit price contract is significantly related to a longer tendering time due to a longer period in evaluating the bid."

"Studi ini membandingkan dua jenis kontrak utama pada pengadaan publik, yakni kontrak harga satuan dan lumsum, dalam mempengaruhi selisih harga antara harga penawaran dan harga perkiraan sendiri (HPS) pada kasus pengadaan pemerintah di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data e-tendering periode 2018-2021, studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif Ordinary Least Square regression untuk mengevaluasi selisih harga pada kedua jenis kontrak. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata selisih harga pada kontrak harga satuan secara signifikan lebih tinggi dibandingkan selisih harga pada kontrak lumsum. Dengan pendekatan ekonomi biaya transaksi, studi ini mengungkapkan bahwa selisih harga yang lebih tinggi pada kontrak harga satuan berkaitan dengan biaya yang lebih rendah untuk mendapatkan informasi terkait harga input dan desain proyek sehingga menghasilkan risiko permintaan perubahan kontrak yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrak lumsum. Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa penggunaan kontrak harga satuan secara signifikan berpengaruh pada waktu tender yang lebih lama karena periode evaluasi penawaran yang lebih panjang.

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This study compares two major types of contract in public procurement, i.e. unit price and lump sum contracts, in producing the gap between bid price and owner’s estimated price, taking the case of government procurement in Indonesia. Using Indonesian e-tendering data of 2018-2021, this study employes an Ordinary Least Square regression to evaluate the price gap between the two types of contracts. This study found that the average price gap in unit price contract is significantly higher than that of the lump sum contracts. With the help of the transaction cost economics approach, this study discussed that the higher the average price gap in unit price contracts is related to a lower cost of ascertaining information related to the price of the inputs and concluding the design of the projects, which later results in a lower risk of having a change order for the contract, compared to the lump sum contract. The study also found that the use of unit price contract is significantly related to a longer tendering time, due to a longer period in evaluating the bid."