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"Ketidakseimbangan trace elemen dan asam lemak berperan dalam terjadinya preeklamsia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status trace elemen serum dan eritrosit serta asam lemak pada preeklamsia berat. Desain potong lintang dilakukan pada 40 ibu hamil dalam 2 kelompok, preeklamsia berat dan normotensi. Pengukuran trace elemen dan asam lemak dalam serum dan eritrosit dilakukan dengan menggunakan Inductively Coupled Plasma and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), analisis bivariat dan multivariat dilakukan. Trace elemen yang ditemukan berbeda nyata baik dalam serum maupun dalam eritrosit adalah selenium, besi, cadmium dan timbal (p<0,05). Hampir semua asam lemak eritrosit, ALA, EPA, DHA, omega-3, LA, GLA, DGLA, AA, omega-6 dan asam oleat ditemukan berbeda bermakna. Nilai tertinggi prediksi preeklamsia berat dengan AUC 0,77(IK95%:0,625-0,912) dan sensitifitas 90% serta spesifitas 50% terdapat pada ALA dengan cut off 0,16 amol/RBC yang mewakili asam lemak omega3 dan untuk golongan omega6 terdapat pada LA dengan cut off 54,25 amol/RBC (sensitifitas 85%; spesifitas 75%). Peningkatan risiko preeklamsia tertinggi terdapat pada EPA yang rendah(OR 14,53; IK95% 2,21-95,41) dan AA yang tinggi(OR 7,37; IK95% 1,37-39,7). Pengukuran trace elemen dan asam lemak diperlukan untuk menentukan status nutrisi dan terutama sebagai prediktor preeklamsia. Pengukuran asam lemak pada eritrosit dinilai lebih baik dibandingkan serum.

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Imbalance of trace elements and fatty acids plays a role in the occurrence of preeclampsia. The aim of the study was to determine the status of serum and erythrocyte trace elements and fatty acids in severe preeclampsia. Cross-sectional design was performed on 40 pregnant women in 2 groups, severe preeclampsia and normotensive. Measurement of trace elements and fatty acids in serum and erythrocyte was performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed. Trace elements found to be significantly different both in serum and in erythrocyte were Selenium, Iron, Cadmium and Lead (p<0.05). Almost all erythrocyte fatty acids, ALA, EPA, DHA, omega-3, LA, GLA, DGLA, AA, omega-6 and oleic were found to be significantly different. The highest predictive value of severe preeclampsia with an AUC of 0.77(95% CI: 0.625-0.912); a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 50% was found in ALA with a cut off of 0.16 amol/RBC representing omega3 fatty acids and for the omega6 group in LA with a cut off of 54.25 amol/RBC (85% sensitivity; 75% specificity). The highest increased risk of preeclampsia was found in low EPA (OR 14.53; 95% CI 2.21-95.41) and high AA (OR 7.37; 95% CI 1.37-39.7). Measurement of trace elements and fatty acids is needed to determine nutritional status especially as a predictor of preeclampsia. Erythrocyte fatty acids measurement is considered better than serum. "

"The Objectives of this study were to determine cadmium and lead concentration in the breas milk of healthy lactating women who were living in Zarrinshar, an industrial area of Iran and to investigate the effect of mother's age, parity and smoking habits in families living in the vacinity of areas contaminated with heavy metals."

