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Abstrak :
Tesis ini berjudul “Peran World Halal Food Council terkait sertifikasi halal di pelbagai negara”. bertujuan untuk menganalisis terjadinya keberagaman Sertifikasi Halal di pelbagai negara serta mengidentifikasi apakah World Halal Food Council dapat melakukan uniformasi atas Sertifikasi Halal Dunia yang berkaitan dengan kerangka hukum WTO.Tesis ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Sumber data berupa bahan hukum primer dan sekunder serta tersier. Tekhnik pengumpulan datanya dilakukan melalui penelaahan kepustakaan. Kerangka konsep yang penulis gunakan sebagai hipotesa dalam mengkaji hasil penelitian serta disisipkan juga definisi operasional untuk menyamakan persepsi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa World Halal Food Council (WHFC) merupakan kumpulan dari organisasi sertifikasi halal dunia yang mempunyai tujuan, visi, misi dan komitmen anggota yang sama yakni untuk menjaga implementasi skema Syariah, menjaga organisasi tetap bersatu dan kuat, serta mencapai standar Halal tunggal dan global. Perbedaan standar produk halal masih menjadi persoalan dalam perdagangan internasional, antara lain: Perbedaan standar yang dipakai dan sistem sertifikasi halal. Perbedaan sistem hukum. Perbedaan tanda halal dalam proses perdagangan produk halal, Perbedaan madzhab yang dianut pada tiap negara yang melakukan proses perdagangan. World Halal Food Council hadir dan ikut berpartisipasi dalam menanggulangi atau memberikan berbagai ide untuk meminimalisir permasalahan standarisasi produk makanan halal dunia yang juga perlu sejalan dengan prinsip WTO dalam Article-article-nya; ......This thesis is entitled "The Role of the World Halal Food Council in relation to halal certification in various countries". aims to analyze the diversity of Halal Certification in various countries and identify whether the World Halal Food Council can uniformize the World Halal Certification related to the WTO legal framework. This thesis uses a qualitative research type with a normative juridical approach. Sources of data in the form of primary and secondary and tertiary legal materials. The data collection technique is done through literature review. The conceptual framework that the author uses as a hypothesis in reviewing the results of the research and also inserts operational definitions to equalize perceptions. The results of this study indicate that the World Halal Food Council (WHFC) is a collection of world halal certification organizations that have the same goals, vision, mission and commitment of members, namely to maintain the implementation of the Sharia scheme, keep the organization united and strong, and achieve a single Halal standard. and globally. Differences in halal product standards are still a problem in international trade, including: Differences in standards used and the halal certification system. Different legal systems. Differences in halal signs in the process of trading halal products, differences in the schools of thought adopted in each country that carries out the trading process. The World Halal Food Council is present and participates in tackling or providing various ideas to minimize the problem of standardization of world halal food products which also needs to be in line with WTO principles in its articles;

Abstrak :
Twenty-first-century trade agreements increasingly are a source of international law on investment and competition. With chapters contributed by leading practitioners and academics, this volume draws upon investor-state arbitration and competition/​antitrust disputes to focus on the application of economics to international trade law and specifically WTO law. Written in an accessible language suitable for a broad readership while providing concrete insights designed for the specialist, this book will be of use to those active or interested in the related fields of trade disputes, competition law, and investor-state arbitration"-- "Global markets have become increasingly integrated both in terms of the size of trade and investment flows and in terms of the number of players involved. Global trade and investment flows are governed by a set of national, regional and global legal frameworks that interact at different levels. Increasingly the question arises how those frameworks fit together and how they can be made more coherent.

Abstrak :
Tulisan ini menitikberatkan pada permasalahan dalam penerapan quantitative restrictions yang dirumuskan dalam Pasal XI:1 GATT dalam WTO karena terdapat risiko tidak adanya kepastian hukum akibat terminologi yang digunakan tidak spesifik. Tulisan ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang diterapkan oleh WTO dan wajib ditaati oleh seluruh negara anggota, termasuk Indonesia. Quantitative restrictions secara umum dilarang oleh WTO, terutama jika berbentuk kuota, lisensi, ataupun “other measures” sehingga pembatasan ekspor melalui tindakan ini melanggar Pasal XI:1 GATT. Namun, beberapa justifikasi dapat digunakan untuk mengecualikan penerapan tindakan quantitative restrictions yang dirumuskan dalam Pasal XI:2(a), (b), (c), serta Pasal XX GATT sebagai general exceptions. Permasalahan muncul ketika Dispute Settlement Body di WTO menetapkan beberapa tindakan di luar terminologi Pasal XI:1 GATT sebagai “other measures”. Unsur tidak memiliki standar hukum konkret sehingga sulit menentukan tindakan apa saja yang dapat ditentukan sebagai quantitative restrictions. Pasal pengecualian dalam GATT pun tidak memiliki kekuatan yang signifikan karena unsur yang terlalu sulit bagi responden untuk penuhi akibat parameter yang sangat buram. Hal ini menyebabkan dibutuhkannya reformasi kebijakan dalam WTO beserta Indonesia terutama dalam peraturan ekspor dan impor sehingga kepastian hukum penerapan tindakan quantitative restrictions dapat dilindungi. ......This paper analyzes the quantitative restrictions complexities applied under Article XI:1 GATT at the WTO due to the legal uncertainty risk proneness from the terminologies. This paper employs normative legal research based upon the regulations obliged by the WTO for its members, including Indonesia. Quantitative restrictions are generally prohibited, particularly if implemented through export or import quotas, licenses, and “other measures”. However, several justifications have been set forth to exclude several measures from this provision by utilizing Article XI:1(a), (b), (c), and Article XX GATT as general exceptions. Perplexment arises when the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body states several measures outside the explicit scope of Article XI:1 GATT as “other measures” with no concrete standards. These occurrences lead to difficulties in determining the ambit of Article XI:1 GATT. Justifications provided by GATT are inadequate as the parameters of each element are hardly structured straightforwardly bringing about respondent’s failures to meet the criteria. Regulatory reformations are direly necessary at the WTO and in Indonesia to ensure the assurance of legal protection for every member enacting quantitative restrictions measures.