"Latar Belakang: Preeklamsia merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas ibu dan bayi di seluruh dunia. Gejala preeklamsia disebabkan oleh disfungsi endotel maternal. Eritrosit maternal dapat berperan menyebabkan disfungsi endotel maternal melalui gangguan keseimbangan nitric oxide. Stres oksidatif dan trace elements pada eritrosit dicurigai berperan menyebabkan gangguan produksi nitric oxide. Stres oksidatif eritrosit juga dapat mempengaruhi morfologi eritrosit. Tujuan: Penelitian ini membandingkan aktifitas antioksidan superoxide dismutase eritrosit, kadar trace elements eritrosit dan indeks eritrosit pada kehamilan normal dan preeklamsia. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang dengan jumlah sampel 20 pasien preeklamsia dan 20 pasien hamil normal yang melakukan kunjungan pada RS Cipto Mangunkusumo, RSUD Kab. Tangerang dan RSUD Koja. Pemeriksaan antioksidan superoxide dismutase eritrosit dengan metode ELISA dan pemeriksaan trace elements eritrosit dengan metode ICP-MS. Data disajikan dalam tabel dan dianalisis dengan uji parametrik yakni uji-t tidak berpasangan bila sebaran normal atau uji Mann-Whitney U bila sebaran tidak normal. Penelitian ini sudah lolos kaji etik dan mendapatkan persetujuan pelaksanaan dari Komite Etik Penelitian Kesehatan FKUI-RSCM.Hasil: Didapatkan kadar eritrosit preeklamsia dibandingkan kontrol adalah (4,39 ± 0,55 vs 3,84 ± 0,44 juta/ml) (p=0,001), MCV (83,01 ± 8,48 vs 88,53 ± 5,6 fL) (p=0,020), MCH (26,9 ± 3,6 vs 29,6 ± 5,7 pg) (p=0,009) dan MCHC (32,4 ± 1,7 vs 33,4 ± 1,03 %) (p=0,023). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna RDW-CV eritrosit preeklamsia dibandingan kontrol 14,3 (12,5-23,7) vs 14,1 (12-16,2) (p=0,448). Kadar aktifitas SOD eritrosit kelompok preeklamsia dibandingkan kelompok kontrol adalah 35,74 ± 7,97 vs 28,9 ± 6,28 U/ml (p=0,005); Aktifitas SOD/Hb eritrosit kelompok preeklamsia dibandingkan kelompok kontrol adalah 310,8 ± 83,4 vs 257,88 ± 63,1 U/g Hb (p=0,029). Untuk trace elements preeklamsia dibandingkan kontrol adalah : Ferrum (67 (23-82) vs 75 (24-92)) fg/RBC (p=0,033); Cobalt (0,15 (0,05-0,61) vs 0,08(0,02-0,34)) ag/RBC (p=0,027); Selenium (18,5 ± 4,6 vs 21,7 ± 2,8) ag/RBC (p=0,014); Cadmium (0,10 (0,02-0,22) vs 0,33 (0,01-0.14)) (p=0,006) dan Timbal (9,37 ± 4,67 vs 5,6 ± 2,06) ag/RBC (p=0,003). Trace elements eritrosit mangan, nikel, cuprum, seng, arsenik, merkuri dan thalium tidak terdapat perbedaan antara kehamilan preeklamsia dan kontrol.

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Background : Preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Symptoms of preeclampsia are caused by maternal endothelial dysfunction. Maternal erythrocytes can play a role in causing maternal endothelial dysfunction through impaired nitric oxide balance. Oxidative stress and micro-minerals in erythrocytes are suspected to play a role in causing impaired nitric oxide production. Oxidative stress of erythrocytes can also affect the morphology of erythrocytes. Objective : This study compared the anti-oxidant activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, erythrocyte micro mineral content and erythrocyte index in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 20 patients with preeclampsia and 20 pregnant patients without preeclampsia who visited Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Kab. Tangerang and hospitals. Koja. Examination of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase antioxidant by ELISA method and micro erythrocyte mineral examination by ICP-MS method. The data are presented in tables and analyzed by parametric test, unpaired t-test if the distribution is normal or the Mann-Whitney U test if the distribution is not normal. This research has passed the ethical review and received implementation approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the FKUI-RSCM.

Results: The preeclampsia erythrocyte levels compared to controls were (4.39 ± 0.55 vs 3.84 ± 0.44 million/ml) (p=0.001), MCV (83.01 ± 8.48 vs. 88.53 ± 5 .6 fL) (p=0.020), MCH (26.9 ± 3.6 vs 29.6 ± 5.7 pg) (p=0.009) and MCHC (32.4 ± 1.7 vs 33 ,4 ± 1.03%) (p=0.023). There was no significant difference in RDW-CV of preeclampsia erythrocytes compared to controls 14.3 (12.5-23.7) vs. 14.1 (12-16.2) (p=0.448). SOD activity levels of erythrocytes in the preeclampsia group compared to the control group were 35.74 ± 7.97 vs. 28.9 ± 6.28 U/ml (p=0.005);The erythrocyte SOD/Hb activity of the preeclampsia group compared to the control group was 310.8 ± 83.4 vs. 257.88 ± 63.1U/g Hb (p=0.029). For preeclampsia trace minerals compared to controls were: Ferrum (67 (23-82) vs 75 (24-92)) fg/RBC (p=0.033); Cobalt (0.15 (0.05-0.61) vs. 0.08(0.02-0.34)) ag/RBC (p=0.027); Selenium (18.5 ± 4.6 vs. 21.7 ± 2.8) ag/RBC (p=0.014); Cadmium (0.10 (0.02-0.22) vs. 0.33 (0.01-0.14)) (p=0.006) and Lead (9.37 ± 4.67 vs 5.6 ± 2.06) ag/RBC (p=0.003). The trace elements erythrocyte: manganese, nickel, cuprum, seng, arsenic, mercury and thallium showed no significant difference between the preeclampsia and control groups."

"Five sediment cores from the fresh water region of the vembanad wetland system were studied for the trace element contents the average concentration of iron ,manganese, nickel, copper, zinc,cadmium,lead, mercury and chromium were determined...."

"This book provides both the basic biology and biochemistry knowledge of selenoproteins, and sophisticated approaches for the development of new selenoprotein mimics."

"Enzim ligninolitik hasil produksi kapang ataupun bakteri mampu mengurai lignin dalam struktur lignoselulosa tanaman yang sulit terdekomposisi dengan memanfaatkan reaksi redoks sehingga rantai samping maupun gugus fenol dan nonfenol di dalam lignin menjadi terputus. Kapang pelapuk putih telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas enzim ligninolitik yang tinggi. Intervensi ion logam dalam media kultur sedikit banyak mempengaruhi proses transkripsi dan translasi dalam sintesis protein sehingga aktivitas enzim dapat meningkat ataupun menurun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ion logam atau unsur kelumit dalam media lignoselulosik daun nanas pada kultur kapang C.globosum dan Penicillium sp. terhadap aktivitas enzim ligninolitiknya, terutama lignin peroksidase (LiP) dan mangan peroksidase (MnP), dengan kapang pelapuk putih (T.versicolor dan P.chrysosporium) sebagai pembanding. Aktivitas enzim ditentukan setelah mengukur absorbansi crude enzyme menggunakan spektrofotometer UV. Karakterisasi enzim berupa uji pH optimum dan kinetika enzim dilakukan pada kapang dengan nilai aktivitas lebih tinggi antara C.globosum atau Penicillium sp.. Uji pH optimum dilakukan dengan menentukan aktivitas enzim tertinggi pada pH 3, 4, 5, 6, dan 7 sedangkan profil kinetika enzim ditentukan pada rentang konsentrasi substrat berbeda-beda, yaitu veratril alkohol (6, 7, 8, 9, 10 mM) untuk LiP atau MnSO4 (0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 1 mM) untuk MnP. Dibandingkan dengan C.globosum, enzim LiP dan MnP dari Penicillium sp. yang tidak diintervensi ion logam menunjukkan nilai aktivitas lebih tinggi, yaitu 0,305 U/mL dan 8,341 U/mL. Selanjutnya, enzim LiP dan MnP dari Penicillium sp. dikarakterisasi. pH optimum enzim LiP dan MnP adalah pH 3. Laju reaksi maksimum enzim (Vmaks) MnP adalah 6,7568 μmol.ml-1.menit-1, sedangkan konstanta Michaelis-Mentennya (Km) sebesar 0,3777 μmol.ml-1.

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Ligninolytic enzymes produced by fungi or bacteria are able to break down the structure of lignin in plant lignocellulosic that are difficult to decompose by utilizing redox reaction. The reaction makes lignin’s side chains as well as phenol and nonphenol groups are able to be broken. White-rot fungi has been known to have high ligninolytic enzyme activity. The intervention of metal ions in the culture media affect the transcription and translation of protein synthesis so that the enzyme activity can increase or decrease. This study aimed to determine the effect of metal ions or trace elements in lignocellulosic media of pineapple leaves of the culture of C.globosum and Penicillium sp. on ligninolytic enzyme activity, especially lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP), with white-rot fungi (T.versicolor and P.chrysosporium) as the comparison. Enzyme activity was determined after measuring the absorbance of crude enzyme using UV spectrophotometer. Enzyme characterization consisted of optimum pH and enzyme kinetic assay was carried out on fungi with higher activity values between C.globosum and Penicillium sp.. Optimum pH assay was carried out by determining the highest enzyme activity at pH 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 while the kinetic profile was determined in the range of different substrate concentrations, namely veratryl alcohol (6, 7, 8, 9, 10 mM) for LiP or MnSO4 (0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 1 mM) for MnP. Compared with C.globosum, the LiP and MnP enzymes from Penicillium sp. which was not intervened by metal ions showed higher activity values, which are 0.305 U/mL and 8.341 U/mL. Furthermore, the LiP and MnP enzymes from Penicillium sp. were characterized. The optimum pH for LiP and MnP enzymes from Penicillium sp. is pH 3. The maximum enzyme reaction rate (Vmax) of MnP from Penicillium sp. is 6,7568 mol.ml-1.minute-1, while the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) is 0.3777 mol.ml-1."